The Tasmola culture (Kazakh: Тасмола мәдениеті) was an early Iron Age culture during the Saka period (9th to 4th centuries BC) in central Kazakhstan.[2][3][4] The Tasmola culture was replaced by the Korgantas culture.[3] They may correspond to the Issedones of ancient Greek sources.[5]
Everything known about the Tasmola culture originates from the barrows (or kurgans) they built to bury their deceased. The necropoles involve mainly a large barrow and an adjoining small one.[6] Tasmola kurgans were rather large during the early period (30-50m diameter, 3-5m in height), but were smaller in the later period (15-25 m in diameter, 0.5-1.5m in height).[7] They were grouped in cluster of 10 to 15 kurgans.[8] They were often equipped with a central passageway, or dromos, leading to the area of the burial.[8]
Kurgans of the Tasmola culture have been carbon-dated, and range from 894–790 cal BC (kurgan 8 of the Karashoky cemetery) for the earliest, to 509–377 cal BC (kurgan 3 of the Taisoigan cemetery) for the latest.[2] Later kurgans belong to the Korgantas culture.[2]
Findsedit
Characteristic finds are bronze arrowheads, daggers and belt ornaments.[6] The bronze and golden wares show influences from the preceding Begazy-Dandybai culture.[9]
Tasmola culture artifacts
Tasmola culture arrowheads and artifacts
Geneticsedit
Eurasian archaeological cultures in the Iron Age (ca. 800–100 BCE) with their approximate ranges. Cultures in the Seima-Turbino zone are indicated with blue letters.[10]
A genetic study published in Nature in May 2018 examined the remains of eight Sakas buried on the central steppe between ca. 900 BC and 500 BC, most of whom were ascribed to the Tasmola culture. The three samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to the haplogroups R1 (two samples) and E. The eight samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to C4a1a, F1b1, A, H101, C4d, U2e, H10 and U7a4. The Sakas of the central steppe were determined to be of about 56% Western Steppe Herder ancestry and 44% southern Siberian hunter-gatherer ancestry. Hunter-gatherer ancestry was primarily paternal. They displayed a higher amount of southern Siberian hunter-gatherer admixture than other peoples of the Scythian cultures, including other Sakas. It was suggested that the Sakas of the central steppe were a major source of western Eurasian ancestry among the Xiongnu, and that the Huns emerged through the conquest of Sakas by the Xiongnu.[11]
^Ivanov, Sergei Sergeevich (2023). "Asia, Steppe, East: Early Iron Age Pastoralist Cultures". Reference Module in Social Sciences: Fig.1. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-90799-6.00253-6. ISBN9780443157851.
^ abcBeisenov, Arman Z; Svyatko, Svetlana V; Kassenalin, Aibar Е; Zhambulatov, Kairat А; Duisenbai, Daniyar; Reimer, Paula J (March 2016). "First Radiocarbon Chronology for the Early Iron Age Sites of Central Kazakhstan (Tasmola Culture and Korgantas Period)" (PDF). Radiocarbon. 58 (1): 179–191. Bibcode:2016Radcb..58..179B. doi:10.1017/RDC.2015.18. S2CID 130995035. For the Tasmola culture, the earliest date clearly belongs to kurgan 8 of the Karashoky cemetery (UBA-23671; 894–790 cal BC), while the latest date belongs to kurgan 3 of the Taisoigan cemetery (UBA-23673; 509–377 cal BC).
^ abGnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Khussainova (26 March 2021). "Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians". Science Advances. 7 (13). Bibcode:2021SciA....7.4414G. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC7997506. PMID 33771866. The Tasmola culture in central and north Kazakhstan is among the earliest major IA nomad warrior cultures emerging (eighth to sixth century BCE)
^Barrows with stone ranges of the Tasmola culture - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
^Ivanov, Sergei Sergeevich (2023). "Asia, Steppe, East: Early Iron Age Pastoralist Cultures". Reference Module in Social Sciences. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-90799-6.00253-6. ISBN9780443157851. Based on some information from literary sources it was suggested that the areas of the Tasmola Culture distribution can be correlated with the territory of the Issedones tribal group habitat. The Pazyryk Culture of the Altai Mountains, which also covered the mountains of Eastern Kazakhstan, could be associated with the semi-legendary people of the "gold guarding vultures"
^Beisenov, Arman Z; Svyatko, Svetlana V; Kassenalin, Aibar Е; Zhambulatov, Kairat А; Duisenbai, Daniyar; Reimer, Paula J (March 2016). "First Radiocarbon Chronology for the Early Iron Age Sites of Central Kazakhstan (Tasmola Culture and Korgantas Period)" (PDF). Radiocarbon. 58 (1): 179–191. Bibcode:2016Radcb..58..179B. doi:10.1017/RDC.2015.18. S2CID 130995035. The dimensions of newly discovered mounds was rather large, up to 30–50 m in diameter, 3–5 m in height, while the kurgans discovered earlier had small mounds up to 15–25 m in diameter and 0.5–1.5 m in height.
