Helianthemum/ˌhiːliˈænθɪməm/,[1] known as rock rose, sunrose, rushrose, or frostweed,[2] is a genus of about 110[3] species of flowering plants in the familyCistaceae. They are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, especially in the Mediterranean.[3]
These are usually shrubs or subshrubs, and some are herbaceous annuals or perennials. The leaves are oppositely arranged, but some plants may have alternately arranged leaves along the upper stems. The flowers are solitary or borne in an array of inflorescence types, such as panicles, racemes, or headlike clusters. The flower has three inner sepals and two smaller outer sepals. It has five petals usually in shades of yellow, orange, or pink. The style at the center is tipped with a large stigma. The fruit is a capsule containing many seeds.[3]
Ecologyedit
Helianthemum are known to form symbioses with mycorrhizalfungi. In the Mediterranean they are associated with Terfeziaceae, the desert truffles. Together, plant and fungus may have a beneficial effect on the arid local landscapes, preventing soil erosion and desertification. Some symbiotic pairs include Helianthemum salicifolium and the truffle Tirmania nivea, and H. guttatum and T. pinoyi.[6]
One of the most commonly observed mycorrhizae on Helianthemum is a member of a different family, Cenococcum geophilum. This fungus is not host-specific, and it often associates with oaks, as well. Some studies suggest that Helianthemum and oaks growing together in a habitat may "share" their mycorrhizae.[7]
Several Helianthemum species, and the numerous hybrids and cultivars derived from them, are widely grown as ornamental plants, popular in rockeries. A broader range of colours is available among the cultivars, including bright salmon-pink to dark red. They are best grown in well-draining soil in full sun, and have a long flowering period from spring to summer.[9] Numerous cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[10]
^"Crocanthemum". Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
^Sorrie, B. A. (2011). Transfer of North American Helianthemum to Crocanthemum (Cistaceae): New combinations.[permanent dead link]Phytologia 93(2), 270-71.
^Díez, J., et al. (2002). Molecular phylogeny of the mycorrhizal desert truffles (Terfezia and Tirmania), host specificity and edaphic tolerance. Mycologia 94(2), 247-59.
^Dickie, Ian A.; Guza, Rebecca C.; Krazewski, Sarah E.; Reich, Peter B. (2004). "Shared ectomycorrhizal fungi between a herbaceous perennial (Helianthemum bicknellii) and oak (Quercus) seedlings". New Phytologist. 164 (2): 375–382. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01177.x.
^Thomas, C. D.; Glen, S. W. T.; Lewis, O. T.; Hill, J. K.; Blakeley, D. S. (1999-02-01). "Population differentiation and conservation of endemic races: the butterfly, Plebejus argus". Animal Conservation. 2 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00044.x. ISSN 1469-1795.
^RHS A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN978-1405332965.
^"AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 46. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
^GRIN Species Records of Helianthemum. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
^"Helianthemum". Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Helianthemum.
Flora Europaea: Helianthemum
eFloras search results for Helianthemum
January 01, 1970
helianthemum, known, rock, rose, sunrose, rushrose, frostweed, genus, about, species, flowering, plants, family, cistaceae, they, widely, distributed, throughout, northern, hemisphere, especially, mediterranean, nummularium, scientific, classification, kingdom. Helianthemum ˌ h iː l i ˈ ae n 8 ɪ m em 1 known as rock rose sunrose rushrose or frostweed 2 is a genus of about 110 3 species of flowering plants in the family Cistaceae They are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere especially in the Mediterranean 3 Helianthemum Helianthemum nummularium Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Malvales Family Cistaceae Genus HelianthemumMill Species See text New World species formerly classified as Helianthemum have been transferred to genus Crocanthemum 4 5 Contents 1 Description 2 Ecology 3 Cultivation 4 Selected species 5 References 6 External linksDescription editThese are usually shrubs or subshrubs and some are herbaceous annuals or perennials The leaves are oppositely arranged but some plants may have alternately arranged leaves along the upper stems The flowers are solitary or borne in an array of inflorescence types such as panicles racemes or headlike clusters The flower has three inner sepals and two smaller outer sepals It has five petals usually in shades of yellow orange or pink The style at the center is tipped with a large stigma The fruit is a capsule containing many seeds 3 Ecology editHelianthemum are known to form symbioses with mycorrhizal fungi In the Mediterranean they are associated with Terfeziaceae the desert truffles Together plant and fungus may have a beneficial effect on the arid local landscapes preventing soil erosion and