Tay al-Ard
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Tayy al-Arḍ (Arabic: طيّ الأرض, romanized: folding up of the earth or "covering long distances in the twinkling of an eye"[1]) is the name for thaumaturgical teleportation in the mystical form of Islam and Islamic philosophy. The concept has been expressed as "traversing the earth without moving"; some have termed it "moving by the earth being displaced under one's feet". It is a concept widely familiar to the Shī‘īs and Sufis, each group having a different interpretation of it.[citation needed]
Definitions and discussion edit
The Dehkhoda Dictionary defines Tay al-Ard as "[a] type of keramat in which instead of moving toward a destination by taking a step forward, the earth turns toward the traverser rapidly, no matter how far the destination be."
The concept of tay al-arḍ has its roots in the following verses of surah al-Naml of the Quran:
[Solomon] said, "O assembly [of jinn], which of you will bring me her throne before they come to me in submission?" A powerful one from among the jinn said, "I will bring it to you before you rise from your place, and indeed, I am for this [task] strong and trustworthy." Said one who had knowledge from the Scripture, "I will bring it to you before your glance returns to you." And when [Solomon] saw it placed before him, he said, "This is from the favor of my Lord to test me whether I will be grateful or ungrateful. And whoever is grateful - his gratitude is only for [the benefit of] himself. And whoever is ungrateful - then indeed, my Lord is Free of need and Generous."
Some claim that according to these verses, it is Asif ibn Barkhiya who transports the throne of the Queen of Sheba almost instantaneously. According to them, a hadith by Ja'far al-Sadiq also confirms that Solomon transports the throne by tay al-arḍ.[3]
A precise definition of tay al-arḍ has been offered by Ali Tabatabaei, one of the masters of Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i: "[T]he ceasing and termination of matter in the initial location, and its appearance and re-creation in its final location (destination)"[4]
Other explanations offered are also mystical in nature. A hadith by Muhammad al-Baqir is narrated in which he attributes the aforementioned esoteric knowledge of Asif ibn Barakhia to the Asma 'ullah or the "names of God", another widely discussed topic in Islamic philosophy and mysticism and even kabbalah:
The Almighty's greatest name has 73 letters (or parts). Asif ibn Barkhiya knew only one letter of it, which enabled him to traverse the earth in the blink of an eye. We Shia Imams however possess 72 of them. And the last letter is concealed from all creation and remains a secret to only the Almighty Himself."[5]
Being allegedly esoteric knowledge by nature, it is not known exactly how it takes place, but theories and explanations abound. The most prevalent theory has to do with the concept of consciousness and will (Persian: اراده). The person wills to be someplace, and he is then simply there an instant later. This view can perhaps be understood from the perspective of Western philosophical idealism, where esse est percipi: if space does not have an objective reality, and reality itself is thought of as observer-based and a subjective entity,[6] then ideas such as moving in space without physically moving are no longer uncharted possibilities.
In addition, the jinn are believed to possess this knowledge of transportation in a limited amount.
History edit
Famous sheikhs, prophets, and other figures such as Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr,[7] or Rumi[1] Khidr,[8] were believed to possess karamat, and writings from medieval Islam are full of stories and reports of certain individuals possessing this trait. For example, Idries Shah and Robert Graves mention the case where senior members of the Azimia order were "reputed to appear, like many of the ancient Sheikhs at different places at one and the same time".[9] Many other examples can be found in Farid al-Din Attar's Tadhkirat al-Awliya (Biographies of the Saints) or the works of ibn Arabi, as well as other similar chronicles. However, no one for sure has known the number and identity of all those who possess such knowledge, since according to Ali al-Hujwiri, those who hold such knowledge "do not know one another, and are not aware of the other's state of excellence, and are hidden from themselves and from mankind."[10]
One of the most discussed phenomena of this supposedly esoteric knowledge is the event of traveling without actually moving (طی الارض). Islamic texts and records (from the mystics) are full of such accounts from various eras. For example, Bayazid Bastami has many such accounts, colored with mystical flavors, surrounding his life. In one account, he was asked, "They say you walk on water?" "A piece of wood can do that too," he replied. "They say you travel to Mecca at night and return by dawn?" he was asked. "But a bird at flight can do that too" was his answer. "So what is the meaning of being human?" he was asked. "A human is he who does not fasten his heart to anything but God" came his reply.[11] In all such and similar accounts, a certain individual of unusually high rank (a sheikh, pir, or imam) is seen to have the ability to travel long distances in almost instantaneous amounts of time.
