Tajammu al-Arabi (Arabic: تجمع العربي, romanized: Tajammuʿ al-ʻArabī), translated into English as Arab Gathering or Arab Alliance, was a Sudanese Arab tribal militia and political organization that operated in western Sudan and eastern Chad in the late 1980s under Libyan sponsorship. The organization was organized by tribal leaders and Islamic Legion militants in the context of the ethno-tribal conflicts that were taking place in Darfur between the Baggara Arabs and the Furs in those years. Although the organization claimed that its aim was solely to represent and defend the interests of Arab tribes,[1] the organization was described by Gérard Prunier as "a militantly racist and pan-Arabist organization which stressed the 'Arab' character of the province."[2] Scholars agree that Tajammu al-Arabi played an important role in the creation of the Janjaweed, which still operate in the region to this day.[3]
Its composition had a background in local tribal militias and in Gaddafi's mercenary forces that operated in the Sahel during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Chad. Despite remote origins of this grouping are uncertain, the organization could have its origins in Libya's Islamic Legion and its missionary da'wa, who were inspired by a racist ideology and reduced the causes of the Sahelian chaos of the 1970s and 1980s to “Arabs. versus Africans.”
In 1980, Nimeiry appointed Ahmed Ibrahim Diraige as Governor of Darfur, the first Fur to hold the post since Ali Dinar.[4] During the 1980s, the Furs gained greater representation in local government, occupying most of its posts and institutions, something that displeased Arab Darfurians. Between 1984 and 1985 a horrific famine devastated Darfur, causing more than 100,000 deaths and many more displaced.[5] Famine, drought and the struggle for the region's natural resources sparked peasant revolts and encouraged ethnic conflicts between the nomadic Arab camel herders of Sudan and Chad and the more sedentary native Furs. Interethnic tensions escalated to the point of war by 1987. That year, a group of Arab tribal leaders from Darfur, using the rubric Tajammu al-Arabi, addressed an open letter to Sadiq al-Mahdi denouncing an underrepresentation in regional government. Despite rising tensions, al-Mahdi ignored Tajammu al-Arabi's demands and appointed Tijani Sese, a Fur, as governor. Tajammu al-Arabi interpreted this as a provocation and in response published a manifesto titled "Quraysh 1". This manifesto, which became the organization's political-military program, openly advocated the destruction of the regional government and the murder of black tribal leaders. The proclamation marked an escalation in the ethnic conflict and is considered to have marked the start of the War of the Tribes.[6]
It is during this war that Musa Hilal, son of Sheikh Hilal Muhammad and a future leader of the Janjaweed, came to prominence. The drought and famine of 1983-84 caused the pastures that the Baggara nomads traditionally grazed to dry up, forcing them to settle on land where no one wanted to work as day laborers in the towns. A young Musa Hilal, as a representative of the Rizayqat tribe, agreed with Gaddafi on a third alternative: Establish training camps for his tribe in Darfur and join the Islamic Legion to fight the jihad in the Sahel against the "enemies of the Arabs and of Islam". After the fall of the Nimeiry regime, Darfur will become the main transit route of Libya for war materiel passing to the fronts and rebels in Chad. Many Baggara fighters who served in the Islamic Legion and who used to cross the Chad–Sudan border returned to their lands with military experience, radicalized and armed to the teeth, ready to face the Furs and the Regional Government.[6]
At the end of May 1989, a peace conference will take place in al-Fashir, chaired by Governor Tijani Sese. The peace process took place throughout the middle of 1989, even in the midst of the June 30 coup. Finally on July 8, 110 Furs representatives, 110 Arabs, and 21 mediators signed a Reconciliation Agreement. Under this agreement, the Arab and Furs militias pledged to lay down their arms and disband in a process overseen by the government, then under a newly created military junta. This meant the dissolution of Tajammu al-Arabi, but not the end of the conflict or the fighting. Many fighters from Tajammu al-Arabi and other militias did not accept the peace process and reorganized as fighters into new paramilitary groups known as janjaweed.[1]
Referencesedit
^ abDaly, M. W. (2007). Darfur's Sorrow: A History of Destruction and Genocide. p. 246.
^Prunier, G. (2005). Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide. p. 45.
^Daly, M. W. (2007). Darfur's Sorrow: A History of Destruction and Genocide. p. 245.
^Daly, M. W. (2007). Darfur's Sorrow: A History of Destruction and Genocide. p. 224.
^Daly, M. W. (2007). Darfur's Sorrow: A History of Destruction and Genocide. p. 229.