desertification Some symbiotic pairs include Helianthemum salicifolium and the truffle Tirmania nivea and H guttatum and T pinoyi 6 One of the most commonly observed mycorrhizae on Helianthemum is a member of a different family Cenococcum geophilum This fungus is not host specific and it often associates with oaks as well Some studies suggest that Helianthemum and oaks growing together in a habitat may share their mycorrhizae 7 Helianthemum are food plants for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species such as the large grizzled skipper and the silver studded blue 8 The leaf miners Bucculatrix helianthemi and B regaella both feed exclusively on Helianthemum sessiliflorum as does Coleophora eupreta C ochrea is limited to Helianthemum and C bilineella and C potentillae have been observed on the genus Cultivation editSeveral Helianthemum species and the numerous hybrids and cultivars derived from them are widely grown as ornamental plants popular in rockeries A broader range of colours is available among the cultivars including bright salmon pink to dark red They are best grown in well draining soil in full sun and have a long flowering period from spring to summer 9 Numerous cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society s Award of Garden Merit 10 Amy Baring 11 yellow Fire Dragon 12 Henfield Brilliant 13 scarlet Jubilee 14 pale yellow Mrs C W Earle 15 red Rhodanthe Carneum 16 pink The Bride 17 white Wisley Primrose 18 primrose yellow Selected species edit nbsp Helianthemum apenninum nbsp Helianthemum hirtum nbsp Helianthemum alypoides nbsp Helianthemum vesicarium Species include 19 20 Helianthemum aegyptiacum Helianthemum almeriense Helianthemum apenninum white rockrose Helianthemum asperum Helianthemum canariense Helianthemum canum hoary rockrose Helianthemum caput felis Helianthemum cinereum Helianthemum coulteri see Crocanthemum coulteri Helianthemum croceum Helianthemum guerrae Helianthemum hirtum Helianthemum hymettium Helianthemum jonium Helianthemum kahiricum Helianthemum lavandulifolium Helianthemum ledifolium Helianthemum leptophyllum Helianthemum lippii Helianthemum lunulatum Helianthemum marifolium Helianthemum morisianum Helianthemum nummularium common rockrose Helianthemum oelandicum alpine rockrose syn Helianthemum montanum Helianthemum oelandicum subsp alpestre syn H alpestre Helianthemum oelandicum subsp italicum syn H italicum Helianthemum oelandicum subsp oelandicum Helianthemum oelandicum subsp orientale syn H orientale Helianthemum oelandicum subsp rupifragum syn H rupifragum Helianthemum origanifolium Helianthemum pannosum Helianthemum papillare Helianthemum piliferum Helianthemum pilosum Helianthemum rossmaessler Helianthemum salicifolium Helianthemum sanguineum Helianthemum sessiliflorum Helianthemum songaricum Helianthemum squamatum Helianthemum stipulatum Helianthemum villosum Helianthemum virgatum Helianthemum viscarium Helianthemum viscidulumReferences edit Sunset Western Garden Book 1995 606 07 Helianthemum Integrated Taxonomic Information System ITIS a b c Helianthemum Flora of China Crocanthemum Royal Botanical Gardens Kew Retrieved 2019 12 08 Sorrie B A 2011 Transfer of North American Helianthemum to Crocanthemum Cistaceae New combinations permanent dead link Phytologia 93 2 270 71 Diez J et al 2002 Molecular phylogeny of the mycorrhizal desert truffles Terfezia and Tirmania host specificity and edaphic tolerance Mycologia 94 2 247 59 Dickie Ian A Guza Rebecca C Krazewski Sarah E Reich Peter B 2004 Shared ectomycorrhizal fungi between a herbaceous perennial Helianthemum bicknellii and oak Quercus seedlings New Phytologist 164 2 375 382 doi 10 1111 j 1469 8137 2004 01177 x Thomas C D Glen S W T Lewis O T Hill J K Blakeley D S 1999 02 01 Population differentiation and conservation of endemic races the butterfly Plebejus argus Animal Conservation 2 1 15 21 doi 10 1111 j 1469 1795 1999 tb00044 x ISSN 1469 1795 RHS A Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants United Kingdom Dorling Kindersley 2008 p 1136 ISBN 978 1405332965 AGM Plants Ornamental PDF Royal Horticultural Society July 2017 p 46 Retrieved 3 March 2018 RHS Plant Selector Helianthemum Amy Baring Retrieved 30 July 2020 Helianthemum Fire Dragon RHS Retrieved 31 July 2020 RHS Plant Selector Helianthemum Henfield Brilliant Retrieved 30 July 2020 RHS Plant Selector Helianthemum Jubilee Retrieved 30 July 2020 RHS Plant Selector Helianthemum Mrs C W Earle Retrieved 30 July 2020 RHS Plant Selector Helianthemum Rhodanthe Carneum Retrieved 30 July 2020 RHS Plant Selector Helianthemum The Bride Retrieved 30 July 2020 RHS Plant Selector Helianthemum Wisley Primrose Retrieved 30 July 2020 GRIN Species Records of Helianthemum Germplasm Resources Information Network GRIN Helianthemum Royal Botanical Gardens Kew Retrieved 2019 12 08 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Helianthemum Flora Europaea Helianthemum eFloras search results for Helianthemum Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Helianthemum amp oldid 1180334231, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
