TWA Flight 355
TWA Flight 355 was a domestic Trans World Airlines flight that was hijacked on September 10, 1976 by five "Fighters for Free Croatia",[1] a group seeking Croatian independence from Yugoslavia.
A TWA Boeing 727, similar to the aircraft involved in the incident | |
| Hijacking | |
|---|---|
| Date | September 10, 1976 |
| Summary | Hijacking |
| Site | United States and Canada |
| Aircraft | |
| Aircraft type | Boeing 727 |
| Operator | Trans World Airlines |
| Flight origin | LaGuardia Airport, New York |
| 1st stopover | Mirabel International Airport, Canada |
| 2nd stopover | Gander International Airport, Canada |
| 3rd stopover | Keflavik International Airport, Iceland |
| Last stopover | Paris, France |
| Destination | O'Hare International Airport, Chicago |
| Passengers | 41 (including 5 hijackers) |
| Fatalities | 0 (1 killed dismantling device on ground) |
| Survivors | All |
In a coincidence, the incident occurred on the same day as the Zagreb mid-air collision.
Hijacking Edit
The Boeing 727 plane took off from New York's LaGuardia Airport and was headed to O'Hare International Airport in Chicago. The hijackers were Slobodan Vlašić, Zvonko Bušić, his wife Julienne Bušić,[2] Petar Matanić, and Frane Pešut. The hijackers claimed to have a bomb with them as they seized control of the plane in the 95th minute of its flight.[3]
The group redirected the plane to Montreal's Mirabel International Airport where they refueled and told officials that they had planted a bomb in a locker at Grand Central Terminal and gave them instructions on finding it. They demanded that an appeal to the American people concerning Croatia's independence be printed in The New York Times, The Washington Post, the Chicago Tribune, the Los Angeles Times, and the International Herald Tribune. The plane was then flown to Gander, Newfoundland, where 35 of its passengers were released. From there the plane was accompanied by a larger TWA plane that guided it to Keflavík, Iceland. The hijackers' initial European destination was London, but the British government refused them permission to land.[4]
During the hijacking the device at Grand Central Terminal was found and taken to Rodman's Neck Firing Range where police attempted to dismantle it rather than detonate it. After setting a cutting instrument on the two wires attached to the device, the officers retreated from the pit for several minutes. When they returned to the pit to continue dismantling the device, it exploded and killed NYPD officer Brian Murray, and wounded another, Terrence McTigue.[5]
The plane landed in Paris where the hijackers surrendered after direct talks with U.S. ambassador Kenneth Rush, and their supposedly explosive devices were revealed to be fakes, simple pressure cookers.[3][4][6] As the police took Julienne Bušić away, the plane's pilot gave her a hug in gratitude for her calming of the passengers during the hijacking.[7]
Imprisonment Edit
All five hijackers were convicted of aircraft piracy and conspiracy to commit aircraft piracy. Zvonko Bušić and Julienne Bušić were convicted of more serious charges of aircraft piracy resulting in death for the killing of Brian Murray. Zvonko and Julienne both received mandatory life sentences, while Pešut, Matanić, and Vlašić each received 30-year sentences.[8]
Frane Pešut served 12 years in prison. He was deported to Croatia in 2007.[9] Petar Matanić and Slobodan Vlašić were released along with Pešut in 1988.[10] Julienne Bušić was released in 1989.[11] By the 1990s and early 2000s, the last remaining hijacker in prison was Zvonko Bušić. On several occasions after Croatian independence, Croatian president Franjo Tuđman appealed to American president Bill Clinton for Bušić's release or transfer to Croatia.[12] In 2003, the Croatian Parliament passed a resolution that Bušić should be transferred to Croatia, which it submitted to the Council of Europe.[13] The liberal Croatian Helsinki Committee also took up the cause of Bušić's release.[11]
On June 7, 2008, Bušić was granted parole, after serving 32 years in prison.[14] He was then deported to Croatia, where he was greeted by approximately 500 people at Zagreb's Pleso airport.[15] Among those in the crowd were Dražen Budiša, Anto Kovačević, Marko Perković, and all four of the other hijackers. The crowd greeted him with a Nazi salute.[16][17]
