Sun Chuanfang was born in Licheng, Shandong Province. Wang Yingkai, a rising officer in the Beiyang Army and protégé of Yuan Shikai, the commander of the Beiyang Army, married Sun's sister, and Sun took advantage of his brother-in-law's position and joined a training camp in 1902. Wang later recommended Sun to Tianjin Military Academy because of the latter's outstanding capabilities; in 1904 he also sent Sun abroad to Japan for more education at the Tokyo Shimbu Gakko, a military preparatory school. Sun eventually graduated from the sixth class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and returned to China in 1908. Upon his return from Japan, Wang and his political ally, Tie Liang, happened to be the ones presiding over the examination aimed at testing fresh graduates’ ability. Sun passed the tests and became an officer of the Beiyang Army and later was recruited by Wang Zhanyuan to join the Zhili clique following the Xinhai Revolution, rising quickly through the ranks.[2]
Careeredit
Sun became the military governor of Fujian on 20 March 1923. He was based in Hubei Province, and fought in the Zhili–Anhui War of 1920.
In 1924, at the beginning of the First Jiangsu-Zhejiang War, Sun commanded the 4th Army in Fujian Province. One of his first acts was to support his ally Qi Xieyuan, moving up from the south in a move that was responsible for the defeat of rival warlord Lu Yongxiang and the capture of Shanghai. He also subsequently became the director-general of the Shanghai-Woosung port.[3] He was subsequently rewarded with the military governorship of Zhejiang (20 September 1924-19 December 1926). However, his Zhili allies in the north were defeated during the Second Zhili–Fengtian War, ending with the Zhili clique losing all of its northern provinces to Zhang Zuolin and Feng Yuxiang's Guominjun. In 1925 the Guominjun launched a joint Anhui-Fengtian expedition under Zhang Zongchang, briefly retaking Jiangsu and Shanghai in January. Lacking support from Sun Chuanfang, Qi Xieyuan was forced to resign and fled to Japan, but not before transferring what remained of his demoralized and severely diminished army to Sun Chuanfang's command.
Zhang Zongchang and Sun Chuanfang were now staring at each other over a battle line delineated only by Shanghai proper. For the remainder of the year the two opposing generals bided their time. Then, in the fall of 1925, the chance came: Sun launched a counterattack that drove Zhang Zongchang and his forces out of the Chinese districts of Shanghai. For the next two years Sun expanded his rule to include all of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Anhui and Jiangxi. He established his headquarters in Nanjing as military governor of Jiangsu on 25 November 1925.[4] At the height of his power he held an army which numbered over 200,000 men.[3]
Map showing the territory of Sun Chuanfang during the Northern Expedition.
The Northern Expedition ended his rule. His forces were decisively defeated twice and then were routed in the Battle of Lungtan, resulting in the collapse of his rule.[3] Shanghai was captured by Communist labor unions allied with the National Revolutionary Army in March 1927 and Sun was forced to flee Nanjing. He briefly sought the support of Zhang Xueliang but, distrusting Zhang's motives, then fled to Dalian in the Japanese Kwantung Leased Territory. He participated in the Fengtian clique's Peking government until 1930,[3] when he went into retirement after the Manchurian Incident of 1931.
Deathedit
Sun relocated to the British concession of Tianjin, where he took the tonsure and announced his retirement from worldly affairs in favor of becoming a Buddhist monk. However, on 13 November 1935 Sun was assassinated in Tianjin by Shi Jianqiao, the daughter of Shi Congbin, who ten years earlier had been commander of units in Shandong. In October 1925, during the second war between the Zhili and Fengtian cliques, Shi Congbin had been captured by Sun Chuanfang, who had had him summarily decapitated and his head mounted on a pike. She was later pardoned by the Kuomintang government.
See alsoedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sun Chuanfang.
