Due to natural variation, individuals pass through the Tanner stages at different rates, depending in particular on the timing of puberty. Among researchers who study puberty, the Tanner scale is commonly considered the "gold standard" for assessing pubertal status when it is conducted by a trained medical examiner.[5] In HIV treatment, the Tanner scale is used to determine which regimen to follow for pediatric or adolescent patients on antiretroviral therapy (adult, adolescent, or pediatric guidelines).[6] The Tanner scale has also been used in forensics to determine aging, but its usage has decreased due to lack of reliability.[7]
testicular volume between 1.6 and 6 ml; skin on scrotum thins, reddens and enlarges; penis length unchanged
Tanner III
testicular volume between 6 and 12 ml; scrotum enlarges further; penis begins to lengthen
Tanner IV
testicular volume between 12 and 20 ml; scrotum enlarges further and darkens; penis further increases in length and starts to increase in breadth
Tanner V
testicular volume greater than or equal to 20 ml; adult scrotum and penis
Breasts (female)edit
Photos of the Tanner scale for females
Tanner I
no glandular tissue: areola follows the skin contours of the chest (prepubertal)
Tanner II
breast bud forms, with small area of surrounding glandular tissue; areola begins to widen
Tanner III
breast begins to become more elevated, and extends beyond the borders of the areola, which continues to widen but remains in contour with surrounding breast
Tanner IV
increased breast sizing and elevation; areola and papilla form a secondary mound projecting from the contour of the surrounding breast
Tanner V
breast reaches final adult size; areola returns to contour of the surrounding breast, with a projecting central papilla
small amount of long, downy hair with slight pigmentation at the base of the penis and scrotum (males) or on the labia majora (females)
Tanner III
hair becomes more coarse and curly, and begins to extend laterally
Tanner IV
adult-like hair quality, extending across pubis but sparing medial thighs
Tanner V
hair extends to medial surface of the thighs
Heightedit
During Tanner V, females stop growing and reach their adult height. Usually, this happens in their mid teens at 14 or 15 years for females.
Males also stop growing and reach their adult height during Tanner V; usually this happens in their late teens at 16 to 17 years, [medical citation needed] but can be a lot later, even into the early 20's.
Tanner stage data in historyedit
In 1970, boys reached the last Tanner stage, the postpubertal stage, on average at the age of 14.9 years and girls around the age of 14 depending on social class and the particular study.[9] In the nearly fifty years since those studies, the ages at which children are beginning puberty has only declined: "The age of puberty, especially female puberty, has been decreasing in western cultures for decades now ... for example, at the turn of the 20th century, the average age for an American girl to get her period was 16 or 17. Today, that number has decreased to 12 or 13 years." (as of 2018[update])[10]
Criticismedit
The scale has been criticized by the pornography industry for its potential to lead to false child pornography convictions, such as in the case of pornographic actressLupe Fuentes where in 2009 United States federal authorities used it to assert that she was not an adult despite her age. Fuentes personally appeared at the trial and provided documentation that showed that the DVDs in question were legally produced.[11][12]
Tanner, the author of the classification system, has argued that age classification using the stages of the scale misrepresents the intended use. Tanner stages do not match with chronological age, but rather maturity stages and thus are not diagnostic for age estimation.[13]
^Marshall WA, Tanner JM (February 1970). "Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys". Arch. Dis. Child. 45 (239): 13–23. doi:10.1136/adc.45.239.13. PMC2020414. PMID 5440182.
^Marshall WA, Tanner JM (June 1969). "Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls". Arch. Dis. Child. 44 (235): 291–303. doi:10.1136/adc.44.235.291. PMC2020314. PMID 5785179.
^Dorn LD, Biro FM (February 2011). "Puberty and Its Measurement: A Decade in Review". Journal of Research on Adolescence. 21 (1): 180–195. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00722.x.
^"Adolescents and Young Adults with HIV Considerations for Antiretroviral Use in Special Patient Populations Adult and Adolescent ARV". AIDSinfo. Retrieved 2019-08-01.
