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Thalassocracy

January 02, 2023

A thalassocracy or thalattocracy[1] sometimes also maritime empire, is a state with primarily maritime realms, an empire at sea, or a seaborne empire.[2] Traditional thalassocracies seldom dominate interiors, even in their home territories. Examples of this were the Phoenician states of Tyre, Sidon and Carthage, and the Italian maritime republics of Venice and Genoa of the Mediterranean; the Chola dynasty of India and the Austronesian states of Srivijaya, the Omani Empire and Majapahit of Maritime Southeast Asia. Thalassocracies can thus be distinguished from traditional empires, where a state's territories, though possibly linked principally or solely by the sea lanes, generally extend into mainland interiors[3][4] in a tellurocracy ("land-based hegemony").[5]

A fresco from the Minoan town at Akrotiri showing the port town, the harbor, and ships. Minoan civilization is an example of an ancient thalassocracy. Their fleets dominated the Aegean, colonizing many locations, but not moving inland. This topic is covered under Political economy, which falls under Political science
Not to be confused with Hydraulic empire or Maritime power.

The term thalassocracy can also simply refer to naval supremacy, in either military or commercial senses. The Ancient Greeks first used the word thalassocracy to describe the government of the Minoan civilization, whose power depended on its navy.[6] Herodotus distinguishes sea-power from land-power and spoke of the need to counter the Phoenician thalassocracy by developing a Greek "empire of the sea".[7]

Its realization and ideological construct is called maritimism (as in the case of the Estado Novo), contrasting continentalism.

History and examples of thalassocracies

Mediterranean region in the Classical era

Thalassocracy was a new word in the theories of the late 19th century, from which some conclude it was a scholarly innovation of the times. It was rather a resurrection of a word known from a very specific classical document, which Myres calls “the List of Thalassocracies.” It occurs in the Chronicon of Eusebius, the early 4th century Bishop of Caesarea Maritima, the ruins now in Israel.[8] In Eusebius, the list is a separate chronology. Jerome, 4th-century theologian and historian, creator of the Vulgate, interspersed the same items, translated into Latin, in his Chronicon of world events.[9]

The items contain the words “obtinuerunt mare,” strictly speaking, “obtained the sea,” and not “hold sea power,” although the latter meaning may be implied as a result. Just as Jerome utilized the chronology of Eusebius, so Eusebius utilized the chronology of Castor of Rhodes, a 1st-century BC historian. His work has been entirely lost except for fragments, including his list of thalassocracies. A thousand years later, the Byzantine monk, George Syncellus, also used items from the list in his massive Extract of Chronography.

Over the centuries the realization grew that all these references to sea-power in the Aegean came from a single document, a resource now reflected in the fragments of those who relied on it. C Bunsen, whose translator was one of the first to use thalassocracy, attributed its discovery to the German scholar, Christian Gottlob Heyne.[10] In a short work composed in 1769, published in 1771,[11] Eusebius’ Chronicon being known at that time only through fragments in the two authors mentioned, Heyne reconstructed the list in their Greek and Latin (with uncanny accuracy), the whole title of the article being Super Castoris epochis populorum thalattokratesanton H.E. (hoc est) qui imperium maris tenuisse dicuntur, “About Castor's epochs of thalattocratizing peoples; that is, those who are said to have held the imperium over the sea.”

To thalattokratize is “to rule the sea,” not just to hold sea power like any other good fellow with a strong navy. The thalattokratizer holds the imperium over the watery domain just as if it were a country, which explains how such a people can “obtain” and “have” the sea. The list presented therefore is one of successive exclusive domains. No two peoples can hold the same domain or share rule over it, although they can operate under the authority of the thalassocrat, a privilege reserved for paying allies.

According to Bunsen, the discovery and translation of the Armenian version of Eusebius’ Chronicon changed the nature of the search for thalassocracy. It provided the original document, but there was a disclaimer attached, that it was in fact “an extract from the epitome of Diodorus,” meaning Diodorus Siculus, a 1st-century BC historian. The disclaimer cannot be verified, as that part of Diodorus’ work is missing, which, however, opens the argument to another question: if Eusebius could copy a standard source from Diodorus, why cannot Diodorus have copied it from someone else?

