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Synbranchiformes

Synbranchiformes, often called swamp eels, though that name can also refer specifically to Synbranchidae, is an order of ray-finned fishes that are eel-like but have spiny rays, indicating that they belong to the superorder Acanthopterygii.

Taxonomy edit

No synbrachiform fossil is known. The Mastacembeloidei were removed from the Perciformes and added to the Synbranchiformes after a phylogenetic analysis by Johnson and Patterson. These authors consider the Synbranchiformes to be part of a monophyletic group called Smegmamorpha, also containing Mugilimorpha, Atherinomorpha, Gasterosteiformes, and Elassomatidae.[3] Later authors have proposed that the Synbranchiformes along with the Anabantiformes, Carangiformes, Istiophoriformes and Pleuronectiformes form a sister clade to the Ovalentaria which has been called the “Carangimorpharia” but in the 5th Edition of Fishes of the World this clade remained unnamed and unranked.[4]

There are a total of about 99 species divided over 15 genera in three families.[3] There are two suborders: Synbranchoidei and Mastacembeloidei, or Opisthomi. The Synbranchoidei has one family, the Synbranchidae; four genera; and 17 species.[3] The Mastacembeloidei has two families: Chaudhuriidae, with four genera and five species, and Mastacembelidae, with three genera and about 26 species.

Modern studies have placed Indostomus, the sole genus within the family Indostomidae, within the Synbranchiformes.[5]

Description edit

These eel-like fishes range in size from 8–48 inches (20–150 cm). Although they are eel-like, they are not related to true eels (Anguilliformes). The premaxillae are present as distinct bones and are nonprotrusible.[3] The gills are poorly developed, and their openings are usually single, small, confluent across the breast, and restricted to the lower half of the body.[3] Oxygen is absorbed through the membranes of the throat or intestine. The dorsal and anal fins are low and continuous around the tail tip. Pelvic fins are absent.[3] Scales are either absent or very small. They lack a swim bladder.

Distribution edit

These fishes are distributed in tropical America, tropical Africa, southeastern and eastern Asia, East Indies, and Australia. The three families each have a somewhat different distribution: The Synbranchidae are found in Mexico, Central and South America, West Africa (Liberia), Asia, Hawaii, and the Indo-Australian Archipelago.[3] The Mastacembelidae are found in Africa and through Syria to Maritime Southeast Asia, China, and Korea.[3] The Chaudhuriidae are found in northeastern India through Thailand to Korea (including parts of Malaysia and Borneo).[3]

Habitat edit

All except three species occur in fresh water.[3] They usually are found in swamps, caves, and sluggish fresh and brackish waters. When found in pools, they typically are associated with leaf litter and mats of fine tree roots along the banks. Swamp eels are capable of overland excursions, and some can live out of water for extended periods of time. Some species are burrowers. Four species are found exclusively in caves: Rakthamichthys eapeni and R. roseni from India, Ophisternon candidum from Australia, and O. infernale from Mexico.[6] One species, O. bengalense, commonly occurs in coastal areas of southeastern Asia.

Ecology edit

Some species are considered air-breathing fishes because of their ability to breathe by highly vascularized buccopharyngeal pouches (pharynx modified for breathing air). They usually are active only at night.

They feed on benthic invertebrates, especially larvae, and fishes.

At least some of the species of the family Synbranchidae, that is, O. infernale, are sexually dimorphic. Adult males grow a head hump, and males are larger than females. These fishes lay about 40 spherical eggs per clutch. The eggs measure between 0.05 and 0.06 in (1.2–1.5 mm) in diameter and have a pair of long filaments for adhesion to the substrate. Reproduction takes place during the wet season, which lasts for several months, during which females probably spawn more than once. Data acquired from studying juvenile growth and the length of representative individuals within a population suggests that they are a short-lived species that matures during the first year, with few individuals surviving to the second breeding season.

