Four Tops
The Four Tops are an American vocal quartet from Detroit, Michigan. They were one of the most commercially successful American pop music groups of the 1960s and helped propel the Motown label to international fame. The group's repertoire has included aspects of soul, R&B, disco, adult contemporary, doo-wop, jazz, and show tunes.
Four Tops | |
|---|---|
The Four Tops in 1968. (L-to-R) Levi Stubbs, Renaldo "Obie" Benson, Abdul "Duke" Fakir, and Lawrence Payton | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Four Tops, the Four Aims, the Tops |
| Origin | Detroit, Michigan, U.S. |
| Genres | |
| Years active | 1953–present |
| Labels | |
| Members | Abdul "Duke" Fakir Ronnie McNeir Lawrence Payton Jr. Alexander Morris |
| Past members | Levi Stubbs Renaldo "Obie" Benson Lawrence Payton Theo Peoples Harold Bonhart |
Founded as the Four Aims, lead singer Levi Stubbs, Abdul "Duke" Fakir, Renaldo "Obie" Benson and Lawrence Payton remained together for over four decades, performing from 1953 until 1997 without a change in personnel. The Four Tops were among a number of groups, including the Miracles, the Marvelettes, Martha and the Vandellas, the Temptations, and the Supremes, who established the Motown Sound. They were notable for having Stubbs, a baritone, as their lead singer, whereas most other male and mixed vocal groups of the time were fronted by tenors.
The group was the main male vocal group for the highly successful songwriting and production team of Holland–Dozier–Holland, who crafted a stream of hit singles for Motown. These included two Billboard Hot 100 number-one hits for the Tops: "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)" in 1965 and "Reach Out I'll Be There" in 1966. The group continued to have chart singles into the 1970s, including the million-seller "Ain't No Woman" (1973).
The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990 and into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1999. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked them #79 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.
The Four Tops continue to perform with Fakir as the last surviving original member.
History edit
Early years edit
All four members of the group began their careers together while they were high-school students in Detroit. At the insistence of their friends, Pershing High students Levi Stubbs and Abdul "Duke" Fakir performed with Renaldo "Obie" Benson and Lawrence Payton from Northern High at a local birthday party. The quartet decided to remain together and named the group the Four Aims.[1] With the help of Payton's songwriter cousin Roquel Davis, the Aims signed to Chess Records in 1956, changing their name to the Four Tops to avoid confusion with the Ames Brothers.[1]
Over the next seven years, the Tops had unsuccessful tenures at Chess, Red Top, Riverside Records and Columbia Records.[1] Without any hit records to their name, they toured frequently, developing a polished stage presence and an experienced supper club act, as well as supporting Billy Eckstine. In 1963, Berry Gordy, Jr., who had worked with Roquel "Billy" Davis as a songwriter in the late 1950s, convinced the Tops to join the roster of his growing Motown record company.[1]
Joining Motown edit
During their early Motown years, the Four Tops recorded jazz standards for the company's Workshop Jazz Records label. In addition, they sang backup on Motown singles[2] by the Supremes ("Run, Run, Run", 1964), Martha and the Vandellas (on the 1966 hit "My Baby Loves Me") and others.[citation needed]
In 1964, Motown's main songwriting and production team, Holland–Dozier–Holland, created a complete instrumental track without any idea of what to do with it. They decided to craft the song as a more mainstream pop song for the Four Tops and proceeded to create "Baby I Need Your Loving" from the instrumental track.[1] On its release in mid-1964, "Baby I Need Your Loving" made it to number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100.[1]
The first follow-up single, "Without the One You Love (Life's Not Worth While)" (1964), just missed both the pop and R&B Top 40 charts, but "Ask the Lonely" (1965), written and produced by Motown A&R head William "Mickey" Stevenson with Ivy Jo Hunter, was a Top 30 pop hit and a Top 10 R&B hit in early 1965.