It is at this point that Myres picks up the argument. Noting that thalassokratesai, “be a thalassocrat,” meaning “rule the waves,” was used in a number of authors: elsewhere by Diodorus, by Polybius, 2nd century BC historian, of Carthage, of Chios by Strabo, 1st century BC geographer and some others, he supposes that the source document might have been available to them all (but not necessarily, the cautious Myres points out).[12] The document can be dated by its content: a list of 17 thalassocracies extending from the Lydian after the fall of Troy to the Aeginetan, which ended with the cession of power to Athens in 480 BC. The Battle of Salamis included 200 new Athenian triremes plus all the ships of its new ally, Aegina. Despite various revolts Aegina went on to become part of the Delian League, an imperial treaty of the new Athenian thalassocracy. Thucydides writes of it after 432 BC, but Herodotus, who visited Athens “as late as 444 B.C.” does not know a thing about it. This tentative date for the Eusebian list does not exclude the possibility of an earlier similar document used by Herodotus.[13]

Myres’ historical reconstruction of the list

The order of thalassocracies in the various versions of the list is nearly fixed, but the dates need considerable adjustment, which Myres sets about to reconcile through all historical sources available to him. He discovers some gaps. The solidest part of the list brackets the Ionian Revolt. The Milesian thalassocracy is dated 604-585 BC. It was ended by Alyattes of Lydia, founder of the Lydian Empire, who also fought against the Medes. The latter struggle was ended by the Eclipse of Thales at the Battle of the Halys River in 585 BC, when the combatants, interpreting the phenomenon as a sign, made peace. The Lydians were now free to turn on Miletus, which they did for the next 11 years, reducing it. When the Persians conquered Lydia in 547/546 they acquired the Ionian cities.

After 585 BC there is a gap in the list. Lesbos and one or more unknown thalassocrats held the sea in unknown order.[14] In 577 BC began the thalassocracy of Phocaea. Breaking out of its Anatolian cage, it founded Marseilles and cities in Spain and Italy, wresting a domain away from Carthage and all other opponents.[15] Their thalassocracy ended when, in the revolt of the Lydian Pactyas, who had been instructed to collect taxes by the Persians, but used them to raise an army of revolt, the Ionian cities were attacked by the Persians. The Phocaeans abandoned Phocaea about 534 BC and after much adventuring settled in the west.

The thalassocracy of Samos spans the career of the tyrant, Polycrates, there.[16] The dates of the tyrant are somewhat uncertain and variable, but at some time prior to 534 BC, he and his brothers staged a coup during a festival at Samos. Samos happened to have a large navy of pentekonters. Becoming a ship collector, he attacked and subdued all the neighbouring islands, adding their ships to his fleet. Finally he added a new model, the trireme. His reign came to an end about 517 BC when, taking up the Great King's invitation to a friendly banquet for a discussion of prospects, he was suddenly assassinated. There were no prospects.

However, if he had chosen not to attend, he was doomed anyway. Some of his trireme captains, learning of a devious plot by him to have them assassinated by Egyptian dignitaries while on official business, sailed to Sparta to beg help, which they received. The adventurous young king, Cleomenes I, was spared the trouble of killing Polycrates, but led an expedition to Samos anyway, taking the thalassocracy for two years, 517-515. Adventure and piracy not being activities approved by the Spartan people, they tagged him as insane and insisted he come home.[17] The sea was now available to Naxos, 515-505.

Indo-Pacific

The Austronesian peoples of Maritime Southeast Asia developed the Indian Ocean's first true maritime trade network.[18] They established trade routes with Southern India and Sri Lanka as early as 1500 BC, ushering in an exchange of material culture (like catamarans, outrigger boats, lashed-lug and sewn-plank boats, and paan) and cultigens (like coconuts, sandalwood, bananas, and sugarcane); as well as connecting the material cultures of India and China. Indonesians in particular traded in spices (mainly cinnamon and cassia) with East Africa, using catamaran and outrigger boats and sailing with the help of the Westerlies in the Indian Ocean. This trade network expanded west to Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, resulting in the Austronesian colonization of Madagascar by the first half of the first millennium AD. It continued into historic times, later becoming the Maritime Silk Road.[18][19][20][21][22]

The first thalassocracies in the Indo-Pacific region began to emerge around the 2nd century AD, through the rise of emporia exploiting the prosperous trade routes between Funan and India through the Malacca Strait using advanced Austronesian sailing technologies. Numerous coastal city-states emerged, centered on trading ports built near or around river mouths which allowed easy access to goods from inland for maritime trade. These city-states established commercial networks with other trading centers in Southeast Asia and beyond. Their rulers also gradually Indianized by adopting the social structures and religions of India to consolidate their power.[23]

The thalassocratic empire of Srivijaya emerged by the 7th century through conquest and subjugation of neighboring thalassocracies. These included Melayu, Kedah, Tarumanagara, and Mataram, among others. These polities controlled the sea lanes in Southeast Asia and exploited the spice trade of the Spice Islands, as well as maritime trade-routes between India and China.[23] Srivijaya was in turn subjugated by Singhasari around 1275, before finally being absorbed by the successor thalassocracy of Majapahit (1293–1527).[24]

Europe and the Mediterranean

 
Map and coats of arms of the maritime republics

Phoenicia and the Delian League were early examples of Mediterranean thalassocracies.