Importance to humans edit

In some parts of Asia, swamp eels and one species of spiny eel, Mastacembelus erythrotaenia, are valued as food and sometimes are kept in ponds or rice fields. Except for a few mastacembelids, they are rarely seen in home aquaria. The fish have numerous sharp dorsal spines and belly thorns which, together with its sliminess make them extremely difficult to handle. The spines must be cut off with scissors before consumption.

 
Tyre track eel caught in River Tlawng, Mizoram, India 2012

Sources edit

Books edit

  • Baensch, Hans A.; Riehl, Rüdiger (1985). Aquarien Atlas [Aquarium Atlas] (in German). Vol. 2. Melle, West Germany: Verlag für Naturund Heimtierkunde.
  • Chan, S.T.H.; Tang, F.; Lofts, B. (1973). "The role of sex steroids on natural sex reversal in Monopterus albus". In Scow, Robert O. (ed.). Proceedings of the International Congress of Endocrinology. International Congress of Endocrinology. New York, NY: American Elsevier.
  • Rainboth, Walter J. (1996). Fishes of the Cambodian Mekong. FAO Species Identification Field Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome, IT: FAO.
  • Romero, Aldemaro, ed. (2001). The Biology of Hypogean Fishes. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Periodicals edit

  • Humphreys, W.F. (1999). "The distribution of Australian cave fishes". Records of the Western Australian Museum. 19: 469–472.
  • Humphreys, W.F.; Feinberg, M.N. (1995). "Food of the blind cave fishes of northwestern Australia". Records of the Western Australian Museum. 17: 29–33.
  • Johnson, G.D.; Patterson, C. (1993). "Percomorph phylogeny: A survey of Acanthomorphs and a new proposal". Bulletin of Marine Science. 52 (1): 554–626.
  • Kerle, R.; Britz, R.; Ng, P.K.L. (2000). "Habitat preference, reproduction, and diet of the earthworm eel, Chendol keelini (Teleostei: Chaudhuriidae), a rare freshwater fish from Sundaic southeast Asia". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 57 (4): 413–422. doi:10.1023/A:1007631312359. S2CID 21964814.
  • lo Nostro, F.L.; Guerrero, G.A. (1996). "Presence of primary and secondary males in a population of the protogynous Synbranchus marmoratus (Bloch, 1795), a protogynous fish (Teleost, Synbranchiformes)". Journal of Fish Biology. 49: 788–800.
  • Roberts, T.R. (1986). "Systematic review of the Mastacembelidae or spiny eels of Burma and Thailand, with description of two new species of Macrognathus". Japanese Journal of Ichthyology. 33 (2): 95–109. doi:10.1007/BF02905838. S2CID 89096162.
  • Sadovy, Y.; Shapiro, D.Y. (1987). "Criteria for the diagnosis of hermaphroditism in fishes". Copeia. 1987 (1): 136–156. doi:10.2307/1446046. JSTOR 1446046.
  • Sanchez, S.; Fenocchio, A. (1996). "Karyotypic analysis in three populations of the South-American eel-like fish Synbranchus marmoratus". Caryologia. 49 (1): 65–71. doi:10.1080/00087114.1996.10797351.

Other Information edit

References edit

  1. ^ Robert A. Travers (1985). "A review of the Mastacembeloidei, a suborder of Synbranchoform teleost fish Part 2: Phylogenetic analysis". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 47: 83–151.
  2. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Synbranchus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nelson, Joseph S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
  4. ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 380. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  5. ^ Betancur-R, Ricardo; Wiley, Edward O.; Arratia, Gloria; Acero, Arturo; Bailly, Nicolas; Miya, Masaki; Lecointre, Guillaume; Ortí, Guillermo (2017-07-06). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
  6. ^ Romero, Aldemaro; Paulson, Kelly M. (2001). "It's a Wonderful Hypogean Life: A Guide to the Troglomorphic Fishes of the World". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 62 (1/3): 13–41. doi:10.1023/A:1011844404235. S2CID 34127843.

