The typical structure of these forests includes four layers. [1]
The uppermost layer is the canopy composed of tall mature trees ranging from 30 to 61 m (100 to 200 ft) high. Below the canopy is the three-layered, shade-tolerantunderstory that is roughly 9 to 15 m (30 to 50 ft) shorter than the canopy.
The top layer of the understory is the sub-canopy composed of smaller mature trees, saplings, and suppressed juvenile canopy layer trees awaiting an opening in the canopy.
Below the sub-canopy is the shrub layer, composed of low growing woody plants.
In the Northern hemisphere, characteristic dominant broadleaf trees in this biome include oaks (Quercus spp.), beeches (Fagus spp.), maples (Acer spp.), or birches (Betula spp.).[1] The term "mixed forest" comes from the inclusion of coniferous trees as a canopy component of some of these forests. Typical coniferous trees include pines (Pinus spp.), firs (Abies spp.), and spruces (Picea spp.). In some areas of this biome, the conifers may be a more important canopy species than the broadleaf species. In the Southern Hemisphere, endemic genera such as Nothofagus and Eucalyptus occupy this biome, and most coniferous trees (members of the Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae) occur in mixtures with broadleaf species, and are classed as broadleaf and mixed forests.
Climateedit
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests occur in areas with distinct warm and cool seasons, including climates such as humid continental, humid subtropical, and oceanic, that give them moderate annual average temperatures: 3 to 23 °C (37 to 73 °F). These forests occur in relatively warm and rainy climates, sometimes also with a distinct dry season. A dry season occurs in the winter in East Asia and in summer on the wet fringe of the Mediterranean climate zones. Other areas, such as central eastern North America, have a fairly even distribution of rainfall; annual rainfall is typically over 600 mm (24 in) and often over 1,500 mm (59 in), though it can go as low as 300 mm (12 in) in some parts of the Middle East and close to 6,000 mm (240 in) in the mountains of New Zealand and the Azores. Temperatures are typically moderate except in parts of Asia such as Ussuriland, or the Upper Midwest, where temperate forests can occur despite very harsh conditions with very cold winters.
^ abcd This article incorporates text available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license. World Wide Fund for Nature. . Archived from the original on 1 April 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
^Zhao, Ji; Zheng, Guangmei; Wang, Huadong; Xu, Jialin, eds. (1990). The natural history of China. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
^Martin, WH; Boyce, SG; Echternacht, AC, eds. (1993). Biodiversity of the southeastern United States: Lowland terrestrial communities. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
^F, Beck, H. E., Zimmermann, N. E., McVicar, T. R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A., & Wood, E. (6 November 2018), English: Köppen–Geiger climate classification map.Français: Carte de classification climatique de Köppen–Geiger., retrieved 6 August 2019{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Terpsichores (28 October 2012), English: Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, retrieved 6 August 2019
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests.