The Middle Ages saw multiple thalassocracies, often land-based empires which controlled areas of the sea, the best known of them were the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa and the Republic of Pisa; the others were: the Duchy of Amalfi, the Republic of Ancona, the Republic of Ragusa, the Duchy of Gaeta and the Republic of Noli. They were known as maritime republics, controlling trade and territories in the Mediterranean Sea for centuries. These contacts were not only commercial, but also cultural and artistic. They also had an essential role in the Crusades.[25][26][27]

The Venetian republic was conventionally divided in the fifteenth century into the Dogado of Venice and the Lagoon, the Stato di Terraferma of Venetian holdings in northern Italy, and the Stato da Màr of the Venetian outlands bound by the sea. According to the French historian Fernand Braudel, Venice was a scattered empire, a trading-post empire forming a long capitalist antenna.[28]

From the 12th to the 15th century the Genoese Republic had the monopoly on the Western Mediterranean trade, establishing colonies and trading posts in numerous countries, and eventually came to control regions in the Black Sea as well. It was also one of the largest naval powers of Europe during the Late Middle Ages.[25][29]

The Early Middle Ages (c. 500–1000 AD) saw many of the coastal cities of Southern Italy develop into minor thalassocracies whose chief powers lay in their ports and in their ability to sail navies to defend friendly coasts and to ravage enemy ones. These include the duchies of Gaeta and Amalfi.[30][31]

During the 14th and 15th centuries, the Crown of Aragon was also a thalassocracy controlling a large portion of present-day eastern Spain, parts of what is now southern France and other territories in the Mediterranean. The extent of the Catalan language is a result of this; it's spoken in Alghero on Sardinia.[32]

Transcontinental

 
Main trade routes of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires.

With the modern age, the Age of Exploration saw some transcontinental thalassocracies emerge. Anchored in their European territories, several nations established colonial empires held together by naval supremacy. First among them chronologically was the Portuguese Empire, followed soon by the Spanish Empire, which was challenged by the Dutch Empire, itself replaced on the high seas by the British Empire, which had large landed possessions held together by the greatest navy of its time. With naval arms-races (especially between Germany and Britain), the end of colonialism, and the winning of independence by many colonies, European thalassocracies, which had controlled the world's oceans for centuries, diminished—though Britain's power-projection in the Falklands War of 1982 demonstrated continuing thalassocratic clout.[33][34]

The Ottoman Empire expanded from a land-based region to dominate the Eastern Mediterranean and to expand into the Indian Ocean as a thalassocracy from the 15th century AD.[35]

