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Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests

January 01, 1970

The Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests is an ecoregion of the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome, as defined by the World Wildlife Fund. It consists of mesophytic plants west of the Appalachian Mountains in the Southeastern United States.

Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests
Hanson's Point in the Red River Gorge, Kentucky
Ecology
RealmNearctic
BiomeTemperate broadleaf and mixed forest
Borders
List
Bird species200[1]
Mammal species73[1]
Geography
Area192,200 km2 (74,200 sq mi)
CountryUnited States
States
List
Climate typeHumid continental (Dfb), humid subtropical (Cfa) and oceanic climate (Cfb)[2][3]
Conservation
Global 200Yes
Habitat loss14.8%[1]
Protected8.37%[1]

This ecoregion consists of the following EPA level III ecoregions:

Setting edit

This ecoregion is located in the plains and hill country west of the Appalachians in northwest Alabama and east central Tennessee, eastern Kentucky, western North Carolina and Virginia, most of West Virginia, western Maryland, southeastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania. This ecoregion also occurs in scattered disjuncts in the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas, Missouri, and extreme eastern Oklahoma.[4] These forests are known for their rich diversity of plants and animals, which is due to several contributing factors, especially that the area was an unglaciated refugium for many species. It shares species with the high elevation Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests to the east, the hardwood forests to the west, and the mixed hardwood/conifer forests to the south.

Climate edit

The climate varies from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south.

Flora edit

They are one of the most biologically diverse temperate forest regions on earth. It has an unusually diverse tree flora, with as many as 30 tree species at a single site including many relics of the ancient forest that once covered North America more widely. Along with the forest there is a rich undergrowth of ferns, fungi, herbaceous plants, shrubs and small trees as well as areas of glade, heath, shale, peat bog and cranberry bog.

Mesophytic forests edit

Mesophytic forests are found on deep and enriched soils in sheltered topography such as coves and low-elevation slopes. They are often found near small streams. The herb layer is very rich and, in undisturbed areas, the trees can grow very large. Typical trees include sugar maple (Acer saccharum), beech (Fagus grandifolia), tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera), basswood (Tilia americana), northern red oak (Quercus rubra), cucumber tree (Magnolia acuminata), and black walnut (Juglans nigra). Other trees found here are eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), white ash (Fraxinus americana), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava).[5]

Dry calcareous forests edit

The southern Ridge and Valley/Cumberland dry calcareous forests occur on dry to dry-mesic calcareous habitats on low escarpments of the Cumberland Plateau. They are often found on deep soils in a variety landscapes within their range. Trees are mainly oaks and hickories, with other species less abundant. Oaks include white oak (Quercus alba), northern red oak (Quercus rubra), post oak (Quercus stellata), chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii), and Shumard oak (Quercus shumardii). Hickories include shagbark hickory (Carya ovata). Other trees can be sugar maple (Acer saccharum), eastern red-cedar (Juniperus virginiana), or pines.[6]

Appalachian cove forests edit

Appalachian cove forests are found in sheltered concave slopes with a moist environment. Characteristic tree include yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), white ash (Fraxinus americana), basswood (Tilia americana), tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera), Carolina silverbell (Halesia tetraptera), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), beech (Fagus grandifolia), cucumber tree (Magnolia acuminata), and Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri).[7]

Dry-mesic oak forests edit

Dry-mesic oak forests cover large areas at lower and middle elevations on flat to gently rolling terrain. Mature stands have a variety of oak and hickory species adapted to dry-mesic conditions. Oaks include northern red oak (Quercus rubra), white oak (Quercus alba), black oak (Quercus velutina), and scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea); hickories include mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa), shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), red hickory (Carya ovalis), and pignut hickory (Carya glabra). In addition, red maple (Acer rubrum), sweet birch (Betula lenta), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) are common; sugar maple (Acer saccharum) is occasional. In areas that have been recently disturbed, white pine (Pinus strobus), Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), or tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) can be abundant. Areas of impeded drainage sometimes harbor small wetlands, including non-forested seeps or forested wetlands with red maple (Acer rubrum), swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor), or black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica).[8]

