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List of radar types

April 10, 2024

This is a list of different types of radar.

Detection and search radars edit

Search radars scan great volumes of space with pulses of short radio waves. They typically scan the volume two to four times a minute. The waves are usually less than a meter long. Ships and planes are metal, and reflect radio waves. The radar measures the distance to the reflector by measuring the time of the roundtrip from emission of a pulse to reception, dividing this by two, and then multiplying by the speed of light. To be accepted, the received pulse has to lie within a period of time called the range gate. The radar determines the direction because the short radio waves behave like a search light when emitted from the reflector of the radar set's antenna.

Search edit

 
RAF Boeing E-3 Sentry AEW1 (AWACS) with rotating radar dome. The dome is 30 feet across (9 m) The E-3 is accompanied by two Panavia Tornado F3.

Targeting radars edit

Main article: Fire-control radar

Targeting radars utilize the same principle but scan smaller volumes of space far more often, usually several times a second or more, while a search radar will scan a larger volume less frequently. Missile lock-on describes the scenario where a targeting radar has acquired a target, and the fire control can calculate a path for the missile to the target; in semi-active radar homing systems, this implies that the missile can "see" the target that the targeting radar is "illuminating". Some targeting radars have a range gate that can track a target, to eliminate clutter and electronic countermeasures.

Missile guidance systems edit

Main article: Missile guidance

Others edit

Battlefield and reconnaissance radar edit

 
Military map marking symbol Radar as of NATO standard APP-6a

Instrumentation radars edit

Instrumentation radars are used to test aircraft, missiles, rockets, and munitions on government and private test ranges. They provide Time, Space, Position, Information (TSPI) data both for real time and post processing analysis.[2]

Repurposed NASA and military radars

Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS)

Custom

  • AN/MPS-39 Multi-Object Tracking Radar (MOTR)
  • TAMTS
  • BAE Rule
  • ROTR
  • ROSA
  • ROSA II
  • COSIP
  • Dynetics MRS

Fuzes and triggers edit

Radar proximity fuzes are attached to anti-aircraft artillery shells or other explosive devices, and detonate the device when it approaches a large object. They use a small rapidly pulsing omnidirectional radar, usually with a powerful battery that has a long storage life, and a very short operational life. The fuzes used in anti-aircraft artillery have to be mechanically designed to accept fifty thousand g, yet still be cheap enough to throw away.[citation needed]

Weather-sensing radar systems edit

Weather radars can resemble search radars. This radar uses radio waves along with horizontal, dual (horizontal and vertical), or circular polarization. The frequency selection of weather radar is a performance compromise between precipitation reflectivity and attenuation due to atmospheric water vapor. Some weather radars uses doppler shift to measure wind speeds and dual-polarization for identification of types of precipitations.[3][4]

  •  
    Storm front reflectivities on a weather radar screen (NOAA)
  •  
    Wind profiling radar

Navigational radars edit

Main article: Radar navigation
 
Surface search radar display commonly found on ships

Navigational radars resemble search radar, but use very short waves that reflect from earth and stone. They are common on commercial ships and long-distance commercial aircraft.

Marine radars are used by ships for collision avoidance and navigation purposes. The frequency band of radar used on most ships is X band (9 GHz/3 cm), but S band (3 GHz/10 cm) radar is also installed on most oceangoing ships to provide better detection of ships in rough sea and heavy rain condition. Vessel traffic services also use marine radars (X or S band) for tracking ARPA and provides collision avoidance or traffic regulation of ships in the surveillance area.

General purpose radars are increasingly being substituted for pure navigational radars. These generally use navigational radar frequencies, but modulate the pulse so the receiver can determine the type of surface of the reflector. The best general-purpose radars distinguish the rain of heavy storms, as well as land and vehicles. Some can superimpose sonar and map data from GPS position.

Air Traffic Control and navigation edit

Air traffic control uses primary and secondary radars. Primary radars are a "classical" radar which reflects all kind of echoes, including aircraft and clouds. Secondary radar emits pulses and listens for special answer of digital data emitted by an Aircraft Transponder as an answer. Transponders emit different kind of data like a 4 octal ID (mode A), the onboard calculated altitude (mode C) or the Callsign (not the flight number) (mode S). Military use transponders to establish the nationality and intention of an aircraft, so that air defenses can identify possibly hostile radar returns. This military system is called IFF (Identification Friend or Foe).

 
Air traffic control radar at London Heathrow Airport

Space and range instrumentation radar systems edit

Mapping radars edit

Mapping radars are used to scan a large region for remote sensing and geography applications. They generally use synthetic aperture radar, which limits them to relatively static targets, normally terrain.