List of historical thalassocracies

See also

References

  1. ^ (from Classical Greek: θάλασσα, romanized: thalassa, Attic Greek: θάλαττα, romanized: thalatta, transl. 'sea', and Ancient Greek: κρατεῖν, romanized: kratein, lit. 'power'; giving Koinē Greek: θαλασσοκρατία, romanized: thalassokratia, lit. 'sea power'),
  2. ^ Alpers, Edward A. (2013). The Indian Ocean in World History. New Oxford World History. Oxford University Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0199929948. Retrieved 2016-02-06. Portugal's was in every sense a seaborne empire or thalassocracy.
  3. ^ P. M. Holt; Ann K. S. Lambton; Bernard Lewis (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–. ISBN 978-0-521-29137-8.
  4. ^ Barbara Watson Andaya; Leonard Y. Andaya (2015). A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830. Cambridge University Press. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-0-521-88992-6.
  5. ^ Lukic, Rénéo; Brint, Michael, eds. (2001). Culture, politics, and nationalism in the age of globalization. Ashgate. p. 103. ISBN 978-0754614364. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
  6. ^ D. Abulafia, "Thalassocracies", in P. Horden – S. Kinoshita (eds.), A Companion to Mediterranean History, Oxford, 2014, pp. 139–153, here 139–140.
  7. ^ A. Momigliano, "Sea-Power in Greek Thought", The Classical Review, May 1944, 1–7.
  8. ^ A translation can be found in "Eusebius: Chronicle". attalus.org. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  9. ^ The relevant section of the Chronicon in Latin may be found at "Hieronymi Chronicon pp.16-187". tertullian.org. Retrieved 29 May 2017..
  10. ^ Bunsen, Christian C.J. Baron (1860). Egypt's Place in Universal History: an Historical Investigation in Five Books. Vol. 4. Translated by Cottrell, Charles H. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. p. 539. Heyne, in his classical treatise of 1771 and 1772, submitted for the first time the Whole series to connected criticism, according to the authorities then existing, especially Syncellus and Hieronymus.
  11. ^ Heyne, Christian Gottlob (1771). "Commentario I: Super Castori Epochis etc". Novi Commentarii Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis.
  12. ^ Myres 1906, pp. 84–86
  13. ^ Myres 1906, pp. 87–88
  14. ^ Myres 1906, pp. 103–107
  15. ^ Myres 1906, pp. 102–103
  16. ^ Myres 1906, pp. 101–102
  17. ^ Myres 1906, pp. 99–101
  18. ^ a b c Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). "Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships". In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76. ISBN 978-3319338224.
  19. ^ Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974). "Outrigger Ages". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 83 (2): 130–140.
  20. ^ Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.). Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts, languages and texts. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179. ISBN 0415100542.
  21. ^ Doran, Edwin B. (1981). Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-0890961070.
  22. ^ Blench, Roger (2004). "Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo-Pacific region". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 24 (The Taipei Papers (Volume 2)): 31–50.
  23. ^ a b Sulistiyono, Singgih Tri; Masruroh, Noor Naelil; Rochwulaningsih, Yety (2018). "Contest For Seascape: Local Thalassocracies and Sino-Indian Trade Expansion in the Maritime Southeast Asia During the Early Premodern Period". Journal of Marine and Island Cultures. 7 (2). doi:10.21463/jmic.2018.07.2.05.
  24. ^ Kulke, Hermann (2016). "Śrīvijaya Revisited: Reflections on State Formation of a Southeast Asian Thalassocracy". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 102 (1): 45–95. doi:10.3406/befeo.2016.6231.
  25. ^ a b "Genoa | Geography, History, Facts, & Points of Interest". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  26. ^ stage. "History of Pisa". About Pisa: full tourist guide about the city of Pisa, Tuscany. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  27. ^ "Pisa | Italy". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  28. ^ Fernand Braudel, The Perspective of the World, vol. III of Civilization and Capitalism (Harper & Row) 1984:119.
  29. ^ Walton, Nicholas. Genoa, 'La Superba': The Rise and Fall of a Merchant Pirate Superpower. Oxford University Press.[ISBN missing][page needed]
  30. ^ "Amalfi | Italy". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  31. ^ Gino Benvenuti Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova, Venezia – Newton & Compton editori, Roma 1989; Armando Lodolini, Le repubbliche del mare, Biblioteca di storia patria, 1967, Roma.
  32. ^ N. Bisson, Thomas (1991). The Medieval Crown of Aragon 'a Short History'. OUP Oxford.[ISBN missing][page needed]
  33. ^ "Western colonialism – Spain's American empire". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  34. ^ "British Empire | Countries, Map, At Its Height, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  35. ^ Fattori, Niccolò (2019). "The Conquering Ottoman Merchant". Migration and Community in the Early Modern Mediterranean: The Greeks of Ancona, 1510–1595. Palgrave Studies in Migration History. Cham (Zug): Springer. p. 44. ISBN 978-3030169046. Retrieved 3 February 2020. The rise of an Ottoman thalassocracy over the eastern half of the Mediterranean [...].