Success edit
After their first number 1 hit, "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch)" in June 1965, the Four Tops released a long series of successful hit singles.[1] Among the first wave of these hits were the Top 10 "It's the Same Old Song" (1965), "Something About You" (1965), "Shake Me, Wake Me (When It's Over)" (1966), and "Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever" (1966).[1]
Holland-Dozier-Holland wrote most of Levi Stubbs's vocals in a tenor range, near the top of his range, in order to get a sense of strained urgency in his gospel preacher-inspired leads. They also wrote additional background vocals for a female group, the Andantes, on many of the songs, to add a high end to the low-voiced harmony of the Tops. Ivy Jo Hunter's "Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever" (1966) was one of a few exceptions.[citation needed]
August 1966 brought the release of the Four Tops' all-time biggest hit and one of the most popular Motown songs ever. "Reach Out I'll Be There" reached number 1 on the U.S. pop and R&B charts[2] and the UK chart and soon became the Tops' signature song.[1] It was almost immediately followed by the similar-sounding "Standing in the Shadows of Love"; its depiction of heartbreak reflecting the opposite of the optimism in "Reach Out". It was another Top 10 hit for the Tops.[citation needed] The band recorded the first live album, Four Tops Live! at two dates in mid-1966 and Motown released the recording in November of that year.[3]
The Top 10 U.S. hit "Bernadette" centered around a man's all-consuming obsession with his lover,[2] continued the Four Tops' successful run into April 1967, followed by the Top 20 hits "7-Rooms of Gloom", and "You Keep Running Away".[1] By now, the Tops were the most successful male Motown act in the United Kingdom (in the United States, they were second to the Temptations), and began experimenting with more mainstream pop hits. They scored hits with their versions of Tim Hardin's "If I Were a Carpenter" in late 1967 (mid-1968 in the U.S.) and the Left Banke's "Walk Away Renée" in early 1968.[1] These singles and the original "I'm in a Different World" were their last hits produced by Holland-Dozier-Holland, who left Motown in 1967 after disputes with Berry Gordy, Jr.[1]
Late Motown period edit
Without Holland-Dozier-Holland, the hits became less frequent.[1] The group worked with a wide array of Motown producers during the late 1960s, including Ivy Jo Hunter, Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson, Norman Whitfield and Johnny Bristol, without significant chart success.[citation needed]
Their first major hit in a long time came in the form of 1970's "It's All in the Game", a pop Top 30/R&B Top Ten hit produced by Frank Wilson.[1] Wilson and the Tops began working on a number of innovative tracks and albums together, echoing Whitfield's psychedelic soul work with the Temptations. Their 1970 album Still Waters Run Deep was a forerunner of the concept album. It also served as an inspiration for Marvin Gaye's 1971 classic album What's Going On, the title track of which was co-written by the Tops' Renaldo "Obie" Benson.[1]
In addition to their own albums, the Tops were paired with The Supremes, who had just replaced lead singer Diana Ross with Jean Terrell, for a series of albums billed under the joint title The Magnificent 7 in 1970, and The Return of the Magnificent Seven and Dynamite! in 1971.[1] While the albums themselves did not perform really well on the charts, The Magnificent Seven featured a Top 20 version of Ike & Tina Turner's "River Deep - Mountain High", produced by Ashford & Simpson.[citation needed]
The 1971 single "A Simple Game" featured backing vocals from members of The Moody Blues.[1] The song did not fare well on the U.S. charts, but reached number three on the UK chart.[citation needed]
ABC/Dunhill Records and Casablanca Records edit
Motown as a company began to change during the early 1970s. Older acts such as Martha and the Vandellas and The Marvelettes were slowly moved aside or dropped to focus on newer acts, such as Michael Jackson and The Jackson 5, Rare Earth, and the now-solo Diana Ross. In addition, the company moved its operations from Detroit to Los Angeles, California, where Berry Gordy, Jr. planned to break into the motion picture and television industries. In 1972, it was announced that the entire company would move west and that all its artists had to move as well. Many of the older Motown acts, already neglected by the label, opted to stay in Detroit, including The Funk Brothers studio backing band, Martha Reeves, and the Four Tops.[1]
The Tops departed Motown for ABC-Dunhill, where they were assigned to writer-producers Dennis Lambert and Brian Potter and the label's head of A&R, Steve Barri as producer, with The Tops' own Lawrence Payton later also serving as a producer and writer. He also took over lead vocal duties on several tracks.[citation needed]