^ abChang, Claudia (16 August 2017). Rethinking Prehistoric Central Asia: Shepherds, Farmers, and Nomads. Routledge. p. 52. ISBN978-1-351-70158-7.
^Megalithic mausolea of the Begazy-Dandybai culture - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
^Török, Tibor (July 2023). "Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians". Genes. 14 (7): 1345. doi:10.3390/genes14071345. ISSN 2073-4425. PMC10379071. PMID 37510249.
Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (May 9, 2018). "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes". Nature. Nature Research. 557 (7705): 369–373. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..369D. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2. hdl:1887/3202709. PMID 29743675. S2CID 13670282. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
Barrows with stone ranges of the Tasmola culture - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Megalithic mausolea of the Begazy-Dandybai culture - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
December 15, 2023
tasmola, culture, kazakh, Тасмола, мәдениеті, early, iron, culture, during, saka, period, centuries, central, kazakhstan, replaced, korgantas, culture, they, correspond, issedones, ancient, greek, sources, 500sakastasmolakulayitkulsargatananyinoculturemassaget. The Tasmola culture Kazakh Tasmola mәdenieti was an early Iron Age culture during the Saka period 9th to 4th centuries BC in central Kazakhstan 2 3 4 The Tasmola culture was replaced by the Korgantas culture 3 They may correspond to the Issedones of ancient Greek sources 5 Tasmola culture 500SAKASTasmolaKulayItkulSargatAnanyinocultureMassagetaeSauro matiansMumunDiancultureSABEANSOrdoscultureSha jingPazyrykTagarAldy BelYUEZHISubeshiACHAEMENID EMPIREMAHA JANAPADASZHOUDYNASTYSlab gravecultureDONGHUMEROEScythians The Tasmola culture within the Saka realm and contemporary Asian polities c 500 1 Geographical rangeSouth Central SiberiaPeriodIron AgeDatesca 9th 4th centuries BCPreceded byBegazy Dandybai cultureFollowed byKorgantas culture Contents 1 Burials 2 Finds 3 Genetics 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External linksBurials edit nbsp Tasmola housing village of TagybaibulakEverything known about the Tasmola culture originates from the barrows or kurgans they built to bury their deceased The necropoles involve mainly a large barrow and an adjoining small one 6 Tasmola kurgans were rather large during the early period 30 50m diameter 3 5m in height but were smaller in the later period 15 25 m in diameter 0 5 1 5m in height 7 They were grouped in cluster of 10 to 15 kurgans 8 They were often equipped with a central passageway or dromos leading to the area of the burial 8 Kurgans of the Tasmola culture have been carbon dated and range from 894 790 cal BC kurgan 8 of the Karashoky cemetery for the earliest to 509 377 cal BC kurgan 3 of the Taisoigan cemetery for the latest 2 Later kurgans belong to the Korgantas culture 2 Finds editCharacteristic finds are bronze arrowheads daggers and belt ornaments 6 The bronze and golden wares show influences from the preceding Begazy Dandybai culture 9 nbsp Tasmola culture artifacts nbsp Tasmola culture arrowheads and artifactsGenetics edit nbsp Eurasian archaeological cultures in the Iron Age ca 800 100 BCE with their approximate ranges Cultures in the Seima Turbino zone are indicated with blue letters 10 See also Scythian cultures Genetics Tagar culture Genetics Saka Genetics Scythians Genetics and Sarmatians Genetics A genetic study published in Nature in May 2018 examined the remains of eight Sakas buried on the central steppe between ca 900 BC and 500 BC most of whom were ascribed to the Tasmola culture The three samples of Y DNA extracted belonged to the haplogroups R1 two samples and E The eight samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to C4a1a F1b1 A H101 C4d U2e H10 and U7a4 The Sakas of the central steppe were determined