External links

  • The Fragility of Thalassocracy, Pericles to Heinlein

January 02, 2023
thalassocracy, thalassocracy, thalattocracy, sometimes, also, maritime, empire, state, with, primarily, maritime, realms, empire, seaborne, empire, traditional, thalassocracies, seldom, dominate, interiors, even, their, home, territories, examples, this, were,. A thalassocracy or thalattocracy 1 sometimes also maritime empire is a state with primarily maritime realms an empire at sea or a seaborne empire 2 Traditional thalassocracies seldom dominate interiors even in their home territories Examples of this were the Phoenician states of Tyre Sidon and Carthage and the Italian maritime republics of Venice and Genoa of the Mediterranean the Chola dynasty of India and the Austronesian states of Srivijaya the Omani Empire and Majapahit of Maritime Southeast Asia Thalassocracies can thus be distinguished from traditional empires where a state s territories though possibly linked principally or solely by the sea lanes generally extend into mainland interiors 3 4 in a tellurocracy land based hegemony 5 A fresco from the Minoan town at Akrotiri showing the port town the harbor and ships Minoan civilization is an example of an ancient thalassocracy Their fleets dominated the Aegean colonizing many locations but not moving inland This topic is covered under Political economy which falls under Political science Not to be confused with Hydraulic empire or Maritime power The term thalassocracy can also simply refer to naval supremacy in either military or commercial senses The Ancient Greeks first used the word thalassocracy to describe the government of the Minoan civilization whose power depended on its navy 6 Herodotus distinguishes sea power from land power and spoke of the need to counter the Phoenician thalassocracy by developing a Greek empire of the sea 7 Its realization and ideological construct is called maritimism as in the case of the Estado Novo contrasting continentalism Contents 1 History and examples of thalassocracies 1 1 Mediterranean region in the Classical era 1 1 1 Myres historical reconstruction of the list 1 2 Indo Pacific 1 3 Europe and the Mediterranean 1 4 Transcontinental 1 5 List of historical thalassocracies 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksHistory and examples of thalassocracies EditMediterranean region in the Classical era Edit Thalassocracy was a new word in the theories of the late 19th century from which some conclude it was a scholarly innovation of the times It was rather a resurrection of a word known from a very specific classical document which Myres calls the List of Thalassocracies It occurs in the Chronicon of Eusebius the early 4th century Bishop of Caesarea Maritima the ruins now in Israel 8 In Eusebius the list is a separate chronology Jerome 4th century theologian and historian creator of the Vulgate interspersed the same items translated into Latin in his Chronicon of world events 9 The items contain the words obtinuerunt mare strictly speaking obtained the sea and not hold sea power although the latter meaning may be implied as a result Just as Jerome utilized the chronology of Eusebius so Eusebius utilized the chronology of Castor of Rhodes a 1st century BC historian His work has been entirely lost except for fragments including his list of thalassocracies A thousand years later the Byzantine monk George Syncellus also used items from the list in his massive Extract of Chronography Over the centuries the realization grew that all these references to sea power in the Aegean came from a single document a resource now reflected in the fragments of those who relied on it C Bunsen whose translator was one of the first to use thalassocracy attributed its discovery to the German scholar Christian Gottlob Heyne 10 In a short work composed in 1769 published in 1771 11 Eusebius Chronicon being known at that time only through fragments in the two authors mentioned Heyne reconstructed the list in their Greek and Latin with uncanny accuracy the whole title of the article being Super Castoris epochis populorum thalattokratesanton H E hoc est qui imperium maris tenuisse dicuntur About Castor s epochs of thalattocratizing peoples that is those who are said to have held the imperium over the sea To thalattokratize is to rule the sea not just to hold sea power like any other good fellow with a strong navy The thalattokratizer holds the imperium over the watery domain just as if it were a country which explains how such a people can obtain and have the sea The list presented therefore is one of successive exclusive domains No two peoples can hold the same domain or share rule over it although they can operate under the authority of the thalassocrat a privilege reserved for paying allies According to Bunsen the discovery and translation of the Armenian version of Eusebius Chronicon changed the nature of the search for thalassocracy It provided the original document but there was a disclaimer attached that it was in fact an extract from the epitome of Diodorus meaning Diodorus Siculus a 1st century BC historian The disclaimer cannot be verified as that part of