This article is about the microwave spectrum. For the Super NES and Sega Genesis online adapter, see XBAND. For the extension to the mediumwave broadcast band, see AM expanded band. For the radiation band that is not RF, see X-ray. For musical artists using the name X, see X (disambiguation).
X band is often used in modern radars. The shorter wavelengths of the X band allow for higher resolution imagery from high-resolutionimaging radars for target identification and discrimination.
Terrestrial communications and networking
X band 10.15 to 10.7 GHz segment is used for terrestrial broadband in many countries, such as Brazil, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Denmark, Ukraine, Spain and Ireland.[2]Alvarion, CBNL, CableFree and Ogier make systems for this, though each has a proprietary airlink. DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification) the standard used for providing cable internet to customers, uses some X band frequencies. The home / Business CPE has a single coaxial cable with a power adapter connecting to an ordinary cable modem. The local oscillator is usually 9750 MHz, the same as for Ku band satellite TV LNB. Two way applications such as broadband typically use a 350 MHz TX offset.
These three stations, located approximately 120 degrees apart in longitude, provide continual communications from the Earth to almost any point in the Solar System independent of Earth rotation. DSN stations are capable of using the older and lower S band deep-space radio communications allocations, and some higher frequencies on a more-or-less experimental basis, such as in the K band.
The new European double Mars Mission ExoMars will also use X band communication, on the instrument LaRa, to study the internal structure of Mars, and to make precise measurements of the rotation and orientation of Mars by monitoring two-way Doppler frequency shifts between the surface platform and Earth. It will also detect variations in angular momentum due to the redistribution of masses, such as the migration of ice from the polar caps to the atmosphere.
An important use of the X band communications came with the two Viking program landers. When the planet Mars was passing near or behind the Sun, as seen from the Earth, a Viking lander would transmit two simultaneous continuous-wave carriers, one in the S band and one in the X band in the direction of the Earth, where they were picked up by DSN ground stations. By making simultaneous measurements at the two different frequencies, the resulting data enabled theoretical physicists to verify the mathematical predictions of Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. These results are some of the best confirmations of the General Theory of Relativity.
1. Essential military requirements for satellite downlinks; the mobile satellite sub-band 7250-7300 MHz is for naval and land mobile earth stations. 2. Military requirement for fixed systems in some countries.
1. This is a harmonised NATO band type 1 for satellite downlinks.
2. 7250-7300 MHz is paired with 7975-8025 MHz for the MOBILE-SATELLlTE allocation. 3. The FIXED and MOBILE services are not to be implemented in the band 7250-7300 MHz in most NATO countries, including ITU Region 2. 4. In the band 7300-7750 MHz the transportable earth stations cannot claim protection from the other services.
7750-7900 MHz
FIXED
Military requirements for existing NATO fixed systems in some countries.
1. Essential military requirements for satellite uplinks; the mobile satellite sub-band 7975-8025 MHz is for naval and land mobile satellite earth stations. 2. Military requirement for earth exploration satellite (downlink) purposes in the band 8025-8400 MHz. 3. Military requirement for fixed systems in some countries.
1. This is a harmonised NATO band type 1 for satellite uplinks. 2. 7975-8025 MHz is paired with 7250-7300 MHz for the MOBILE-SATELLlTE allocation. 3. The FIXED and MOBILE services are not to be implemented in 7975-8025 MHz in most NATO countries, including ITU Region 2. 4. In the bands 7900-7975 and 8025-8400 MHz the transportable earth stations must not cause harmful interference to other services.
8500 MHz- 10.5 GHz
RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation
Military requirement for land, airborne and naval radars.
Harmonised NATO band type 2 in selected sub-bands is desirable.
Motion detectors often use 10.525 GHz.[6] 10.4 GHz is proposed for traffic light crossing detectors. Comreg in Ireland has allocated 10.450 GHz for Traffic Sensors as SRD.[7]
Particle accelerators may be powered by X-band RF sources. The frequencies are then standardized at 11.9942 GHz (Europe) or 11.424 GHz (US),[8][9] which is the second harmonic of C-band and fourth harmonic of S-band. The European X-band frequency is used for the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC).
^. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
^F. Peauger, A. Hamdi, S. Curt, S. Doebert, G. McMonagle, G. Rossat, K.M. Schirm, I. Syratchev, L. Timeo, S. Kuzikhov, A.A. Vikharev, A. Haase, D. Sprehn, A. Jensen, E.N. Jongewaard, C.D. Nantista and A. Vlieks: "A 12 GHz RF POWER SOURC E FOR THE CLIC STUDY", in proceedings of IPAC2010 http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/IPAC10/papers/THPEB053.pdf
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This article is about the microwave spectrum For the Super NES and Sega Genesis online adapter see XBAND For the extension to the mediumwave broadcast band see AM expanded band For the radiation band that is not RF see X ray For musical artists using the name X see X disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources X band news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2008 Learn how and when to remove this template message The X band is the designation for a band of frequencies in the microwave radio region of the electromagnetic spectrum In some cases such as in communication engineering the frequency range of the X band is rather indefinitely set at approximately 7 0 11 2 GHz citation needed In radar engineering the frequency range is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE as 8 0 12 0 GHz The X band is used for radar satellite communication and wireless computer networks IEEE X bandFrequency range8 0 12 0 GHzWavelength range3 75 2 5 cmRelated bandsI J bands NATO SHF ITU Contents 1 Radar 2 Terrestrial communications and networking 3 Space communications 3 1 X band NATO frequency requirements 4 Amateur radio 5 Other uses 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksRadar EditSee also Sea based X band Radar AN TPY 2 AN SPY 3 and AN MPQ 64 Sentinel An X Band marine radar antenna on a ship X band is used in radar applications including continuous wave pulsed single polarization dual polarization synthetic aperture radar and phased arrays X band radar frequency sub bands are used in civil military and government institutions for weather monitoring air traffic control maritime vessel traffic control defense tracking and vehicle speed detection for law enforcement 1 X band is often used in modern radars The shorter wavelengths of the X band allow for higher resolution imagery from high resolution imaging radars for target identification and discrimination Terrestrial communications and networking EditX band 10 15 to 10 7 GHz segment is used for terrestrial broadband in many countries such as Brazil Mexico Saudi Arabia Denmark Ukraine Spain and Ireland 2 Alvarion CBNL CableFree and Ogier make systems for this though each has a proprietary airlink DOCSIS Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification the standard used for providing cable internet to customers uses some X band frequencies The home Business CPE has a single coaxial cable with a power adapter connecting to an ordinary cable modem The local oscillator is usually 9750 MHz the same as for Ku band satellite TV LNB Two way applications such as broadband typically use a 350 MHz TX offset Space communications EditFurther information X Band Satellite Communication DSS 43 70 meter X band spacecraft communication antenna at the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex Australia Portions of the X band are assigned by the International Telecommunication Union ITU exclusively for deep space telecommunications The primary user of this allocation is the American NASA Deep Space Network DSN citation needed DSN facilities are in Goldstone California in the Mojave Desert near Canberra Australia and near Madrid Spain These three stations located approximately 120 degrees apart in longitude provide continual communications from the Earth to almost any point in the Solar System independent of Earth rotation DSN stations are capable of using the older and lower S band deep space radio communications allocations and some higher frequencies on a more or less experimental basis such as in the K band Notable deep space probe programs that have employed X band communications include the Viking Mars landers the Voyager missions to Jupiter Saturn and beyond the Galileo Jupiter orbiter the New Horizons mission to Pluto and the Kuiper belt the Curiosity rover and the Cassini Huygens Saturn orbiter 3 The new European double Mars Mission ExoMars will also use X band communication on the instrument LaRa to study the internal structure of Mars and to make precise measurements of the rotation and orientation of Mars by monitoring two way Doppler frequency shifts between the surface platform and Earth It will also detect variations in angular momentum due to the redistribution of masses such as the migration of ice from the polar caps to the atmosphere An important use of the X band communications came with the two Viking program landers When the planet Mars was passing near or behind the Sun as seen from the Earth a Viking lander would transmit two