synbranchiformes, often, called, swamp, eels, though, that, name, also, refer, specifically, synbranchidae, order, finned, fishes, that, like, have, spiny, rays, indicating, that, they, belong, superorder, acanthopterygii, monopterus, albus, scientific, classi. Synbranchiformes often called swamp eels though that name can also refer specifically to Synbranchidae is an order of ray finned fishes that are eel like but have spiny rays indicating that they belong to the superorder Acanthopterygii Synbranchiformes Monopterus albus Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Actinopterygii Clade Percomorpha Order SynbranchiformesBerg 1940 1 Type species Synbranchus marmoratusBloch 1795 2 Families Synbranchidae Chaudhuriidae Mastacembelidae Indostomidae Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution 4 Habitat 5 Ecology 6 Importance to humans 7 Sources 7 1 Books 7 2 Periodicals 7 3 Other Information 8 ReferencesTaxonomy editNo synbrachiform fossil is known The Mastacembeloidei were removed from the Perciformes and added to the Synbranchiformes after a phylogenetic analysis by Johnson and Patterson These authors consider the Synbranchiformes to be part of a monophyletic group called Smegmamorpha also containing Mugilimorpha Atherinomorpha Gasterosteiformes and Elassomatidae 3 Later authors have proposed that the Synbranchiformes along with the Anabantiformes Carangiformes Istiophoriformes and Pleuronectiformes form a sister clade to the Ovalentaria which has been called the Carangimorpharia but in the 5th Edition of Fishes of the World this clade remained unnamed and unranked 4 There are a total of about 99 species divided over 15 genera in three families 3 There are two suborders Synbranchoidei and Mastacembeloidei or Opisthomi The Synbranchoidei has one family the Synbranchidae four genera and 17 species 3 The Mastacembeloidei has two families Chaudhuriidae with four genera and five species and Mastacembelidae with three genera and about 26 species Modern studies have placed Indostomus the sole genus within the family Indostomidae within the Synbranchiformes 5 Description editThese eel like fishes range in size from 8 48 inches 20 150 cm Although they are eel like they are not related to true eels Anguilliformes The premaxillae are present as distinct bones and are nonprotrusible 3 The gills are poorly developed and their openings are usually single small confluent across the breast and restricted to the lower half of the body 3 Oxygen is absorbed through the membranes of the throat or intestine The dorsal and anal fins are low and continuous around the tail tip Pelvic fins are absent 3 Scales are either absent or very small They lack a swim bladder Distribution editThese fishes are distributed in tropical America tropical Africa southeastern and eastern Asia East Indies and Australia The three families each have a somewhat different distribution The Synbranchidae are found in Mexico Central and South America West Africa Liberia Asia Hawaii and the Indo Australian Archipelago 3 The Mastacembelidae are found in Africa and through Syria to Maritime Southeast Asia China and Korea 3 The Chaudhuriidae are found in northeastern India through Thailand to Korea including parts of Malaysia and Borneo 3 Habitat editAll except three species occur in fresh water 3 They usually are found in swamps caves and sluggish fresh and brackish waters When found in pools they typically are associated with leaf litter and mats of fine tree roots along the banks Swamp eels are capable of overland excursions and some can live out of water for extended periods of time Some species are burrowers Four species are found exclusively in caves Rakthamichthys eapeni and R roseni from India Ophisternon candidum from Australia and O infernale from Mexico 6 One species O bengalense commonly occurs in coastal areas of southeastern Asia Ecology editSome species are considered air breathing fishes because of their ability to breathe by highly vascularized buccopharyngeal pouches pharynx modified for breathing air They usually are active only at night They feed on benthic invertebrates especially larvae and fishes At least some of the species of the family Synbranchidae that is O infernale are sexually dimorphic Adult males grow a head hump and males are larger than females These fishes lay about 40 spherical eggs per clutch The eggs measure between 0 05 and 0 06 in 1 2 1 5 mm