Dry oak forests and woodlands edit

The Allegheny-Cumberland dry oak forest and woodland forest system is found on acidic soils on the Allegheny and Cumberland plateaus, and ridges in the southern Ridge and Valley. The forests are typically dominated by white oak (Quercus alba), southern red oak (Quercus falcata), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), with lesser amounts of red maple (Acer rubrum), pignut hickory (Carya glabra), and mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa). A few shortleaf pines (Pinus echinata) or Virginia pines (Pinus virginiana) may occur, particularly adjacent to escarpments or following fire. Sprouts of chestnut (Castanea dentata) can often be found where it was formerly a common tree.[9]

Low-elevation pine forests edit

Southern Appalachian low-elevation pine forests occur on a variety of topographic and landscape positions, including ridgetops, upper- and mid-slopes, and in lower elevations (generally below 2,300 feet (700 m)) such as mountain valleys. These forests dominated by shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) and Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana). Pitch pine (Pinus rigida) may sometimes be present. Hardwoods are sometimes abundant, especially dry-site oaks such as southern red oak (Quercus falcata), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), and scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), but also pignut hickory (Carya glabra), red maple (Acer rubrum), and others. The shrub layer may be well-developed, with hillside blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), or other acid-tolerant species most characteristic. Herbs are usually sparse but may include narrowleaf silkgrass (Pityopsis graminifolia) and Goat-rue (Tephrosia virginiana).[10]

Montane oak forests edit

Montane oak forests occur on exposed ridges and on south- to west-facing slopes at middle elevations. Soils are thin and nutrient-poor and trees are often stunted and wind-flagged. Northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and white oak (Quercus alba) are common, as are sprouts of American chestnut (Castanea dentata). Winterberry (Ilex montana), flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), catawba rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense), and great rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) are common shrubs.[11]

Hemlock-northern hardwood forests edit

Hemlock-northern hardwood forests are found at higher elevations. They include yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), mountain maple (Acer spicatum), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), beech (Fagus grandifolia), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) and rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.) are found in the understory.[12]

Spruce-fir forests edit

Spruce-fir forests occur at the highest elevations, above 3,200 feet (980 m). Their environment is cool and wet, with frequent fog and precipitation. Red spruce (Picea rubens) and Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) dominate the forest canopy.[13]

Bogs edit

Cranberry bogs harbor species typical of ecoregions found to the north. These species include cranberry and blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), bog rosemary (Andromeda glaucophylla), and buckbean (Menyanthes trifoliata). These bogs are relicts that have survived since the last glacial period.

Other habitats edit

More unique, restricted habitats within these forests include glades, heath barrens, shale barrens, and sphagnum bogs. These often support endemic plants and land snails.

Prehistoric period edit

During the Last Glacial Maximum about 18,000 years ago, the influence of Arctic air masses and boreal vegetation extended to about 33° N. latitude, the approximate latitude of Birmingham and Atlanta. Forests of the glacial period were dominated by various spruces (Picea spp.) and jack pine; fir (Abies spp.) was abundant in some locations. With the exception of the absence of certain prairie elements, the understories of these forests were generally typical of modern spruce-fir forests within and near Canada. Temperate deciduous forests dominated from about 33° to 30° N. latitude, including most of the glacial Gulf Coast from about 84° W. longitude. Regional climate was similar to or slightly drier than modern conditions. Oak, hickory, chestnut, and southern pine species were abundant. Walnuts, beech, sweetgum, alder, birch, tulip poplar, elms, hornbeams (Carpinus spp.), basswoods, and others that are generally common in modern southern deciduous forests were also common then. Grasses, sedges, and sunflowers were also common.

 
Daniel Boone National Forest in Kentucky

Fauna edit

The woodlands of the area are rich in wildlife. In particular they are important habitat for migrating birds including wood warblers, vireos, and thrushes. The rivers of the ecoregion have the highest species richness of any freshwater ecosystem. In particular, there are a large number of endemic fish and shellfish species.