The group's first release on the label, "Keeper of the Castle" (1972) was their first pop Top 10 hit since "Bernadette" in 1967. Follow-ups included the 1973 million-selling "Ain't No Woman (Like the One I've Got)", also a top 10 pop hit and their third R&B number 1, and the Top 20 hit, "Are You Man Enough" (1973), (from the 1973 movie Shaft in Africa).[1] "Sweet Understanding Love" (1973); "Midnight Flower (1974); and "One Chain Don't Make No Prison" (1974) all reached the R&B Top 10 between 1972 and 1974. Two ABC/Dunhill singles, 1974's "I Just Can't Get You Out of My Mind" and 1975's "Seven Lonely Nights" have become popular tunes in the southeast Beach/Shag Club Dance circuit.[citation needed]
After the release of "Catfish" (a top 10 R&B hit) in 1976, the major hits started to dry up and the Tops left ABC after an album recorded in Philadelphia with the MFSB musicians resulted in only minor chart success in 1978. The group disappeared from the recording scene until the early 1980s.[1] Signing a deal with Casablanca Records, the Tops made a comeback in 1981 with the number 1 R&B hit "When She Was My Girl".[1] Produced by David Wolfert, it just missed the Billboard pop Top 10, peaking at number 11. The group also scored a UK Top 10 hit with the song and had another hit there with the follow-up, "Don't Walk Away". In 1982, their song "Back to School Again" appeared in both the movie Grease 2 and its soundtrack.[citation needed]
Return to Motown edit
By 1983, The Tops had rejoined Motown,[1] where their former ABC-Dunhill producer, Barri was vice-president of A&R. They were featured on the company's 1983 television special Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever, taking part in one of the highlights of the show – a battle of the bands between The Tops and The Temptations, patterned after similar competitions Berry Gordy, Jr. had staged during the 1960s.[1] Levi Stubbs and Temptation Otis Williams decided the Temptations/Tops battle would be a good one to take on the road, and both groups began semi-regular joint tours.[citation needed]
The first of The Tops' albums under their new Motown contract was Back Where I Belong (1983).[1] A whole side of the album was produced by the Holland-Dozier-Holland production team, including the R&B Top 40 single "I Just Can't Walk Away".[1] Only one more Tops album would be released by Motown, Magic in 1985. The lead single from that album, "Sexy Ways", was almost a Top 20 R&B hit, peaking at number 21 in mid-1985. In July of that year, the group performed at the Live Aid concert, singing five of their hit songs.[citation needed]
The group re-entered the studio in 1986 with producer David Wolfert, who had previously produced them in many non-Motown releases.[4] Despite working on the release for several months[5] and issuing the single "Hot Nights" in July,[6] the sessions did not result in a new album and the group signed to Arista Records in 1987.[7] The title track of 1988's Indestructible was the group's final Top 40 hit, reaching No. 35.[1] It was also featured in the 1988 science-fiction cop film Alien Nation. Another track, "Loco in Acapulco", written and produced by British pop musician Phil Collins and former Motown composer-producer Lamont Dozier, climbed into the UK Top 10 and made number 7 in early 1989.[1] The Arista contract provided an opportunity to pair Levi Stubbs with fellow Arista artist, another R&B vocalist from Detroit, Aretha Franklin, who was at the height of her own 1980s hit streak. This pairing resulted in the 1988 song "If Ever a Love There Was", which became a popular R&B and Adult Contemporary hit, as well as being featured on the soundtrack of the 1988 motion picture I'm Gonna Git You Sucka.[citation needed]
In December 1988, the group was scheduled to return to the U.S. for Christmas on the ill-fated Pan Am Flight 103, which was destroyed over Lockerbie, Scotland, after a terrorist bomb was detonated on board after completing their European tour[8][9] but missed the flight due to a last-minute invite and prolonged filming of their performance at the British television show Top of the Pops; they instead took a later British Airways flight.[citation needed]
Later years edit
From the late 1980s, the Four Tops focused on touring and live performances. The group made guest appearances on labelmate Aretha Franklin's 1989 release Through the Storm and the 1992 Grover Washington, Jr. album Next Exit, but they recorded only one album, returning again to Motown for 1995's Christmas Here with You. On June 20, 1997, 59-year-old Lawrence Payton died as a result of liver cancer, after singing for 44 years with the Four Tops who, unlike many other Motown groups, never had a single lineup change until then.[10] At first, Levi Stubbs, Renaldo "Obie" Benson, and Abdul "Duke" Fakir toured as a trio called The Tops. In 1998, they recruited former member of the Temptations Theo Peoples to restore the group to a quartet. By the turn of the century, Stubbs had become ill from cancer; Ronnie McNeir was recruited to fill the Lawrence Payton position and Theo Peoples stepped into Stubbs' shoes as lead singer. Stubbs later died on October 17, 2008, at his home in Detroit.[11]