Julienne Bušić wrote a book named Lovers and Madmen about the hijacking and her love for the head of the operation.[18]
Zvonko Bušic committed suicide on September 1, 2013, by gunshot at his home in Rovanjska near Zadar; he was discovered by his wife. He was 67 years old.[19]
Agenda-setting Edit
Agenda-setting is a concept created and developed by Max McCombs and Donald Shaw.[20] It is a function of mass media, highlighting issues seen as more important at the expense of other news.[21] In this manner, the media forces attention towards a certain issue.[22] For terrorist groups, this agenda setting function is a key tool for communicating a message across a nation or around the world.[23] Terrorist groups may manipulate or compel influential media organisations, such as The New York Times and The Washington Post, to assist them in this.[23] Prior to the TWA Flight 355 hijacking, the Croatian criminals demanded that flyers be dropped throughout large cities in order to force attention to their motivations[23] and arranged with certain newspapers to use their statements to report on the issue.[23]
See also Edit
References Edit
- ^ "United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Zvonko Busic, Julienne Busic, Petar Matanic, Frane Pesut, defendants-appellants, 592 F.2d 13 (2d Cir. 1978) :: Justia (United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit)". cases.justia.com. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
- ^ . avsec.com. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
- ^ a b Angelo Patrizio and Mike Mudge. "TW 355 Hijacked!". twaseniorsclub.org. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
- ^ a b , Time Magazine
- ^ Weiss, Murray (August 27, 1998). "Bid to Free Bomber who Killed N.Y. Cop". New York Post.
- ^ , Time Magazine
- ^ , Time Magazine
- ^ "3 CROATS ARE GIVEN 30‐YEAR SENTENCES (Published 1977)". July 22, 1977. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
- ^ "Jutarnji list - Frane Pešut deportiran u Hrvatsku". www.jutarnji.hr (in Croatian). February 15, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
- ^ After 32 years Bušić freed by his wife and the HHO, Slobodna Dalmacija. June 8, 2008.
- ^ a b Robert Bajruši (July 30, 2007). "HHO u operaciji oslobađanja Zvonka Bušića" [HHO set to free Zvonko Bušić]. Nacional (in Croatian). from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
- ^ Zvonko's dream became a reality, Slobodna Dalmacija. June 24, 2008.
- ^ . javno.com. Archived from the original on September 22, 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
- ^ Paroling of Bušić after 32 years in prison in America July 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Večernji list. June 7, 2008.
- ^ Finally I'm in a free homeland July 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Jutarnji list. June 24, 2008.
- ^ Bušić: I am not a thief that I'd secretly return to Croatia July 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Večernji list. June 24, 2008.
- ^ Drakulić, Slavenka (August 28, 2008). "Shadows in the sunshine". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
- ^ Busic, J.E. (2007). Lovers and Madmen: A True Story of Passion, Politics, and Air Piracy. Ink & Paper Group, LLC. ISBN 9780976926108. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
- ^ "Naslovnica - tportal". daily.tportal.hr. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
- ^ "AGENDA-SETTING FUNCTION OF MASS MEDIA* | Public Opinion Quarterly | Oxford Academic". poq.oxfordjournals.org. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
- ^ Johnson, J.A.; Ledlow, G.R.; Cwiek, M.A. (2005). Community Preparedness and Response to Terrorism: Communication and the media. Praeger. p. 68. ISBN 9780275983734. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
- ^ https://books.google.ca/books?id=XeP1O_vhZAC&pg=PA68&lpg=PA68&dq=agenda+setting+theory+and+terrorism&source=bl&ots=SmO3mwNU_E&sig=TeVBYAOYOR9mq89WfXXtCIYLzz8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6ZJuVLqJCs71yAT84IKgCw&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=agenda%20setting%20theory%20and%20terrorism&f=false[dead link]
- ^ a b c d (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2019.