Threats edit

This ecoregion is considered critically endangered with 95% of the habitat degraded or converted to commercial forest. Large areas have been destroyed and fragmented through surface mining, including mountaintop removal. Large areas have also been logged and then converted to plantations of fast-growing tree species, such as Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) which are then used to produce wood pulp, which is particularly a problem in the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee. Another threat to habitats come from growing numbers of deer. Major rivers in the ecoregion, such as the Tennessee River, have been dammed. This has resulted in the threatened or endangered status of many species of native fish, amphibians, and shellfish.

Natural areas edit

The remaining forest is mostly found in protected areas.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d . The Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 2012-03-05. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
  2. ^ https://www.mindat.org/climate-Cfb.html
  3. ^ https://geodiode.com/climate/koppen-classification
  4. ^ "Encyclopedia of Arkansas". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
  5. ^ "South-Central Interior Mesophytic Forest". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  6. ^ "Southern Ridge and Valley / Cumberland Dry Calcareous Forest". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  7. ^ "Southern and Central Appalachian Cove Forest". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  8. ^ "Northeastern Interior Dry-Mesic Oak Forest". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  9. ^ "Allegheny-Cumberland Dry Oak Forest and Woodland". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  10. ^ "Southern Appalachian Low-Elevation Pine Forest". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  11. ^ "Central and Southern Appalachian Montane Oak Forest". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  12. ^ "Appalachian (Hemlock)-Northern Hardwood". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  13. ^ "Central and Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forest". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 8 October 2012.

Bibliography edit

  • "Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
  • World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001). . WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2010-03-08.
  • Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
  • Owen, Wayne (2002). "Chapter 2 (TERRA–2): The History of Native Plant Communities in the South". Southern Forest Resource Assessment Final Report. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
  • Data source for map: Olson, D. M. and E. Dinerstein. The Global 200: Priority ecoregions for global conservation. (PDF file) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 89: pgs. 125-126.