^Encyclopedia of forensic and legal medicine. Payne-James, Jason,, Byard, Roger W. (Second ed.). Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2015-09-29. ISBN9780128000557. OCLC 924663619.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
^Adolescent health care : a practical guide. Neinstein, Lawrence S., Neinstein, Lawrence S. (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2008. ISBN9780781792561. OCLC 148727849.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^Marshall, W. A.; Tanner, J. M. (1 February 1970). "Variations in the Pattern of Pubertal Changes in Boys". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 45 (239): 13–23. doi:10.1136/adc.45.239.13. PMC2020414. PMID 5440182.
^"The decreasing age of puberty". Texas A&M Health Science Center. 10 January 2018.
^. AVN. April 16, 2010. Archived from the original on January 29, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
^"Adult Film Star Verifies Her Age, Saves Fan From 20 Years In Prison". Radar Online. April 21, 2010.
^Rosenbloom, AL; Tanner, JM (December 1998). "Misuse of Tanner puberty stages to estimate chronologic age". Pediatrics. 102 (6): 1494. doi:10.1542/peds.102.6.1494. PMID 9882230.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tanner scale.
Listen to this article (5 minutes)
This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 16 April 2019 (2019-04-16), and does not reflect subsequent edits.
The Male Tanner stages
The Female Tanner stages
"Line drawing of female Tanner stages (genitals)".
"Line drawing of male Tanner stages".
January 01, 1970
tanner, scale, also, known, tanner, stages, sexual, maturity, rating, scale, physical, development, children, transition, into, adolescence, then, adulthood, scale, defines, physical, measurements, development, based, external, primary, secondary, characterist. The Tanner scale also known as the Tanner stages or sexual maturity rating SMR is a scale of physical development as children transition into adolescence and then adulthood The scale defines physical measurements of development based on external primary and secondary sex characteristics such as the size of the breasts genitals testicular volume and growth of pubic hair This scale was first quantified in 1969 by James Tanner a British pediatrician after a two decade long study following the physical changes in girls undergoing puberty 1 2 3 4 Tanner scaleSynonymsTanner stagesPurposeDefines physical measurements of development Tanner scaleIllustration for malesIllustration for females Due to natural variation individuals pass through the Tanner stages at different rates depending in particular on the timing of puberty Among researchers who study puberty the Tanner scale is commonly considered the gold standard for assessing pubertal status when it is conducted by a trained medical examiner 5 In HIV treatment the Tanner scale is used to determine which regimen to follow for pediatric or adolescent patients on antiretroviral therapy adult adolescent or pediatric guidelines 6 The Tanner scale has also been used in forensics to determine aging but its usage has decreased due to lack of reliability 7 Contents 1 Stages 1 1 Genitals male 1 2 Breasts female 1 3 Pubic hair both male and female 2 Height 3 Tanner stage data in history 4 Criticism 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksStages editAdapted from Adolescent Health Care A Practical Guide by Lawrence Neinstein 8 Genitals male edit nbsp Photos of the Tanner scale for males Tanner I testicular volume less than 1 5 ml small penis prepubertal Tanner II testicular volume between 1 6 and 6 ml skin on scrotum thins reddens and enlarges penis length unchanged Tanner III testicular volume between 6 and 12 ml scrotum enlarges further penis begins to lengthen Tanner IV testicular volume between 12 and 20 ml scrotum enlarges further and darkens penis further increases in length and starts to increase in breadth Tanner V testicular volume greater than or equal to 20 ml adult scrotum and penis Breasts female edit nbsp Photos of the Tanner scale for females Tanner I no glandular tissue areola follows the skin contours of the chest prepubertal Tanner II breast bud forms with small area of surrounding glandular tissue areola begins to widen Tanner III breast begins to become more elevated and extends beyond the borders of the areola which continues to widen but remains in contour with surrounding breast Tanner IV increased breast sizing and elevation areola and papilla form a secondary mound projecting from the contour of the surrounding breast Tanner V breast reaches final adult size areola returns to contour of the surrounding breast with a projecting central