The group was featured in several television specials during this time, including Motown 45, and several by PBS, including a 50th-anniversary concert dedicated to the group (available on DVD). The concert turned out to be bittersweet; it featured a brief appearance of Levi Stubbs using a wheelchair, and a memorial to Lawrence Payton, announced by Renaldo "Obie" Benson. Benson appeared on one more PBS special and died on July 1, 2005, from lung cancer. The final PBS special, titled Motown: The Early Years, featured a message of Benson's passing following the credits.[citation needed]
The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990, and into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1999. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked them #79 on their list of the .[12] The Four Tops were inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame in 2005.[13]
The Four Tops sang the National Anthem before the start of game 5 for the 2011 baseball American League Championship Series (ALCS) between the Texas Rangers & Detroit Tigers on October 13, 2011, in Detroit, MI. When singing the last line of "The Star-Spangled Banner", "... and the home of the brave", they quickly sang the words "Ain't No Country Like the One I Got", before singing the last word, "brave". The Four Tops were honored with an induction into the R&B Music Hall of Fame at the Inaugural ceremony held at Cleveland State University's Waetejen Auditorium on Saturday August 17, 2013.[citation needed]
The Four Tops career awards edit
The Four Tops have won many awards, including the following:
- Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1990)[14]
- Vocal Group Hall of Fame (1999)[15]
- Hollywood Walk of Fame (1997)[16][17]
- Grammy Hall of Fame (Reach Out I'll Be There-1998)[18]("I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch-2018)[19]
- Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award (2009–51st Annual Grammy Awards)[20]
- Rhythm and Blues Foundation Pioneer Award (1997)[21]
- Billboard magazine Top 100 Artists of All Time(#77)[22]
- R&B Music Hall of Fame Induction (2013)[23]
- 100 Greatest Artists of All Time (#79-Rolling Stone)[24]
- Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time (2003)[25]
- Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame[13]
- Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award[26][27]
In early 2018, The Four Tops' 1965 #1 Pop Hit, "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)" became their second song to be inducted into The Grammy Hall of Fame.[citation needed]
Personnel edit
Current members edit
- Abdul "Duke" Fakir (1953–present)
- Ronnie McNeir (1999–present)
- Lawrence Payton Jr. (2005–present)
- Alexander Morris (2019–present)
Former members edit
- Levi Stubbs (1953–2000, 2004; died 2008)
- Renaldo "Obie" Benson (1953–2005; his death)
- Lawrence Payton (1953–1997; his death)
- Theo Peoples (1998–2010)
- Harold "Spike" Bonhart (2010–2018)
Timeline edit
Discography edit
Albums edit
Motown releases:
- 1965: Four Tops (US #63; UK #2)
- 1965: Four Tops' Second Album (US #20)
- 1966: On Top (US #32; UK #9)
- 1966: Four Tops Live! (US #17; UK #4)
- 1967: Four Tops on Broadway (US #79)
- 1967: Reach Out (US #11; UK #6)
- 1967: Four Tops' Greatest Hits (US #4; UK #1)
- 1968: Yesterday's Dreams (US #91)
- 1969: Four Tops Now! (US #74)
- 1969: Soul Spin (US #163)
- 1970: Still Waters Run Deep (US #21)
- 1970: Changing Times (US #109)
- 1970: The Magnificent 7 (with The Supremes) (US #113; UK #6)
- 1971: The Return of the Magnificent Seven (with The Supremes) (US #154)
- 1971: Dynamite (with the Supremes) (US #160)
- 1972: Nature Planned It (US #50)
- 1973: The Best of the 4 Tops (US #103)
ABC releases:
- 1972: Keeper of the Castle (US #33)
- 1973: Main Street People (US #66)
- 1974: Meeting of the Minds (US #118)
- 1974: Live & in Concert (US #92)
- 1975: Night Lights Harmony (US #148)
- 1976: Catfish (US #124)
- 1977: The Show Must Go On
- 1978: At the Top
Casablanca releases:
- 1981: Tonight! (US #37)
- 1982: One More Mountain
Motown releases:
- 1983: Back Where I Belong
- 1985: Magic (US #140)
Arista releases:
- 1988: Indestructible (US #149)
Motown releases:
- 1995: Christmas Here with You
Prism Leisure releases:
- 2000: The Four Tops Collection (recorded live at the MGM grand 1996)
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and UK singles edit
The following singles reached the top 30 of the U.S. and UK singles charts.