Views edit
Sunni view edit
Belief in the possibility of such karamat by saints is a part of classical orthodox aqidah in Sunni Islam as, for example, listed in the Al-Aqida al-Tahawiyya and all other orthodox Sunni treatises on religious doctrine and has been accepted as such since the earliest times of Islam.[12]
Tay al-arḥ is one term used for this concept by the pirs being the spiritual aspect of Sunni Islam). Some Sufis call the concept tay al-makan ("folding of space"), the word makan ("location") being used as a synonym for the word ardh ("earth"). Both words are Arabic in origin, and both words are part of the Persian lexicon as well.
Shi'a view edit
The concept of Tay al-Ard also appears in Shia text such as the Usul al-Kafi.[13] The Twelver Shi'a use the verse about tay al-arḍ in particular in Shi'a-Sunni conversations when accusations of over-meriting the Imams are made. It is argued that if a non-prophet could teleport the throne, then it should present no theological objections against the belief that a Twelvef Imam such as Ali might be able to do the same.[14] The Mahdi is widely believed to have a broad arsenal of karamat including this concept at his disposal.[15] Three hundred and one of Mahdi's believed 313 companions also are believed to know this concept.
This topic is widely studied by scholars such as Shahab ud-Din Mar'ashi Najafi, Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i, and Mulla Sadra.
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b Zarrin'kub, 'Abd al-Husayn (2009). Step by step up to union with God: life, thought and spiritual journey of Jalal-al-Din Rumi. Persian Heritage Foundation. ISBN 9781934283158. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- ^ Quran 27:38–40
- ^ Molavi-nia, M. Javad. Tarikh-i Anbiya (تاریخ انبیا). ISBN 964-7447-30-2, 2002. p.268
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2006-07-10.
- ^ : اسم اعظم[permanent dead link]
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2009-04-02. Retrieved 2006-07-10.
- ^ See: Asrar al-Tawhid ISBN 964-6290-67-1 p.99
- ^ Reynold A. Nicholson, The Mystics of Islam. 2002. ISBN 0-941532-48-8 p.92
- ^ Idries Shah and Robert Graves, The Sufis. 1971. ISBN 0-385-07966-4 p.372
- ^ Reynold A. Nicholson, The Mystics of Islam. 2002. ISBN 0-941532-48-8 p.89
- ^ Risalah Qashiriyah (رساله قشیریه), bab 53. p.650
- ^ Yusuf, Hamza (2008). The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi. United States: Zaytuna Institute.
- ^ Usul al-Kafi of al-Kulaini (اصول کافی کلینی), Vol.2, p.413
- ^ See:manuscript on the Tei al-ardh abilities of Ali
- ^ See: Karamāt of al-Mahdi (کرامات المهدي), Jamkaran mosque publications, 2003 ISBN 964-6705-15-4
External links edit
- A discussion on the meaning of teleportation according to traditional Islamic philosophy, by Allama Tehrani 2008-06-06 at the Wayback Machine (in Persian) [1] (in Arabic)
- Types of Tei al-ardh, by Allama Tehrani 2008-06-05 at the Wayback Machine (in Persian) from his book Shining Sun
- (in English)
- Manuscripts on Tei al-ardh by Allameh Amini (in Persian and Arabic)