January 01, 1970
appalachian, mixed, mesophytic, forests, ecoregion, temperate, broadleaf, mixed, forests, biome, defined, world, wildlife, fund, consists, mesophytic, plants, west, appalachian, mountains, southeastern, united, states, hanson, point, river, gorge, kentuckyecol. The Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests is an ecoregion of the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome as defined by the World Wildlife Fund It consists of mesophytic plants west of the Appalachian Mountains in the Southeastern United States Appalachian mixed mesophytic forestsHanson s Point in the Red River Gorge KentuckyEcologyRealmNearcticBiomeTemperate broadleaf and mixed forestBordersList Allegheny Highlands forestsAppalachian Blue Ridge forestsSoutheastern mixed forestsCentral U S hardwood forestsSouthern Great Lakes forestsBird species200 1 Mammal species73 1 GeographyArea192 200 km2 74 200 sq mi CountryUnited StatesStatesList PennsylvaniaMarylandOhioWest VirginiaKentuckyVirginiaTennesseeAlabamaGeorgiaClimate typeHumid continental Dfb humid subtropical Cfa and oceanic climate Cfb 2 3 ConservationGlobal 200YesHabitat loss14 8 1 Protected8 37 1 This ecoregion consists of the following EPA level III ecoregions Southwestern Appalachians ecoregion Central Appalachians ecoregion Western Allegheny Plateau ecoregion Contents 1 Setting 2 Climate 3 Flora 3 1 Mesophytic forests 3 2 Dry calcareous forests 3 3 Appalachian cove forests 3 4 Dry mesic oak forests 3 5 Dry oak forests and woodlands 3 6 Low elevation pine forests 3 7 Montane oak forests 3 8 Hemlock northern hardwood forests 3 9 Spruce fir forests 3 10 Bogs 3 11 Other habitats 3 12 Prehistoric period 4 Fauna 5 Threats 6 Natural areas 7 See also 8 References 9 BibliographySetting editThis ecoregion is located in the plains and hill country west of the Appalachians in northwest Alabama and east central Tennessee eastern Kentucky western North Carolina and Virginia most of West Virginia western Maryland southeastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania This ecoregion also occurs in scattered disjuncts in the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas Missouri and extreme eastern Oklahoma 4 These forests are known for their rich diversity of plants and animals which is due to several contributing factors especially that the area was an unglaciated refugium for many species It shares species with the high elevation Appalachian Blue Ridge forests to the east the hardwood forests to the west and the mixed hardwood conifer forests to the south Climate editThe climate varies from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south Flora editThey are one of the most biologically diverse temperate forest regions on earth It has an unusually diverse tree flora with as many as 30 tree species at a single site including many relics of the ancient forest that once covered North America more widely Along with the forest there is a rich undergrowth of ferns fungi herbaceous plants shrubs and small trees as well as areas of glade heath shale peat bog and cranberry bog Mesophytic forests edit Mesophytic forests are found on deep and enriched soils in sheltered topography such as coves and low elevation slopes They are often found near small streams The herb layer is very rich and in undisturbed areas the trees can grow very large Typical trees include sugar maple Acer saccharum beech Fagus grandifolia tuliptree Liriodendron tulipifera basswood Tilia americana northern red oak Quercus rubra cucumber tree Magnolia acuminata and black walnut Juglans nigra Other trees found here are eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis white ash Fraxinus americana sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua and yellow buckeye Aesculus flava 5 Dry calcareous forests edit The southern Ridge and Valley Cumberland dry calcareous forests occur on dry to dry mesic calcareous habitats on low escarpments of the Cumberland Plateau They are often found on deep soils in a variety landscapes within their range Trees are mainly oaks and hickories with other species less abundant Oaks include white oak Quercus alba northern red oak Quercus rubra post oak Quercus stellata chinkapin oak Quercus muehlenbergii and Shumard oak Quercus shumardii Hickories include shagbark hickory Carya ovata Other trees can be sugar maple Acer saccharum eastern red cedar Juniperus virginiana or pines 6 Appalachian cove forests edit Appalachian cove forests are found in sheltered concave slopes with a moist environment Characteristic tree include yellow buckeye Aesculus flava sugar maple Acer saccharum white ash Fraxinus americana basswood Tilia americana tuliptree Liriodendron tulipifera Carolina silverbell Halesia tetraptera eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis beech Fagus grandifolia cucumber tree Magnolia acuminata and Fraser magnolia Magnolia fraseri 7 Dry mesic oak forests edit Dry mesic oak forests cover large areas at lower and middle elevations on flat to gently rolling terrain Mature stands have a variety of oak and hickory species adapted to dry mesic conditions Oaks include northern red oak Quercus rubra white oak Quercus alba black oak Quercus velutina and scarlet oak Quercus coccinea hickories include mockernut hickory