to be of about 56 Western Steppe Herder ancestry and 44 southern Siberian hunter gatherer ancestry Hunter gatherer ancestry was primarily paternal They displayed a higher amount of southern Siberian hunter gatherer admixture than other peoples of the Scythian cultures including other Sakas It was suggested that the Sakas of the central steppe were a major source of western Eurasian ancestry among the Xiongnu and that the Huns emerged through the conquest of Sakas by the Xiongnu 11 See also editBarrows of Tasmola Begazy Dandybai culture Saka History of KazakhstanReferences edit Ivanov Sergei Sergeevich 2023 Asia Steppe East Early Iron Age Pastoralist Cultures Reference Module in Social Sciences Fig 1 doi 10 1016 B978 0 323 90799 6 00253 6 ISBN 9780443157851 a b c Beisenov Arman Z Svyatko Svetlana V Kassenalin Aibar E Zhambulatov Kairat A Duisenbai Daniyar Reimer Paula J March 2016 First Radiocarbon Chronology for the Early Iron Age Sites of Central Kazakhstan Tasmola Culture and Korgantas Period PDF Radiocarbon 58 1 179 191 Bibcode 2016Radcb 58 179B doi 10 1017 RDC 2015 18 S2CID 130995035 For the Tasmola culture the earliest date clearly belongs to kurgan 8 of the Karashoky cemetery UBA 23671 894 790 cal BC while the latest date belongs to kurgan 3 of the Taisoigan cemetery UBA 23673 509 377 cal BC a b Gnecchi Ruscone Guido Alberto Khussainova 26 March 2021 Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians Science Advances 7 13 Bibcode 2021SciA 7 4414G doi 10 1126 sciadv abe4414 ISSN 2375 2548 PMC 7997506 PMID 33771866 The Tasmola culture in central and north Kazakhstan is among the earliest major IA nomad warrior cultures emerging eighth to sixth century BCE Barrows with stone ranges of the Tasmola culture UNESCO World Heritage Centre Ivanov Sergei Sergeevich 2023 Asia Steppe East Early Iron Age Pastoralist Cultures Reference Module in Social Sciences doi 10 1016 B978 0 323 90799 6 00253 6 ISBN 9780443157851 Based on some information from literary sources it was suggested that the areas of the Tasmola Culture distribution can be correlated with the territory of the Issedones tribal group habitat The Pazyryk Culture of the Altai Mountains which also covered the mountains of Eastern Kazakhstan could be associated with the semi legendary people of the gold guarding vultures a b Tasmola culture Beisenov Arman Z Svyatko Svetlana V Kassenalin Aibar E Zhambulatov Kairat A Duisenbai Daniyar Reimer Paula J March 2016 First Radiocarbon Chronology for the Early Iron Age Sites of Central Kazakhstan Tasmola Culture and Korgantas Period PDF Radiocarbon 58 1 179 191 Bibcode 2016Radcb 58 179B doi 10 1017 RDC 2015 18 S2CID 130995035 The dimensions of newly discovered mounds was rather large up to 30 50 m in diameter 3 5 m in height while the kurgans discovered earlier had small mounds up to 15 25 m in diameter and 0 5 1 5 m in height a b Chang Claudia 16 August 2017 Rethinking Prehistoric Central Asia Shepherds Farmers and Nomads Routledge p 52 ISBN 978 1 351 70158 7 Megalithic mausolea of the Begazy Dandybai culture UNESCO World Heritage Centre Torok Tibor July 2023 Integrating Linguistic Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians Genes 14 7 1345 doi 10 3390 genes14071345 ISSN 2073 4425 PMC 10379071 PMID 37510249 Damgaard et al 2018 Sources editDamgaard P B et al May 9 2018 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes Nature Nature Research 557 7705 369 373 Bibcode 2018Natur 557 369D doi 10 1038 s41586 018 0094 2 hdl 1887 3202709 PMID 29743675 S2CID 13670282 Retrieved April 11 2020 External links editTasmola culture in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia 3rd Edition 1970 1979 Barrows with stone ranges of the Tasmola culture UNESCO World Heritage Centre Megalithic mausolea of the Begazy Dandybai culture UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tasmola culture amp oldid 1189918676, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