Diodorus work is missing which however opens the argument to another question if Eusebius could copy a standard source from Diodorus why cannot Diodorus have copied it from someone else It is at this point that Myres picks up the argument Noting that thalassokratesai be a thalassocrat meaning rule the waves was used in a number of authors elsewhere by Diodorus by Polybius 2nd century BC historian of Carthage of Chios by Strabo 1st century BC geographer and some others he supposes that the source document might have been available to them all but not necessarily the cautious Myres points out 12 The document can be dated by its content a list of 17 thalassocracies extending from the Lydian after the fall of Troy to the Aeginetan which ended with the cession of power to Athens in 480 BC The Battle of Salamis included 200 new Athenian triremes plus all the ships of its new ally Aegina Despite various revolts Aegina went on to become part of the Delian League an imperial treaty of the new Athenian thalassocracy Thucydides writes of it after 432 BC but Herodotus who visited Athens as late as 444 B C does not know a thing about it This tentative date for the Eusebian list does not exclude the possibility of an earlier similar document used by Herodotus 13 Myres historical reconstruction of the list Edit The order of thalassocracies in the various versions of the list is nearly fixed but the dates need considerable adjustment which Myres sets about to reconcile through all historical sources available to him He discovers some gaps The solidest part of the list brackets the Ionian Revolt The Milesian thalassocracy is dated 604 585 BC It was ended by Alyattes of Lydia founder of the Lydian Empire who also fought against the Medes The latter struggle was ended by the Eclipse of Thales at the Battle of the Halys River in 585 BC when the combatants interpreting the phenomenon as a sign made peace The Lydians were now free to turn on Miletus which they did for the next 11 years reducing it When the Persians conquered Lydia in 547 546 they acquired the Ionian cities After 585 BC there is a gap in the list Lesbos and one or more unknown thalassocrats held the sea in unknown order 14 In 577 BC began the thalassocracy of Phocaea Breaking out of its Anatolian cage it founded Marseilles and cities in Spain and Italy wresting a domain away from Carthage and all other opponents 15 Their thalassocracy ended when in the revolt of the Lydian Pactyas who had been instructed to collect taxes by the Persians but used them to raise an army of revolt the Ionian cities were attacked by the Persians The Phocaeans abandoned Phocaea about 534 BC and after much adventuring settled in the west The thalassocracy of Samos spans the career of the tyrant Polycrates there 16 The dates of the tyrant are somewhat uncertain and variable but at some time prior to 534 BC he and his brothers staged a coup during a festival at Samos Samos happened to have a large navy of pentekonters Becoming a ship collector he attacked and subdued all the neighbouring islands adding their ships to his fleet Finally he added a new model the trireme His reign came to an end about 517 BC when taking up the Great King s invitation to a friendly banquet for a discussion of prospects he was suddenly assassinated There were no prospects However if he had chosen not to attend he was doomed anyway Some of his trireme captains learning of a devious plot by him to have them assassinated by Egyptian dignitaries while on official business sailed to Sparta to beg help which they received The adventurous young king Cleomenes I was spared the trouble of killing Polycrates but led an expedition to Samos anyway taking the thalassocracy for two years 517 515 Adventure and piracy not being activities approved by the Spartan people they tagged him as insane and insisted he come home 17 The sea was now available to Naxos 515 505 Indo Pacific Edit Austronesian proto historic and historic maritime trade networks in the Indian Ocean 18 The Austronesian peoples of Maritime Southeast Asia developed the Indian Ocean s first true maritime trade network 18 They established trade routes with Southern India and Sri Lanka as early as 1500 BC ushering in an exchange of material culture like catamarans outrigger boats lashed lug and sewn plank boats and paan and cultigens like coconuts sandalwood bananas and sugarcane as well as connecting the material cultures of India and China Indonesians in particular traded in spices mainly cinnamon and cassia with East Africa using catamaran and outrigger boats and sailing with the help of the Westerlies in the Indian Ocean This trade network expanded west to Africa and the Arabian Peninsula resulting in the Austronesian colonization of Madagascar by the first half of the first millennium AD It continued into historic times later becoming the Maritime Silk Road 18 19 20 21 22 The first thalassocracies in the Indo Pacific region began to emerge around the 2nd century AD through the rise of emporia exploiting the prosperous trade routes between Funan and India through the Malacca Strait using advanced Austronesian sailing technologies Numerous coastal