^ abDaly, M.W. (2007). Darfur's Sorrow: A History of Destruction and Genocide. p. 265.
tajammu, arabi, arabic, تجمع, العربي, romanized, tajammuʿ, ʻarabī, translated, into, english, arab, gathering, arab, alliance, sudanese, arab, tribal, militia, political, organization, that, operated, western, sudan, eastern, chad, late, 1980s, under, libyan, . Tajammu al Arabi Arabic تجمع العربي romanized Tajammuʿ al ʻArabi translated into English as Arab Gathering or Arab Alliance was a Sudanese Arab tribal militia and political organization that operated in western Sudan and eastern Chad in the late 1980s under Libyan sponsorship The organization was organized by tribal leaders and Islamic Legion militants in the context of the ethno tribal conflicts that were taking place in Darfur between the Baggara Arabs and the Furs in those years Although the organization claimed that its aim was solely to represent and defend the interests of Arab tribes 1 the organization was described by Gerard Prunier as a militantly racist and pan Arabist organization which stressed the Arab character of the province 2 Scholars agree that Tajammu al Arabi played an important role in the creation of the Janjaweed which still operate in the region to this day 3 Tajammu al Arabiتجمع العربيDates of operation1987 8 July 1989Merged intoJanjaweedActive regionsSudan mainly Darfur ChadIdeologyBaggara s tribal interestsAnti black racismTribalismArab nationalismIslamismAlliesLibya CDROpponentsFederal Army of DarfurFur tribal militias Sudanese government ChadBattles and warsWar of the TribesPreceded byVarious Baggara murahalinIslamic Legion partially Succeeded byJanjaweedHistory editIts composition had a background in local tribal militias and in Gaddafi s mercenary forces that operated in the Sahel during the 1970s and 1980s especially in Chad Despite remote origins of this grouping are uncertain the organization could have its origins in Libya s Islamic Legion and its missionary da wa who were inspired by a racist ideology and reduced the causes of the Sahelian chaos of the 1970s and 1980s to Arabs versus Africans In 1980 Nimeiry appointed Ahmed Ibrahim Diraige as Governor of Darfur the first Fur to hold the post since Ali Dinar 4 During the 1980s the Furs gained greater representation in local government occupying most of its posts and institutions something that displeased Arab Darfurians Between 1984 and 1985 a horrific famine devastated Darfur causing more than 100 000 deaths and many more displaced 5 Famine drought and the struggle for the region s natural resources sparked peasant revolts and encouraged ethnic conflicts between the nomadic Arab camel herders of Sudan and Chad and the more sedentary native Furs Interethnic tensions escalated to the point of war by 1987 That year a group of Arab tribal leaders from Darfur using the rubric Tajammu al Arabi addressed an open letter to Sadiq al Mahdi denouncing an underrepresentation in regional government Despite rising tensions al Mahdi ignored Tajammu al Arabi s demands and appointed Tijani Sese a Fur as governor Tajammu al Arabi interpreted this as a provocation and in response published a manifesto titled Quraysh 1 This manifesto which became the organization s political military program openly advocated the destruction of the regional government and the murder of black tribal leaders The proclamation marked an escalation in the ethnic conflict and is considered to have marked the start of the War of the Tribes 6 It is during this war that Musa Hilal son of Sheikh Hilal Muhammad and a future leader of the Janjaweed came to prominence The drought and famine of 1983 84 caused the pastures that the Baggara nomads traditionally grazed to dry up forcing them to settle on land where no one wanted to work as day laborers in the towns A young Musa Hilal as a representative of the Rizayqat tribe agreed with Gaddafi on a third alternative Establish training camps for his tribe in Darfur and join the Islamic Legion to fight the jihad in the Sahel against the enemies of the Arabs and of Islam After the fall of the Nimeiry regime Darfur will become the main transit route of Libya for war materiel passing to the fronts and rebels in Chad Many Baggara fighters who served in the Islamic Legion and who used to cross the Chad Sudan border returned to their lands with military experience radicalized and armed to the teeth ready to face the Furs and the Regional Government 6 At the end of May 1989 a peace conference will take place in al Fashir chaired by Governor Tijani Sese The peace process took place throughout the middle of 1989 even in the midst of the June 30 coup Finally on July 8 110 Furs representatives 110 Arabs and 21 mediators signed a Reconciliation Agreement Under this agreement the Arab and Furs militias pledged to lay down their arms and disband in a process overseen by the government then under a newly created military junta This meant the dissolution of Tajammu al Arabi but not the end of the conflict or the fighting Many fighters from Tajammu al Arabi and other militias did not accept the peace process and reorganized as fighters into new paramilitary groups known as janjaweed 1 References edit a b Daly M W 2007 Darfur s Sorrow A History of Destruction and Genocide p 246 Prunier G 2005 Darfur The Ambiguous Genocide p 45 Daly M W 2007 Darfur s Sorrow A History of Destruction and Genocide p 245 Daly M W 2007 Darfur s Sorrow A History of Destruction and Genocide p 224 Daly M W 2007 Darfur s Sorrow A History of Destruction and Genocide p 229 a b Daly M W 2007 Darfur s Sorrow A History of Destruction and Genocide p 265 See also editJanjaweed War in Darfur Second Sudanese Civil War Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tajammu al Arabi amp oldid 1216160575, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