Carya tomentosa shagbark hickory Carya ovata red hickory Carya ovalis and pignut hickory Carya glabra In addition red maple Acer rubrum sweet birch Betula lenta and yellow birch Betula alleghaniensis are common sugar maple Acer saccharum is occasional In areas that have been recently disturbed white pine Pinus strobus Virginia pine Pinus virginiana or tulip tree Liriodendron tulipifera can be abundant Areas of impeded drainage sometimes harbor small wetlands including non forested seeps or forested wetlands with red maple Acer rubrum swamp white oak Quercus bicolor or black tupelo Nyssa sylvatica 8 Dry oak forests and woodlands edit The Allegheny Cumberland dry oak forest and woodland forest system is found on acidic soils on the Allegheny and Cumberland plateaus and ridges in the southern Ridge and Valley The forests are typically dominated by white oak Quercus alba southern red oak Quercus falcata chestnut oak Quercus prinus scarlet oak Quercus coccinea with lesser amounts of red maple Acer rubrum pignut hickory Carya glabra and mockernut hickory Carya tomentosa A few shortleaf pines Pinus echinata or Virginia pines Pinus virginiana may occur particularly adjacent to escarpments or following fire Sprouts of chestnut Castanea dentata can often be found where it was formerly a common tree 9 Low elevation pine forests edit Southern Appalachian low elevation pine forests occur on a variety of topographic and landscape positions including ridgetops upper and mid slopes and in lower elevations generally below 2 300 feet 700 m such as mountain valleys These forests dominated by shortleaf pine Pinus echinata and Virginia pine Pinus virginiana Pitch pine Pinus rigida may sometimes be present Hardwoods are sometimes abundant especially dry site oaks such as southern red oak Quercus falcata chestnut oak Quercus prinus and scarlet oak Quercus coccinea but also pignut hickory Carya glabra red maple Acer rubrum and others The shrub layer may be well developed with hillside blueberry Vaccinium pallidum black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata or other acid tolerant species most characteristic Herbs are usually sparse but may include narrowleaf silkgrass Pityopsis graminifolia and Goat rue Tephrosia virginiana 10 Montane oak forests edit Montane oak forests occur on exposed ridges and on south to west facing slopes at middle elevations Soils are thin and nutrient poor and trees are often stunted and wind flagged Northern red oak Quercus rubra and white oak Quercus alba are common as are sprouts of American chestnut Castanea dentata Winterberry Ilex montana flame azalea Rhododendron calendulaceum catawba rhododendron Rhododendron catawbiense and great rhododendron Rhododendron maximum are common shrubs 11 Hemlock northern hardwood forests edit Hemlock northern hardwood forests are found at higher elevations They include yellow birch Betula alleghaniensis mountain maple Acer spicatum sugar maple Acer saccharum beech Fagus grandifolia and eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis Mountain laurel Kalmia latifolia and rhododendron Rhododendron spp are found in the understory 12 Spruce fir forests edit Spruce fir forests occur at the highest elevations above 3 200 feet 980 m Their environment is cool and wet with frequent fog and precipitation Red spruce Picea rubens and Fraser fir Abies fraseri dominate the forest canopy 13 Bogs edit Cranberry bogs harbor species typical of ecoregions found to the north These species include cranberry and blueberry Vaccinium spp bog rosemary Andromeda glaucophylla and buckbean Menyanthes trifoliata These bogs are relicts that have survived since the last glacial period Other habitats edit More unique restricted habitats within these forests include glades heath barrens shale barrens and sphagnum bogs These often support endemic plants and land snails Prehistoric period edit During the Last Glacial Maximum about 18 000 years ago the influence of Arctic air masses and boreal vegetation extended to about 33 N latitude the approximate latitude of Birmingham and Atlanta Forests of the glacial period were dominated by various spruces Picea spp and jack pine fir Abies spp was abundant in some locations With the exception of the absence of certain prairie elements the understories of these forests were generally typical of modern spruce fir forests within and near Canada Temperate deciduous forests dominated from about 33 to 30 N latitude including most of the glacial Gulf Coast from about 84 W longitude Regional climate was similar to or slightly drier than modern conditions Oak hickory chestnut and southern pine species were abundant Walnuts beech sweetgum alder birch tulip poplar elms hornbeams Carpinus spp basswoods and others that are generally common in modern southern deciduous forests were also common then Grasses sedges and sunflowers were also common nbsp Daniel Boone National Forest in KentuckyFauna editThe woodlands of the area are rich in wildlife In particular they are important habitat for migrating birds including wood warblers vireos and thrushes The rivers of the ecoregion have the highest species richness of any freshwater ecosystem In particular there are a large number of endemic fish and shellfish species Threats editThis ecoregion is