| Year | Title | Peak chart positions | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US | US R&B | US AC | UK[28] | |||
| 1964 | "Baby I Need Your Loving" | 11 | 4 | — | — | |
| "Without the One You Love (Life's Not Worth While)" | 43 | 17 | — | — | ||
| 1965 | "Ask the Lonely" | 24 | 9 | — | — | |
| "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)" | 1 | 1 | — | 10 | ||
| "It's the Same Old Song" | 5 | 2 | — | 34 | ||
| "Something About You" | 19 | 9 | — | — | ||
| 1966 | "Shake Me, Wake Me (When It's Over)" | 18 | 5 | — | — | |
| "Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever" | 45 | 12 | — | 21 | ||
| "Reach Out I'll Be There" | 1 | 1 | — | 1 | ||
| "Standing in the Shadows of Love" | 6 | 2 | — | 6 | ||
| 1967 | "Bernadette" | 4 | 3 | — | 8 | |
| "7 Rooms of Gloom" | 14 | 10 | — | 12 | ||
| "You Keep Running Away" | 19 | 7 | — | 26 | ||
| "If I Were a Carpenter" | 20 | 17 | — | 7 | ||
| 1968 | "Walk Away Renée" | 14 | 15 | — | 3 | |
| "Yesterday's Dreams" | 49 | 31 | — | 23 | ||
| "I'm in a Different World" | 51 | 23 | — | 27 | ||
| 1969 | "What Is a Man" | 53 | — | — | 16 | |
| "Do What You Gotta Do" | — | — | — | 11 | ||
| "Don't Let Him Take Your Love from Me" | 45 | 25 | — | — | ||
| 1970 | "Still Water (Love)" | 11 | 4 | — | 10 | |
| "It's All in the Game" | 24 | 6 | 39 | 5 | ||
| 1971 | "River Deep – Mountain High" (The Supremes & Four Tops) | 14 | 7 | — | 11 | |
| "Just Seven Numbers (Can Straighten Out My Life)" | 40 | 9 | — | 36 | ||
| "You Gotta Have Love in Your Heart" (The Supremes & Four Tops) | 55 | 41 | — | 25 | ||
| "In These Changing Times" | 70 | 28 | — | — | ||
| "MacArthur Park (part 2)" | 38 | 27 | — | — | ||
| 1972 | "A Simple Game" | 90 | 34 | — | 3 | |
| "(It's the Way) Nature Planned It" | 53 | 8 | — | — | ||
| "Keeper of the Castle" | 10 | 7 | — | 18 | ||
| 1973 | "Ain't No Woman (Like the One I've Got)" | 4 | 2 | 14 | — | |
| "Are You Man Enough" | 15 | 2 | — | — | ||
| "Sweet Understanding Love" | 33 | 10 | 41 | 29 | ||
| 1974 | "I Just Can't Get You Out of My Mind" | 62 | 18 | — | — | |
| "One Chain Don't Make No Prison" | 41 | 3 | — | — | ||
| "Midnight Flower" | 55 | 5 | — | — | ||
| 1975 | "Seven Lonely Nights" | 71 | 13 | — | — | |
| "We Gotta All Stick Together" | 97 | 17 | — | — | ||
| 1976 | "Catfish" | 71 | 7 | — | — | |
| 1977 | "Feel Free" | — | 29 | — | — | |
| 1981 | "When She Was My Girl" | 11 | 1 | 9 | 3 | |
| "Don't Walk Away" | — | — | — | 16 | ||
| 1983 | "I Believe in You and Me" | — | 40 | — | — | |
| "I Just Can't Walk Away" | 71 | 36 | 18 | — | ||
| 1985 | "Sexy Ways" | — | 21 | — | — | |
| 1988 | "Reach Out I'll Be There '88" | — | — | — | 11 | |
| "Indestructible" (Four Tops & Smokey Robinson) | 35 | 57 | 20 | 30 | ||
| "Loco in Acapulco" | — | — | — | 7 | ||
| "If Ever a Love There Was" (Aretha Franklin & the Four Tops) | — | 31 | 26 | — | ||
DVDs edit
- The Four Tops: Live at the MGM Grand: 40th Anniversary Special (1996)
- The Four Tops: The Four Tops (semi-documentary/concert rehearsal, recorded live for French TV in 1971) (2004)
- The Four Tops: From the Heart: The 50th Anniversary Concert (2006)
- The Four Tops: Reach Out: Definitive Performances 1965–1973 (2008), Motown/Universal
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Colin Larkin, ed. (1993). The Guinness Who's Who of Soul Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 91/3. ISBN 0-85112-733-9.