World Wildlife Fund−WWF Biomes: Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome
Temperate forest
January 01, 1970
temperate, broadleaf, mixed, forests, temperate, broadleaf, mixed, forest, temperate, climate, terrestrial, habitat, type, defined, world, wide, fund, nature, with, broadleaf, tree, ecoregions, with, conifer, broadleaf, tree, mixed, coniferous, forest, ecoregi. Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest is a temperate climate terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature with broadleaf tree ecoregions and with conifer and broadleaf tree mixed coniferous forest ecoregions 1 Extent of temperate broadleaf and mixed forests An example of temperate broadleaf and mixed forest in La Mauricie National Park Quebec These forests are richest and most distinctive in central China and eastern North America with some other globally distinctive ecoregions in the Himalayas Western and Central Europe the southern coast of the Black Sea Australasia Southwestern South America and the Russian Far East 1 2 3 Contents 1 Ecology 2 Trees 3 Climate 4 Ecoregions 4 1 Australasia 4 2 Eurasia 4 3 Americas 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksEcology editThe typical structure of these forests includes four layers 1 The uppermost layer is the canopy composed of tall mature trees ranging from 30 to 61 m 100 to 200 ft high Below the canopy is the three layered shade tolerant understory that is roughly 9 to 15 m 30 to 50 ft shorter than the canopy The top layer of the understory is the sub canopy composed of smaller mature trees saplings and suppressed juvenile canopy layer trees awaiting an opening in the canopy Below the sub canopy is the shrub layer composed of low growing woody plants Typically the lowest growing and most diverse layer is the ground cover or herbaceous layer Trees editIn the Northern hemisphere characteristic dominant broadleaf trees in this biome include oaks Quercus spp beeches Fagus spp maples Acer spp or birches Betula spp 1 The term mixed forest comes from the inclusion of coniferous trees as a canopy component of some of these forests Typical coniferous trees include pines Pinus spp firs Abies spp and spruces Picea spp In some areas of this biome the conifers may be a more important canopy species than the broadleaf species In the Southern Hemisphere endemic genera such as Nothofagus and Eucalyptus occupy this biome and most coniferous trees members of the Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae occur in mixtures with broadleaf species and are classed as broadleaf and mixed forests Climate editTemperate broadleaf and mixed forests occur in areas with distinct warm and cool seasons including climates such as humid continental humid subtropical and oceanic that give them moderate annual average temperatures 3 to 23 C 37 to 73 F These forests occur in relatively warm and rainy climates sometimes also with a distinct dry season A dry season occurs in the winter in East Asia and in summer on the wet fringe of the Mediterranean climate zones Other areas such as central eastern North America have a fairly even distribution of rainfall annual rainfall is typically over 600 mm 24 in and often over 1 500 mm 59 in though it can go as low as 300 mm 12 in in some parts of the Middle East and close to 6 000 mm 240 in in the mountains of New Zealand and the Azores Temperatures are typically moderate except in parts of Asia such as Ussuriland or the Upper Midwest where temperate forests can occur despite very harsh conditions with very cold winters The climates are typically humid for much of the year usually appearing in the humid subtropical climate and in the humid continental climate zones to the south of tundra and the generally subarctic taiga In the Koppen climate classification they are represented respectively by Cfa Dfa Dfb southern range and Cfb 4 5 and more rarely Csb BSk and Csa Ecoregions editAustralasia edit Australasian temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregionsvte Chatham Islands temperate forests New Zealand Eastern Australian temperate forests Australia Fiordland temperate forests New Zealand Nelson Coast temperate forests New Zealand North Island temperate forests New Zealand Northland temperate kauri forests New Zealand Stewart Island Rakiura temperate forests New Zealand Richmond temperate forests New Zealand Southeast Australia temperate forests Australia Southland temperate forests New Zealand Tasmanian Central Highland forests Australia Tasmanian temperate forests Australia Tasmanian temperate rain forests Australia Westland temperate forests New Zealand Eurasia edit Indomalayan temperate broadleaf and mixed forests Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests Bhutan India Nepal Northern Triangle temperate forests Myanmar Western Himalayan broadleaf forests India Nepal Pakistan Palearctic temperate broadleaf and mixed forests Apennine deciduous montane forests Italy Atlantic mixed forests Denmark France Belgium Germany Netherlands Azores temperate mixed forests Portugal Balkan mixed forests Bulgaria Greece North Macedonia Romania Serbia Turkey Baltic mixed forests Sweden Denmark Germany Poland