Specific radar systems can sense a human behind walls. This is possible since the reflective characteristics of humans are generally more diverse than those of the materials typically used in construction. However, since humans reflect far less radar energy than metal does, these systems require sophisticated technology to isolate human targets and moreover to process any sort of detailed image. Through-the-wall radars can be made with Ultra Wideband impulse radar, micro-Doppler radar, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR).[5]

Speed radar edit

  • Radar gun, for traffic policing and as used in some sports

Radars for biological research edit

Radar range and wavelength can be adapted for different surveys of bird and insect migration and daily habits. They can have other uses too in the biological field.

  • "MERLIN Avian Radar System for Bird Activity Monitoring and Mortality Risk Mitigation" (PDF).
  • Wearable radar and miniature radar systems are used as electric seeing aids for the visually impaired, as well as early warning collision detection and situational awareness.
Further information: Bioradiolocation

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ "AN/PPS-5B Ground Surveillance Radar Set". Federation of American Scientists. 1998-09-12. Retrieved 2009-03-15.
  2. ^ Nessmith, Josh T. (November 1976). "Range Instrumentation Radars". IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 12 (6): 756–766. Bibcode:1976ITAES..12..756N. doi:10.1109/TAES.1976.308354. S2CID 45406364.
  3. ^ "Using and Understanding Doppler Weather Radar". National Weather Service. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  4. ^ "What is Dual-Pol?". National Weather Service. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  5. ^ Through-the-wall radar