considered critically endangered with 95 of the habitat degraded or converted to commercial forest Large areas have been destroyed and fragmented through surface mining including mountaintop removal Large areas have also been logged and then converted to plantations of fast growing tree species such as Loblolly Pine Pinus taeda which are then used to produce wood pulp which is particularly a problem in the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee Another threat to habitats come from growing numbers of deer Major rivers in the ecoregion such as the Tennessee River have been dammed This has resulted in the threatened or endangered status of many species of native fish amphibians and shellfish Natural areas editThe remaining forest is mostly found in protected areas Alabama Monte Sano State Park Oak Mountain State Park Talladega National Forest Cheaha Wilderness William B Bankhead National Forest Sipsey Wilderness Georgia Cloudland Canyon State Park Kentucky Blanton Forest State Nature Preserve Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area Cumberland Gap National Historical Park Daniel Boone National Forest Beaver Creek Wilderness Kentenia State Forest Kentucky Ridge State Forest Robinson Forest Maryland Garrett State Forest Potomac State Forest Ohio Ales Run Wilderness Area Beaver Creek State Park Blue Rock State Forest Brush Creek State Forest Brush Creek Wilderness Area Burr Oak State Park Clear Creek Nature Preserve Crown City Wildlife Area Dean State Forets Egypt Valley Wilderness Area Fernwood State Forest Highlandtown Wilderness Area Hocking State Forest Mohican Memorial State Forest Muskingum River State Park Perry State Forest Pike State Forest Salt Fork State Park Shade River State Forest Shawnee State Forest Strouds Run State Park Tar Hollow State Forest Tri Valley Wilderness Area Wayne National Forest Wolf Creek Wilderness Area Woodybury State Wilderness Area Zaleski State Forest Pennsylvania Black Moshannon State Park Forbes State Forest Gallitzin State Forest Laurel Hill State Park Laurel Ridge State Park Moraine State Park Ohiopyle State Park Prince Gallitzin State Park Raccoon Creek State Park Roaring Run Natural Area Tennessee Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area Catoosa Wildlife Management Area Fall Creek Falls State Park Frozen Head State Park Prentice Cooper State Forest Scott State Forest South Cumberland Recreation Area South Cumberland State Park Virginia Parts of Jefferson National Forest Stone Mountain Wilderness West Virginia Babcock State Park Beech Fork State Park Blackwater Falls State Park Canaan Valley National Wildlife Refuge Canaan Valley Resort State Park Cedar Creek State Park Chief Logan State Park Coopers Rock State Forest Gauley River National Recreation Area Holly River State Park Kanawha State Forest Monongahela National Forest Cranberry Wilderness Dolly Sods Wilderness Otter Creek Wilderness Roaring Plains West WildernessSee also editAppalachian temperate rainforest Western Allegheny Plateau ecoregion WWF sub ecoregion on the western Allegheny Plateau List of ecoregions in the United States WWF List of ecoregions in the United States EPA References edit a b c d The Atlas of Global Conservation The Nature Conservancy Archived from the original on 2012 03 05 Retrieved 2017 05 06 https www mindat org climate Cfb html https geodiode com climate koppen classification Encyclopedia of Arkansas Encyclopedia of Arkansas Retrieved 2021 02 11 South Central Interior Mesophytic Forest NatureServe Explorer Retrieved 8 October 2012 Southern Ridge and Valley Cumberland Dry Calcareous Forest NatureServe Explorer Retrieved 2 November 2012 Southern and Central Appalachian Cove Forest NatureServe Explorer Retrieved 8 October 2012 Northeastern Interior Dry Mesic Oak Forest NatureServe Explorer Retrieved 8 October 2012 Allegheny Cumberland Dry Oak Forest and Woodland NatureServe Explorer Retrieved 11 October 2012 Southern Appalachian Low Elevation Pine Forest NatureServe Explorer Retrieved 11 October 2012 Central and Southern Appalachian Montane Oak Forest NatureServe Explorer Retrieved 10 October 2012 Appalachian Hemlock Northern Hardwood NatureServe Explorer Retrieved 8 October 2012 Central and Southern Appalachian Spruce Fir Forest NatureServe Explorer Retrieved 8 October 2012 Bibliography edit Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests Terrestrial Ecoregions World Wildlife Fund World Wildlife Fund ed 2001 Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests WildWorld Ecoregion Profile National Geographic Society Archived from the original on 2010 03 08 Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests images at bioimages vanderbilt edu Owen Wayne 2002 Chapter 2 TERRA 2 The History of Native Plant Communities in the South Southern Forest Resource Assessment Final Report U S Department of Agriculture Forest Service Southern Research Station Retrieved 2008 07 29 Data source for map Olson D M and E Dinerstein The Global 200 Priority ecoregions for global conservation PDF file Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 89 pgs 125 126 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests amp oldid 1205290623, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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