Cantabrian mixed forests Spain Portugal Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests Iran Azerbaijan Caucasus mixed forests Georgia Armenia Azerbaijan Russia Turkey Iran Celtic broadleaf forests United Kingdom Ireland Central Anatolian deciduous forests Turkey Central China loess plateau mixed forests China Central European mixed forests Austria Germany Lithuania Moldova Poland Belarus Czech Republic Ukraine Central Korean deciduous forests North Korea South Korea Changbai Mountains mixed forests China North Korea Changjiang Plain evergreen forests China Crimean Submediterranean forest complex Russia Ukraine Daba Mountains evergreen forests China Dinaric Mountains mixed forests Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Italy Montenegro Serbia Slovenia Croatia East European forest steppe Bulgaria Moldova Romania Russia Ukraine Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests Turkey English Lowlands beech forests United Kingdom Euxine Colchic deciduous forests Bulgaria Georgia Turkey Hokkaido deciduous forests Japan Huang He Plain mixed forests China Madeira evergreen forests Portugal Manchurian mixed forests China North Korea Russia South Korea Nihonkai evergreen forests Japan Nihonkai montane deciduous forests Japan North Atlantic moist mixed forests Ireland United Kingdom Northeast China Plain deciduous forests China Pannonian mixed forests Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina Czech Republic Hungary Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Ukraine Croatia Po Basin mixed forests Italy Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests France Spain Andorra Qin Ling Mountains deciduous forests China Rodope montane mixed forests Bulgaria Greece North Macedonia Serbia Sarmatic mixed forests Russia Sweden Norway Finland Lithuania Latvia Estonia Belarus Sichuan Basin evergreen broadleaf forests China South Sakhalin Kurile mixed forests Russia Southern Korea evergreen forests South Korea Taiheiyo evergreen forests Japan Taiheiyo montane deciduous forests Japan Tarim Basin deciduous forests and steppe China Ussuri broadleaf and mixed forests Russia West Siberian broadleaf and mixed forests Russia Western European broadleaf forests Switzerland Austria France Germany Czech Republic Zagros Mountains forest steppe Iran Iraq Turkey Americas edit Nearctic temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregionsvte Allegheny Highlands forests United States Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests United States Appalachian Blue Ridge forests United States Central U S hardwood forests United States East Central Texas forests United States Eastern forest boreal transition Canada United States Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests Canada United States Gulf of St Lawrence lowland forests Canada Middle Atlantic coastal forests United States Mississippi lowland forests United States New England Acadian forests Canada United States Northeastern coastal forests United States Ozark Mountain forests United States Sierra Madre Occidental pine oak forests Mexico United States Sierra Madre Oriental pine oak forests Mexico United States Southeastern mixed forests United States Southern Great Lakes forests Canada United States Upper Midwest forest savanna transition United States Western Great Lakes forests Canada United States Willamette Valley forests United States Neotropical temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregionsvte Juan Fernandez Islands temperate forests Chile Magellanic subpolar forests Argentina Chile San Felix San Ambrosio Islands temperate forests Chile Valdivian temperate forests Argentina ChileSee also editMixed coniferous forest Kuchler plant association system Mediterranean forests woodlands and scrub Temperate deciduous forest Trees of the worldReferences edit a b c d nbsp This article incorporates text available under the CC BY SA 3 0 license World Wide Fund for Nature Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forest Ecoregions Archived from the original on 1 April 2011 Retrieved 29 May 2019 Zhao Ji Zheng Guangmei Wang Huadong Xu Jialin eds 1990 The natural history of China New York McGraw Hill Publishing Company Martin WH Boyce SG Echternacht AC eds 1993 Biodiversity of the southeastern United States Lowland terrestrial communities New York John Wiley and Sons F Beck H E Zimmermann N E McVicar T R Vergopolan N Berg A amp Wood E 6 November 2018 English Koppen Geiger climate classification map Francais Carte de classification climatique de Koppen Geiger retrieved 6 August 2019 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Terpsichores 28 October 2012 English Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests retrieved 6 August 2019External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests World Wildlife Fund WWF Biomes Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome Temperate forest Bioimages vanderbilt edu Index of North American Temperate Broadleaf amp Mixed Forests ecoregions Terraformers Canadian Forest Conservation Foundation Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests amp oldid 1214211719, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