April 10, 2024
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This is a list of different types of radar Contents 1 Detection and search radars 1 1 Search 2 Targeting radars 2 1 Missile guidance systems 2 2 Others 2 3 Battlefield and reconnaissance radar 3 Instrumentation radars 4 Fuzes and triggers 5 Weather sensing radar systems 6 Navigational radars 6 1 Air Traffic Control and navigation 6 2 Space and range instrumentation radar systems 7 Mapping radars 8 Speed radar 9 Radars for biological research 10 See also 11 NotesDetection and search radars editSearch radars scan great volumes of space with pulses of short radio waves They typically scan the volume two to four times a minute The waves are usually less than a meter long Ships and planes are metal and reflect radio waves The radar measures the distance to the reflector by measuring the time of the roundtrip from emission of a pulse to reception dividing this by two and then multiplying by the speed of light To be accepted the received pulse has to lie within a period of time called the range gate The radar determines the direction because the short radio waves behave like a search light when emitted from the reflector of the radar set s antenna Search edit nbsp RAF Boeing E 3 Sentry AEW1 AWACS with rotating radar dome The dome is 30 feet across 9 m The E 3 is accompanied by two Panavia Tornado F3 Early Warning EW Radar Radar Systems Ground Control Intercept GCI Radar Airborne Early Warning AEW Airborne ground surveillance AGS Over the Horizon OTH Radar Target Acquisition TA TAR Radar Systems Surface to Air Missile SAM Systems Anti Aircraft Artillery AAA Systems Surface Search SS Radar Systems Surface Search Radar Coastal Surveillance Radar Harbour Surveillance Radar Antisubmarine Warfare ASW Radar Height Finder HF Radar Systems Gap Filler Radar SystemsTargeting radars editMain article Fire control radar Targeting radars utilize the same principle but scan smaller volumes of space far more often usually several times a second or more while a search radar will scan a larger volume less frequently Missile lock on describes the scenario where a targeting radar has acquired a target and the fire control can calculate a path for the missile to the target in semi active radar homing systems this implies that the missile can see the target that the targeting radar is illuminating Some targeting radars have a range gate that can track a target to eliminate clutter and electronic countermeasures Missile guidance systems edit Main article Missile guidance Air to Air Missile AAM Air to Surface Missile ASM Surface to air missile SAM Systems Surface to Surface Missiles SSM SystemsOthers edit Target Tracking TT Systems AAA Systems Multi Function Systems Fire Control FC Systems Acquisition Mode Semiautomatic Tracking Mode Manual Tracking Mode Airborne Intercept AI Radars Search Mode TA Mode TT Mode Target Illumination TI Mode Missile Guidance MG Mode Active electronically scanned array AESA Battlefield and reconnaissance radar edit nbsp Military map marking symbol Radar as of NATO standard APP 6aBattlefield Surveillance Systems Counter battery radar Battlefield Surveillance Radars Tactical Radar Identification and Location System Countermortar Counterbattery Systems Shell Tracking Radars Air Mapping Systems Side looking airborne radar SLAR Synthetic Aperture Radar SAR Perimeter Surveillance Radar PSR Red Dawn Radar System Ground Surveillance Radar 1 Man portable radarInstrumentation radars editInstrumentation radars are used to test aircraft missiles rockets and munitions on government and private test ranges They provide Time Space Position Information TSPI data both for real time and post processing analysis 2 Repurposed NASA and military radars AN FPS 16 MPQ 33 39 MPA 25 FPS 134 FPS 14 TPQ 18 FPQ 17Commercial off the shelf COTS Weibel MFTR series Weibel MSL series Weibel SL seriesCustom AN MPS 39 Multi Object Tracking Radar MOTR TAMTS BAE Rule ROTR ROSA ROSA II COSIP Dynetics MRSFuzes and triggers editRadar proximity fuzes are attached to anti aircraft artillery shells or other explosive devices and detonate the device when it approaches a large object They use a small rapidly pulsing omnidirectional radar usually with a powerful battery that has a long storage life and a very short operational life The fuzes used in anti aircraft artillery have to be mechanically designed to accept fifty thousand g yet still be cheap enough to throw away citation needed Weather sensing radar systems editWeather radars can resemble search radars This radar uses radio waves along with horizontal dual horizontal and vertical or circular polarization The frequency selection of weather radar is a performance compromise between precipitation reflectivity and attenuation due to atmospheric water vapor Some weather radars uses doppler shift to measure wind speeds and dual polarization for identification of types of precipitations 3 4 Weather radar Wind profilers Millimetre cloud radar CODAR nbsp Storm front reflectivities on a weather radar screen NOAA nbsp Wind profiling radarNavigational radars editMain article Radar navigation nbsp Surface search radar display commonly found on shipsNavigational radars resemble search radar but use very short waves that reflect from earth and stone They are common on commercial ships and long distance commercial aircraft Marine radars are used by ships for collision avoidance and navigation purposes The frequency band of radar used on most ships is X band 9 GHz 3 cm but S band 3 GHz 10 cm radar is also installed on most oceangoing ships to provide better detection of ships in rough sea and heavy rain condition Vessel traffic services also use marine radars X or S band for tracking ARPA and provides collision avoidance or traffic regulation of ships in the surveillance area General purpose radars are increasingly being substituted for pure navigational radars These generally use navigational radar frequencies but modulate the pulse so the receiver can determine the type of surface of the reflector The best general purpose radars distinguish the rain of heavy storms as well as land and vehicles Some can superimpose sonar and map data from GPS position Air Traffic Control and navigation edit Air traffic control uses primary and secondary radars Primary radars are a classical radar which reflects all kind of echoes including aircraft and clouds Secondary radar emits pulses and listens for special answer of digital data emitted by an Aircraft Transponder as an answer Transponders emit different kind of data like a 4 octal ID mode A the onboard calculated altitude mode C or the Callsign not the flight number mode S Military use transponders to establish the nationality and intention of an aircraft so that air defenses can identify possibly hostile radar returns This military system is called IFF Identification Friend or Foe nbsp Air traffic control radar at London Heathrow AirportAir Traffic Control ATC Radars Secondary Surveillance Radar SSR Airport Surveillance Radar Ground Control Approach GCA Radars Precision Approach Radar PAR Distance Measuring Equipment DME Radio Beacons Radar Altimeter RA Terrain Following Radar TFR Space and range instrumentation radar systems edit Space SP Tracking Systems Range Instrumentation RI Systems Video Relay Downlink Systems Space based radar Incoherent scatterMapping radars editMapping radars are used to scan a large region for remote sensing and geography applications They generally use synthetic aperture radar which limits them to relatively static targets normally terrain Specific radar systems can sense a human behind walls This is possible since the reflective characteristics of humans are generally more diverse than those of the materials typically used in construction However since humans reflect far less radar energy than metal does these systems require sophisticated technology to isolate human targets and moreover to process any sort of detailed image Through the wall radars can be made with Ultra Wideband impulse radar micro Doppler radar and synthetic aperture radar SAR 5 Imaging radar 3D radarSpeed radar editRadar gun for traffic policing and as used in some sportsRadars for biological research editRadar range and wavelength can be adapted for different surveys of bird and insect migration and daily habits They can have other uses too in the biological field MERLIN Avian Radar System for Bird Activity Monitoring and Mortality Risk Mitigation PDF Insect radar Surveillance radar mostly X and S band i e primary ATC Radars Tracking radar mostly X band i e Fire Control Systems Wearable radar and miniature radar systems are used as electric seeing aids for the visually impaired as well as early warning collision detection and situational awareness Further information BioradiolocationSee also editRadar engineering details Automatic Radar Plotting Aid Low probability of intercept Radar scatterometer Radar trackerNotes edit AN PPS 5B Ground Surveillance Radar Set Federation of American Scientists 1998 09 12 Retrieved 2009 03 15 Nessmith Josh T November 1976 Range Instrumentation Radars IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 12 6 756 766 Bibcode 1976ITAES 12 756N doi 10 1109 TAES 1976 308354 S2CID 45406364 Using and Understanding Doppler Weather Radar National Weather Service Retrieved 2023 08 08 What is Dual Pol National Weather Service Retrieved 2023 08 08 Through the wall radar Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of radar types amp oldid 1196934837 Targeting radars, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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