- ^ a b c John, Gilliland. "Show 50 – The Soul Reformation: Phase three, soul music at the summit. [Part 6]". Pop Chronicles. KRLA, Pasadena, California. Archived from the original on 1 July 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2018 – via University of North Texas Libraries, Digital Library.
- ^ "Four Tops Live! – The Four Tops – Classic Motown". Motown. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
- ^ George, Nelson (1986-01-25). "The Rhythm and the Blues". Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 4. p. 41. ISSN 0006-2510.
- ^ George, Nelson (1986-01-25). "The Rhythm and the Blues". Black. Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 24. p. 28. ISSN 0006-2510.
- ^ Grein, Paul (1986-07-05). "July's Releases Bring Fireworks". Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 27. p. 4. ISSN 0006-2510.
- ^ "People Are Talking About...". Jet. Vol. 72, no. 6. 1987-05-04. p. 59. ISSN 0021-5996.
- ^ . Silver State News. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
- ^ . The Frost Blog. Archived from the original on 2011-05-19.
- ^ "Lawrence Payton; Member of Four Tops". LA Times. June 21, 1997. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
- ^ Obituary: Levi Stubbs 2017-02-02 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian, October 17, 2008.
- ^ . Rolling Stone Issue 946. Archived from the original on 2008-06-25.
- ^ a b "Michigan Rock and Roll Legends – FOUR TOPS". Michiganrockandrolllegends.com.
- ^ The Four Tops Biography | The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 2012-07-13 at the Wayback Machine. Rockhall.com. Retrieved on 2012-11-10.
- ^ The Four Tops – Inductees – The Vocal Group Hall of Fame Foundation 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine. Vocalgroup.org. Retrieved on 2012-11-10.
- ^ The Four Tops | Hollywood Walk of Fame 2013-11-03 at the Wayback Machine. Walkoffame.com. Retrieved on 2012-11-10.
- ^ Gallery | Hollywood Walk of Fame recipients | Photo 38 | accessatlanta.com 2012-01-25 at the Wayback Machine. Projects.accessatlanta.com. Retrieved on 2012-11-10.
- ^ List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Q–Z – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved on 2012-11-10.
- ^ "GRAMMY Awards: Here Are the 2018 GRAMMY Hall of Fame Inductees". 1077theend.com. 16 January 2018. from the original on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^ Four Tops to receive a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award | The Detroit News 2013-11-04 at the Wayback Machine. detroitnews.com (2008-12-22). Retrieved on 2012-11-10.
- ^ Rhythm & Blues Foundation – Preserving America’s Soul 2012-05-10 at the Wayback Machine. Rhythm-n-blues.org. Retrieved on 2012-11-10.
- ^ Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists list 2015-12-08 at the Wayback Machine. Listal.com (2008-09-12). Retrieved on 2012-11-10.
- ^ R&B Music Hall of Fame – Inaugural Induction Ceremony at Waetejen Auditorium, Cleveland Ohio 2013-09-06 at the Wayback Machine. www.wksu.org. Retrieved on 2013-03-09.
- ^ 100 Greatest Artists: The Four Tops 2012-08-19 at the Wayback Machine. Rolling Stone. Retrieved on 2012-12-28.
- ^ . Rolling Stone. 2008-06-21. Archived from the original on 2008-06-21. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
- ^ Entertainment | Four Tops to get lifetime Grammy 2008-12-25 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News (2008-12-22). Retrieved on 2012-05-13.
- ^ Ann, By. (2008-12-22) Grammys To Honor Autry, Four Tops, Martin 2009-02-03 at the Wayback Machine. Billboard.biz. Retrieved on 2012-05-13.
- ^ "Official Charts Company". www.officialcharts.com. from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
External links edit
- Four Tops biography by John Bush, discography and album reviews, credits & releases at AllMusic
- Four Tops filmography on IMDb
- Four Tops Broadway musical productions at the Internet Broadway Database
- Levi Stubbs/The Four Tops interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' October 1992 (republished November 2008)
- History of Rock article
- Four Tops appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show
- Ronnie McNeir 2012 Interview at Soulinterviews.com. 2012-07-02 at the Wayback Machine