city states emerged centered on trading ports built near or around river mouths which allowed easy access to goods from inland for maritime trade These city states established commercial networks with other trading centers in Southeast Asia and beyond Their rulers also gradually Indianized by adopting the social structures and religions of India to consolidate their power 23 The thalassocratic empire of Srivijaya emerged by the 7th century through conquest and subjugation of neighboring thalassocracies These included Melayu Kedah Tarumanagara and Mataram among others These polities controlled the sea lanes in Southeast Asia and exploited the spice trade of the Spice Islands as well as maritime trade routes between India and China 23 Srivijaya was in turn subjugated by Singhasari around 1275 before finally being absorbed by the successor thalassocracy of Majapahit 1293 1527 24 Europe and the Mediterranean Edit Map and coats of arms of the maritime republics Phoenicia and the Delian League were early examples of Mediterranean thalassocracies The Middle Ages saw multiple thalassocracies often land based empires which controlled areas of the sea the best known of them were the Republic of Venice the Republic of Genoa and the Republic of Pisa the others were the Duchy of Amalfi the Republic of Ancona the Republic of Ragusa the Duchy of Gaeta and the Republic of Noli They were known as maritime republics controlling trade and territories in the Mediterranean Sea for centuries These contacts were not only commercial but also cultural and artistic They also had an essential role in the Crusades 25 26 27 The Venetian republic was conventionally divided in the fifteenth century into the Dogado of Venice and the Lagoon the Stato di Terraferma of Venetian holdings in northern Italy and the Stato da Mar of the Venetian outlands bound by the sea According to the French historian Fernand Braudel Venice was a scattered empire a trading post empire forming a long capitalist antenna 28 From the 12th to the 15th century the Genoese Republic had the monopoly on the Western Mediterranean trade establishing colonies and trading posts in numerous countries and eventually came to control regions in the Black Sea as well It was also one of the largest naval powers of Europe during the Late Middle Ages 25 29 The Early Middle Ages c 500 1000 AD saw many of the coastal cities of Southern Italy develop into minor thalassocracies whose chief powers lay in their ports and in their ability to sail navies to defend friendly coasts and to ravage enemy ones These include the duchies of Gaeta and Amalfi 30 31 During the 14th and 15th centuries the Crown of Aragon was also a thalassocracy controlling a large portion of present day eastern Spain parts of what is now southern France and other territories in the Mediterranean The extent of the Catalan language is a result of this it s spoken in Alghero on Sardinia 32 Transcontinental Edit Main trade routes of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires With the modern age the Age of Exploration saw some transcontinental thalassocracies emerge Anchored in their European territories several nations established colonial empires held together by naval supremacy First among them chronologically was the Portuguese Empire followed soon by the Spanish Empire which was challenged by the Dutch Empire itself replaced on the high seas by the British Empire which had large landed possessions held together by the greatest navy of its time With naval arms races especially between Germany and Britain the end of colonialism and the winning of independence by many colonies European thalassocracies which had controlled the world s oceans for centuries diminished though Britain s power projection in the Falklands War of 1982 demonstrated continuing thalassocratic clout 33 34 The Ottoman Empire expanded from a land based region to dominate the Eastern Mediterranean and to expand into the Indian Ocean as a thalassocracy from the 15th century AD 35 List of historical thalassocracies Edit Ancient Carthage British Empire Bruneian Sultanate 1368 1888 Old Brunei Champa Chola dynasty Crown of Aragon Dal Riata Delian League Demak Sultanate Denmark Norway Doric Hexapolis Dutch Empire Empire of Japan Frisian Kingdom Hanseatic League Johor Sultanate Kedah Kediri Kingdom Kilwa Sultanate Kingdom of the Isles Kingdom of Tungning Liburnia Majapahit Malacca Sultanate Maritime republics Maynila Mataram Kingdom Melayu Kingdom Minoan civilization Muscat and Oman North Sea Empire Norwegian Empire Omani Empire Phoenicia Portuguese Empire Rajahnate of Butuan Rajahnate of Cebu Republic of Pirates Republic of Venice Ryukyu Kingdom Singhasari Spanish Empire Srivijaya Sultanate of Gowa Sultanate of Maguindanao Sultanate of Sulu Sultanate of Ternate Sultanate of Tidore Swedish Empire Tarumanagara Tundun Kingdom Tuʻi Tonga EmpireSee also EditAlfred Thayer Mahan Archipelagic state Blue water navy List of transcontinental countries List of former transcontinental countries Maritime power Naval warfare Nomadic empireReferences Edit from Classical Greek 8alassa romanized thalassa Attic Greek 8alatta romanized