papilla Pubic hair both male and female edit Tanner I no pubic hair at all prepubertal Tanner II small amount of long downy hair with slight pigmentation at the base of the penis and scrotum males or on the labia majora females Tanner III hair becomes more coarse and curly and begins to extend laterally Tanner IV adult like hair quality extending across pubis but sparing medial thighs Tanner V hair extends to medial surface of the thighsHeight editDuring Tanner V females stop growing and reach their adult height Usually this happens in their mid teens at 14 or 15 years for females Males also stop growing and reach their adult height during Tanner V usually this happens in their late teens at 16 to 17 years medical citation needed but can be a lot later even into the early 20 s Tanner stage data in history editIn 1970 boys reached the last Tanner stage the postpubertal stage on average at the age of 14 9 years and girls around the age of 14 depending on social class and the particular study 9 In the nearly fifty years since those studies the ages at which children are beginning puberty has only declined The age of puberty especially female puberty has been decreasing in western cultures for decades now for example at the turn of the 20th century the average age for an American girl to get her period was 16 or 17 Today that number has decreased to 12 or 13 years as of 2018 update 10 Criticism editThe scale has been criticized by the pornography industry for its potential to lead to false child pornography convictions such as in the case of pornographic actress Lupe Fuentes where in 2009 United States federal authorities used it to assert that she was not an adult despite her age Fuentes personally appeared at the trial and provided documentation that showed that the DVDs in question were legally produced 11 12 Tanner the author of the classification system has argued that age classification using the stages of the scale misrepresents the intended use Tanner stages do not match with chronological age but rather maturity stages and thus are not diagnostic for age estimation 13 See also editDelayed puberty Gonadarche Precocious puberty Pubarche VellusReferences edit Tanner s stages at Who Named It Marshall WA Tanner JM February 1970 Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys Arch Dis Child 45 239 13 23 doi 10 1136 adc 45 239 13 PMC 2020414 PMID 5440182 Marshall WA Tanner JM June 1969 Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls Arch Dis Child 44 235 291 303 doi 10 1136 adc 44 235 291 PMC 2020314 PMID 5785179 Emmanuel Mickey Bokor Brooke R 2019 Tanner Stages StatPearls StatPearls Publishing PMID 29262142 retrieved 2019 08 01 Dorn LD Biro FM February 2011 Puberty and Its Measurement A Decade in Review Journal of Research on Adolescence 21 1 180 195 doi 10 1111 j 1532 7795 2010 00722 x Adolescents and Young Adults with HIV Considerations for Antiretroviral Use in Special Patient Populations Adult and Adolescent ARV AIDSinfo Retrieved 2019 08 01 Encyclopedia of forensic and legal medicine Payne James Jason Byard Roger W Second ed Amsterdam Netherlands 2015 09 29 ISBN 9780128000557 OCLC 924663619 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link CS1 maint others link Adolescent health care a practical guide Neinstein Lawrence S Neinstein Lawrence S 5th ed Philadelphia Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins 2008 ISBN 9780781792561 OCLC 148727849 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Marshall W A Tanner J M 1 February 1970 Variations in the Pattern of Pubertal Changes in Boys Archives of Disease in Childhood 45 239 13 23 doi 10 1136 adc 45 239 13 PMC 2020414 PMID 5440182 The decreasing age of puberty Texas A amp M Health Science Center 10 January 2018 Lupe Fuentes Saves Man From Bogus Child Porn Charge AVN April 16 2010 Archived from the original on January 29 2012 Retrieved November 9 2013 Adult Film Star Verifies Her Age Saves Fan From 20 Years In Prison Radar Online April 21 2010 Rosenbloom AL Tanner JM December 1998 Misuse of Tanner puberty stages to estimate chronologic age Pediatrics 102 6 1494 doi 10 1542 peds 102 6 1494 PMID 9882230 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tanner scale Listen to this article 5 minutes source source nbsp This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 16 April 2019 2019 04 16 and does not reflect subsequent edits Audio help More spoken articles The Male Tanner stages The Female Tanner stages Line drawing of female Tanner stages genitals Line drawing of male Tanner stages Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tanner scale amp oldid 1221098192, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