simultaneous continuous wave carriers one in the S band and one in the X band in the direction of the Earth where they were picked up by DSN ground stations By making simultaneous measurements at the two different frequencies the resulting data enabled theoretical physicists to verify the mathematical predictions of Albert Einstein s General Theory of Relativity These results are some of the best confirmations of the General Theory of Relativity X band NATO frequency requirements Edit The International Telecommunication Union ITU the international body which allocates radio frequencies for civilian use is not authorised to allocate frequency bands for military radio communication This is also the case pertaining to X band military communications satellites However in order to meet military radio spectrum requirements e g for fixed satellite service and mobile satellite service the NATO nations negotiated the NATO Joint Civil Military Frequency Agreement NJFA 4 a b c d 7250 7750MHz FIXEDFIXED SATELLlTE s E MOBILE SATELLlTE s E S5 461 1 Essential military requirements for satellite downlinks the mobile satellite sub band 7250 7300 MHz is for naval and land mobile earth stations 2 Military requirement for fixed systems in some countries 1 This is a harmonised NATO band type 1 for satellite downlinks 2 7250 7300 MHz is paired with 7975 8025 MHz for the MOBILE SATELLlTE allocation 3 The FIXED and MOBILE services are not to be implemented in the band 7250 7300 MHz in most NATO countries including ITU Region 2 4 In the band 7300 7750 MHz the transportable earth stations cannot claim protection from the other services 7750 7900MHz FIXED Military requirements for existing NATO fixed systems in some countries 7900 8400MHz FIXED SATELLlTE E s MOBILE SATELLlTE E s S5 461 FIXEDEarth exploration satellite s E S5 462A 1 Essential military requirements for satellite uplinks the mobile satellite sub band 7975 8025 MHz is for naval and land mobile satellite earth stations 2 Military requirement for earth exploration satellite downlink purposes in the band 8025 8400 MHz 3 Military requirement for fixed systems in some countries 1 This is a harmonised NATO band type 1 for satellite uplinks 2 7975 8025 MHz is paired with 7250 7300 MHz for the MOBILE SATELLlTE allocation 3 The FIXED and MOBILE services are not to be implemented in 7975 8025 MHz in most NATO countries including ITU Region 2 4 In the bands 7900 7975 and 8025 8400 MHz the transportable earth stations must not cause harmful interference to other services 8500 MHz 10 5 GHz RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation Military requirement for land airborne and naval radars Harmonised NATO band type 2 in selected sub bands is desirable Amateur radio EditThe Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union allow amateur radio operations in the frequency range 10 000 to 10 500 GHz 5 and amateur satellite operations are allowed in the range 10 450 to 10 500 GHz This is known as the 3 centimeter band by amateurs and the X band by AMSAT Other uses EditMotion detectors often use 10 525 GHz 6 10 4 GHz is proposed for traffic light crossing detectors Comreg in Ireland has allocated 10 450 GHz for Traffic Sensors as SRD 7 Many electron paramagnetic resonance EPR spectrometers operate near 9 8 GHz Particle accelerators may be powered by X band RF sources The frequencies are then standardized at 11 9942 GHz Europe or 11 424 GHz US 8 9 which is the second harmonic of C band and fourth harmonic of S band The European X band frequency is used for the Compact Linear Collider CLIC See also EditCassegrain reflector Directional antenna XTAR Sea based X band Radar New Horizons telecommunications Voyager program Spacecraft design Earth observation satellites transmission frequencies TerraSAR X a German Earth observation satelliteReferences Edit Radar Bands www everythingweather com Broadband Wireless Retrieved 5 May 2020 Radio Science Subsystem RSS NASA Science Solar System Exploration Retrieved 23 August 2022 NATO Joint Civil Military Frequency Agreement NJFA PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 2016 01 08 VHF Handbook of IARU Region 1 2006 pg 50 PDF Archived from the original PDF on February 5 2009 10GHz wideband transceiver www g3pho free online co uk Radio Spectrum Archived from the original on March 18 2012 Retrieved June 1 2011 F Peauger A Hamdi S Curt S Doebert G McMonagle G Rossat K M Schirm I Syratchev L Timeo S Kuzikhov A A Vikharev A Haase D Sprehn A Jensen E N Jongewaard C D Nantista and A Vlieks A 12 GHz RF POWER SOURC E FOR THE CLIC STUDY in proceedings of IPAC2010 http accelconf web cern ch AccelConf IPAC10 papers THPEB053 pdf https www jlab org conferences FLS2012 talks Thur isu jlab39 fls2012 57 final PDF bare URL PDF External links Edithttp www ntia doc gov osmhome allochrt pdf 10GHz wideband transceiver Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title X band amp oldid 1106179397, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