thalatta transl sea and Ancient Greek krateῖn romanized kratein lit power giving Koine Greek 8alassokratia romanized thalassokratia lit sea power Alpers Edward A 2013 The Indian Ocean in World History New Oxford World History Oxford University Press p 80 ISBN 978 0199929948 Retrieved 2016 02 06 Portugal s was in every sense a seaborne empire or thalassocracy P M Holt Ann K S Lambton Bernard Lewis 1977 The Cambridge History of Islam Cambridge University Press pp 129 ISBN 978 0 521 29137 8 Barbara Watson Andaya Leonard Y Andaya 2015 A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia 1400 1830 Cambridge University Press pp 159 ISBN 978 0 521 88992 6 Lukic Reneo Brint Michael eds 2001 Culture politics and nationalism in the age of globalization Ashgate p 103 ISBN 978 0754614364 Retrieved 2015 10 12 D Abulafia Thalassocracies in P Horden S Kinoshita eds A Companion to Mediterranean History Oxford 2014 pp 139 153 here 139 140 A Momigliano Sea Power in Greek Thought The Classical Review May 1944 1 7 A translation can be found in Eusebius Chronicle attalus org Retrieved 28 May 2017 The relevant section of the Chronicon in Latin may be found at Hieronymi Chronicon pp 16 187 tertullian org Retrieved 29 May 2017 Bunsen Christian C J Baron 1860 Egypt s Place in Universal History an Historical Investigation in Five Books Vol 4 Translated by Cottrell Charles H London Longman Green Longman and Roberts p 539 Heyne in his classical treatise of 1771 and 1772 submitted for the first time the Whole series to connected criticism according to the authorities then existing especially Syncellus and Hieronymus Heyne Christian Gottlob 1771 Commentario I Super Castori Epochis etc Novi Commentarii Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Myres 1906 pp 84 86harvnb error no target CITEREFMyres1906 help Myres 1906 pp 87 88harvnb error no target CITEREFMyres1906 help Myres 1906 pp 103 107harvnb error no target CITEREFMyres1906 help Myres 1906 pp 102 103harvnb error no target CITEREFMyres1906 help Myres 1906 pp 101 102harvnb error no target CITEREFMyres1906 help Myres 1906 pp 99 101harvnb error no target CITEREFMyres1906 help a b c Manguin Pierre Yves 2016 Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships In Campbell Gwyn ed Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World Palgrave Macmillan pp 51 76 ISBN 978 3319338224 Doran Edwin Jr 1974 Outrigger Ages The Journal of the Polynesian Society 83 2 130 140 Mahdi Waruno 1999 The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean In Blench Roger Spriggs Matthew eds Archaeology and Language III Artefacts languages and texts One World Archaeology Vol 34 Routledge pp 144 179 ISBN 0415100542 Doran Edwin B 1981 Wangka Austronesian Canoe Origins Texas A amp M University Press ISBN 978 0890961070 Blench Roger 2004 Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo Pacific region Bulletin of the Indo Pacific Prehistory Association 24 The Taipei Papers Volume 2 31 50 a b Sulistiyono Singgih Tri Masruroh Noor Naelil Rochwulaningsih Yety 2018 Contest For Seascape Local Thalassocracies and Sino Indian Trade Expansion in the Maritime Southeast Asia During the Early Premodern Period Journal of Marine and Island Cultures 7 2 doi 10 21463 jmic 2018 07 2 05 Kulke Hermann 2016 Srivijaya Revisited Reflections on State Formation of a Southeast Asian Thalassocracy Bulletin de l Ecole francaise d Extreme Orient 102 1 45 95 doi 10 3406 befeo 2016 6231 a b Genoa Geography History Facts amp Points of Interest Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2021 04 16 stage History of Pisa About Pisa full tourist guide about the city of Pisa Tuscany Retrieved 2021 04 16 Pisa Italy Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2021 04 16 Fernand Braudel The Perspective of the World vol III of Civilization and Capitalism Harper amp Row 1984 119 Walton Nicholas Genoa La Superba The Rise and Fall of a Merchant Pirate Superpower Oxford University Press ISBN missing page needed Amalfi Italy Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2021 04 16 Gino Benvenuti Le Repubbliche Marinare Amalfi Pisa Genova Venezia Newton amp Compton editori Roma 1989 Armando Lodolini Le repubbliche del mare Biblioteca di storia patria 1967 Roma N Bisson Thomas 1991 The Medieval Crown of Aragon a Short History OUP Oxford ISBN missing page needed Western colonialism Spain s American empire Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2021 04 17 British Empire Countries Map At Its Height amp Facts Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2021 04 17 Fattori Niccolo 2019 The Conquering Ottoman Merchant Migration and Community in the Early Modern Mediterranean The Greeks of Ancona 1510 1595 Palgrave Studies in Migration History Cham Zug Springer p 44 ISBN 978 3030169046 Retrieved 3 February 2020 The rise of an Ottoman thalassocracy over the eastern half of the Mediterranean External links EditThe Fragility of Thalassocracy Pericles to HeinleinPortals Islands Politics Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Thalassocracy amp oldid 1129486215, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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