^Eugenia Lean, Public Passions, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, 2007. pg. 29-30
^ abcd"CHINESE MARSHAL IS SLAIN BY WOMAN; Sun Chuan-fang, Ex-Ruler of 5 Provinces, Shot at Buddhist Services in Tientsin". timesmachine.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
^Arthur Waldron From War to Nationalism, Cambridge University Press, 1995
Sourcesedit
Rulers: Chinese Administrative divisions, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang
April 10, 2024
chuanfang, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, august, 2020, le. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Sun Chuanfang news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Sun Chuanfang simplified Chinese 孙传芳 traditional Chinese 孫傳芳 pinyin Sun Chuanfang Wade Giles Sun Ch uan fang April 17 1885 November 13 1935 was a Chinese warlord in the Zhili clique and protege of the Jade Marshal Wu Peifu 1 Sun ChuanfangBorn 1885 04 17 April 17 1885Licheng Shandong Qing dynastyDiedNovember 13 1935 1935 11 13 aged 50 Tianjin Republic of ChinaNationalityHan ChineseOccupationWarlordAwardsOrder of Rank and MeritOrder of Wen HuIn this Chinese name the family name is Sun Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Death 4 See also 5 Notes 6 SourcesEarly life and education editSun Chuanfang was born in Licheng Shandong Province Wang Yingkai a rising officer in the Beiyang Army and protege of Yuan Shikai the commander of the Beiyang Army married Sun s sister and Sun took advantage of his brother in law s position and joined a training camp in 1902 Wang later recommended Sun to Tianjin Military Academy because of the latter s outstanding capabilities in 1904 he also sent Sun abroad to Japan for more education at the Tokyo Shimbu Gakko a military preparatory school Sun eventually graduated from the sixth class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and returned to China in 1908 Upon his return from Japan Wang and his political ally Tie Liang happened to be the ones presiding over the examination aimed at testing fresh graduates ability Sun passed the tests and became an officer of the Beiyang Army and later was recruited by Wang Zhanyuan to join the Zhili clique following the Xinhai Revolution rising quickly through the ranks 2 Career editSun became the military governor of Fujian on 20 March 1923 He was based in Hubei Province and fought in the Zhili Anhui War of 1920 In 1924 at the beginning of the First Jiangsu Zhejiang War Sun commanded the 4th Army in Fujian Province One of his first acts was to support his ally Qi Xieyuan moving up from the south in a move that was responsible for the defeat of rival warlord Lu Yongxiang and the capture of Shanghai He also subsequently became the director general of the Shanghai Woosung port 3 He was subsequently rewarded with the military governorship of Zhejiang 20 September 1924 19 December 1926 However his Zhili allies in the north were defeated during the Second Zhili Fengtian War ending with the Zhili clique losing all of its northern provinces to Zhang Zuolin and Feng Yuxiang s Guominjun In 1925 the Guominjun launched a joint Anhui Fengtian expedition under Zhang Zongchang briefly retaking Jiangsu and Shanghai in January Lacking support from Sun Chuanfang Qi Xieyuan was forced to resign and fled to Japan but not before transferring what remained of his demoralized and severely diminished army to Sun Chuanfang s command Zhang Zongchang and Sun Chuanfang were now staring at each other over a battle line delineated only by Shanghai proper For the remainder of the year the two opposing generals bided their time Then in the fall of 1925 the chance came Sun launched a counterattack that drove Zhang Zongchang and his forces out of the Chinese districts of Shanghai For the next two years Sun expanded his rule to include all of Jiangsu Zhejiang Fujian Anhui and Jiangxi He established his headquarters in Nanjing as military governor of Jiangsu on 25 November 1925 4 At the height of his power he held an army which numbered over 200 000 men 3 nbsp Map showing the territory of Sun Chuanfang during the Northern Expedition The Northern Expedition ended his rule His forces were decisively defeated twice and then were routed in the Battle of Lungtan resulting in the collapse of his rule 3 Shanghai was captured by Communist labor unions allied with the National Revolutionary Army in March 1927 and Sun was forced to flee Nanjing He briefly sought the support of Zhang Xueliang but distrusting Zhang s motives then fled to Dalian in the Japanese Kwantung Leased Territory He participated in the Fengtian clique s Peking government until 1930 3 when he went into retirement after the Manchurian Incident of 1931 Death editSun relocated to the British concession of Tianjin where he took the tonsure and announced his retirement from worldly affairs in favor of becoming a Buddhist monk However on 13 November 1935 Sun was assassinated in Tianjin by Shi Jianqiao the daughter of Shi Congbin who ten years earlier had been commander of units in Shandong In October 1925 during the second war between the Zhili and Fengtian cliques Shi Congbin had been captured by Sun Chuanfang who had had him summarily decapitated and his head mounted on a pike She was later pardoned by the Kuomintang government See also edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sun Chuanfang List of Warlords Warlord Era Zhili Clique History of the Republic of ChinaNotes edit Liu Haisu Artistic Rebel www china org cn Retrieved 2008 03 22 Eugenia Lean Public Passions University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles California 2007 pg 29 30 a b c d CHINESE MARSHAL IS SLAIN BY WOMAN Sun Chuan fang Ex Ruler of 5 Provinces Shot at Buddhist Services in Tientsin timesmachine nytimes com Retrieved 2022 04 20 Arthur Waldron From War to Nationalism Cambridge University Press 1995Sources editRulers Chinese Administrative divisions Fujian Jiangsu Zhejiang Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sun Chuanfang amp oldid 1210006442, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