in diameter and have a pair of long filaments for adhesion to the substrate Reproduction takes place during the wet season which lasts for several months during which females probably spawn more than once Data acquired from studying juvenile growth and the length of representative individuals within a population suggests that they are a short lived species that matures during the first year with few individuals surviving to the second breeding season Importance to humans editIn some parts of Asia swamp eels and one species of spiny eel Mastacembelus erythrotaenia are valued as food and sometimes are kept in ponds or rice fields Except for a few mastacembelids they are rarely seen in home aquaria The fish have numerous sharp dorsal spines and belly thorns which together with its sliminess make them extremely difficult to handle The spines must be cut off with scissors before consumption nbsp Tyre track eel caught in River Tlawng Mizoram India 2012Sources editBooks edit Baensch Hans A Riehl Rudiger 1985 Aquarien Atlas Aquarium Atlas in German Vol 2 Melle West Germany Verlag fur Naturund Heimtierkunde Chan S T H Tang F Lofts B 1973 The role of sex steroids on natural sex reversal in Monopterus albus In Scow Robert O ed Proceedings of the International Congress of Endocrinology International Congress of Endocrinology New York NY American Elsevier Rainboth Walter J 1996 Fishes of the Cambodian Mekong FAO Species Identification Field Guide for Fishery Purposes Rome IT FAO Romero Aldemaro ed 2001 The Biology of Hypogean Fishes Dordrecht Kluwer Periodicals edit Humphreys W F 1999 The distribution of Australian cave fishes Records of the Western Australian Museum 19 469 472 Humphreys W F Feinberg M N 1995 Food of the blind cave fishes of northwestern Australia Records of the Western Australian Museum 17 29 33 Johnson G D Patterson C 1993 Percomorph phylogeny A survey of Acanthomorphs and a new proposal Bulletin of Marine Science 52 1 554 626 Kerle R Britz R Ng P K L 2000 Habitat preference reproduction and diet of the earthworm eel Chendol keelini Teleostei Chaudhuriidae a rare freshwater fish from Sundaic southeast Asia Environmental Biology of Fishes 57 4 413 422 doi 10 1023 A 1007631312359 S2CID 21964814 lo Nostro F L Guerrero G A 1996 Presence of primary and secondary males in a population of the protogynous Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch 1795 a protogynous fish Teleost Synbranchiformes Journal of Fish Biology 49 788 800 Roberts T R 1986 Systematic review of the Mastacembelidae or spiny eels of Burma and Thailand with description of two new species of Macrognathus Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 33 2 95 109 doi 10 1007 BF02905838 S2CID 89096162 Sadovy Y Shapiro D Y 1987 Criteria for the diagnosis of hermaphroditism in fishes Copeia 1987 1 136 156 doi 10 2307 1446046 JSTOR 1446046 Sanchez S Fenocchio A 1996 Karyotypic analysis in three populations of the South American eel like fish Synbranchus marmoratus Caryologia 49 1 65 71 doi 10 1080 00087114 1996 10797351 Other Information edit Ophisternon infernale Hubbs 1938 4 Dec 2002 31 Jan 2003 full citation needed Tire track eelReferences edit Robert A Travers 1985 A review of the Mastacembeloidei a suborder of Synbranchoform teleost fish Part 2 Phylogenetic analysis Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History 47 83 151 Eschmeyer William N Fricke Ron amp van der Laan Richard eds Synbranchus Catalog of Fishes California Academy of Sciences Retrieved 11 November 2019 a b c d e f g h i j Nelson Joseph S 2006 Fishes of the World John Wiley amp Sons Inc ISBN 0 471 25031 7 J S Nelson T C Grande M V H Wilson 2016 Fishes of the World 5th ed Wiley p 380 ISBN 978 1 118 34233 6 Betancur R Ricardo Wiley Edward O Arratia Gloria Acero Arturo Bailly Nicolas Miya Masaki Lecointre Guillaume Orti Guillermo 2017 07 06 Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes BMC Evolutionary Biology 17 1 162 doi 10 1186 s12862 017 0958 3 ISSN 1471 2148 PMC 5501477 PMID 28683774 Romero Aldemaro Paulson Kelly M 2001 It s a Wonderful Hypogean Life A Guide to the Troglomorphic Fishes of the World Environmental Biology of Fishes 62 1 3 13 41 doi 10 1023 A 1011844404235 S2CID 34127843 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Synbranchiformes amp oldid 1218135945, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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