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GUM (department store)

GUM (Russian: ГУМ, pronounced [gum], an abbreviation of Russian: Главный универсальный магазин, romanizedGlavnyy universalnyy magazin, lit.'Main Universal Store') is the main department store in many cities of the former Soviet Union, known as State Department Store (Russian: Государственный универсальный магазин, romanized: Gosudarstvennyy universalnyy magazin) during the Soviet era (until 1991). Similarly named stores operated in some Soviet republics and in post-Soviet states.

The GUM façade faces Red Square
Aerial view of GUM roof
Upper Trading Rows by night

The most famous GUM is the large store facing Red Square in the Kitai-gorod area – itself traditionally a mall of Moscow. Originally, and today again, the building functions as a shopping mall. During most of the Soviet period it was essentially a department store as there was one vendor: the Soviet State. Before the 1920s the location was known as the Upper Trading Rows (Russian: Верхние торговые ряды, romanized: Verkhniye Torgovyye Ryady).

As of 2021, GUM carries over 100 different brands,[1] and has cafes and restaurants[2] inside the mall.

Moscow GUM edit

Design and structure edit

 
Structure of Shukhov's roof

With the façade extending for 242 m (794 ft) along the eastern side of Red Square, the Upper Trading Rows were built between 1890 and 1893 by Alexander Pomerantsev (responsible for architecture) and Vladimir Shukhov (responsible for engineering). The trapezoidal building features a combination of elements of Russian medieval architecture and a steel framework and glass roof, a similar style to the great 19th-century railway stations of London. William Craft Brumfield described the GUM building as "a tribute both to Shukhov's design and to the technical proficiency of Russian architecture toward the end of the 19th century".[3]

The glass-roofed design made the building unique at the time of construction. The roof, the diameter of which is 14 m (46 ft), looks light, but it is a firm construction made of more than 50,000 metal pods (about 743 t (819 short tons)), capable of supporting snowfall accumulation. Illumination is provided by huge arched skylights of iron and glass, each weighing some 740 t (820 short tons) and containing in excess of 20,000 panes of glass. The facade is divided into several horizontal tiers, lined with red Finnish granite, Tarusa marble, and limestone. Each arcade is on three levels, linked by walkways of reinforced concrete.

History edit

 
Inside the store in 1893: elongated shop galleries are bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults, designed by Vladimir Shukhov
 
Inside view of the structure and finish applied to the building

Catherine II of Russia commissioned Giacomo Quarenghi, a Neoclassical architect from Italy, to design a huge trade area along the east side of Red Square. However, that building was lost to the 1812 Fire of Moscow and replaced by trading rows designed by Joseph Bove. In turn, the current structure opened in 1894, replacing Bove's.[4]

By the time of the Russian Revolution of 1917, the building contained some 1,200 stores. After the Revolution, GUM was nationalized. During the NEP period (1921–28), however, GUM as a State Department Store operated as a model retail enterprise for consumers throughout Russia regardless of class, gender, and ethnicity. GUM's stores were used to further Bolshevik goals of rebuilding private enterprise along socialist lines and "democratizing consumption for workers and peasants nationwide". In the end, GUM's efforts to build communism through consumerism were unsuccessful and arguably "only succeeded in alienating consumers from state stores and instituting a culture of complaint and entitlement".[5]

GUM continued to be used as a department store until Joseph Stalin converted it into office space in 1928 for the committee in charge of his first Five Year Plan.[4] After the suicide of Stalin's wife Nadezhda in 1932, the GUM was used briefly to display her body.[6]

After reopening as a department store in 1953, GUM became one of the few stores in the Soviet Union that did not have shortages of consumer goods, and the queues of shoppers were long, often extending entirely across Red Square.[7]

Several times during the 1960s and 1970s, the Second Secretary of the Communist Party Mikhail Suslov, who hated having a department store facing Lenin's Mausoleum, tried to convert GUM into an exhibition hall and museum showcasing the achievements of the Soviet Union and Communism, without the knowledge of General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev. Each time, however, Brezhnev was tipped off and put a stop to such plans.[8]

At the end of the Soviet era, GUM was partially, then fully, privatized, and it had a number of owners before it ended up being owned by the supermarket company Perekrestok. In May 2005, a 50.25% interest was sold to Bosco di Ciliegi, a Russian luxury goods distributor and boutique operator. As a private shopping mall, it was renamed in such a fashion that it could maintain its old acronym. The first word Gosudarstvennyi ("state") has been replaced with Glavnyi ("main"), so that GUM is now an abbreviation for "Main Universal Store".

See also edit

  • TsUM, another large Moscow department store.
  • Passage, a department store in St. Petersburg.

References edit

  1. ^ "All stores of GUM". gumrussia.com. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  2. ^ "Cafes and restaurants in the main department of the country". gumrussia.com. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  3. ^ Brumfield, William Craft (1991). The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06929-3.
  4. ^ a b Pomeratzev, Alexander. (in Russian). Russian Educational Portal. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  5. ^ Hilton, Marjorie L. (2004). "Retailing the Revolution: The State Department Store (GUM) and Soviet Society in the 1920s". Journal of Social History. 37 (4). Oxford University Press: 939–964, 1127. doi:10.1353/jsh.2004.0049. ISSN 0022-4529. S2CID 144010294.
  6. ^ Kolesnik, Alexander. "Chronicles of Stalin's family" (in Russian). Librusek. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  7. ^ "History of GUM" (in Russian). Official GUM website. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  8. ^ Thelman, Joseph (December 2012). "The Man in Galoshes". Jew Observer. Retrieved 28 February 2021.

Sources edit

  • Brumfield, William Craft, (1991) The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, ISBN 0-520-06929-3
  • English, Elizabeth Cooper (2000). "Arkhitektura i mnimosti": The origins of Soviet avant-garde rationalist architecture in the Russian mystical-philosophical and mathematical intellectual tradition", a dissertation in architecture, University of Pennsylvania
  • Hilton, Marjorie L. (2004). "Retailing the Revolution: The State Department Store (GUM) and Soviet Society in the 1920s". Journal of Social History, (Oxford University Press) 37 (4): 939–964; 1127. ISSN 0022-4529
  • Rainer Graefe, Jos Tomlow: "Vladimir G. Suchov 1853–1939. Die Kunst der sparsamen Konstruktion." 192 S., Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, 1990, ISBN 3-421-02984-9

External links edit

  • [1]
  • GUM at Structurae
  • Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov
  • The Roof of GUM

55°45′17″N 37°37′17″E / 55.75472°N 37.62139°E / 55.75472; 37.62139

department, store, russian, ГУМ, pronounced, abbreviation, russian, Главный, универсальный, магазин, romanized, glavnyy, universalnyy, magazin, main, universal, store, main, department, store, many, cities, former, soviet, union, known, state, department, stor. GUM Russian GUM pronounced gum an abbreviation of Russian Glavnyj universalnyj magazin romanized Glavnyy universalnyy magazin lit Main Universal Store is the main department store in many cities of the former Soviet Union known as State Department Store Russian Gosudarstvennyj universalnyj magazin romanized Gosudarstvennyy universalnyy magazin during the Soviet era until 1991 Similarly named stores operated in some Soviet republics and in post Soviet states The GUM facade faces Red Square Aerial view of GUM roof Upper Trading Rows by night The most famous GUM is the large store facing Red Square in the Kitai gorod area itself traditionally a mall of Moscow Originally and today again the building functions as a shopping mall During most of the Soviet period it was essentially a department store as there was one vendor the Soviet State Before the 1920s the location was known as the Upper Trading Rows Russian Verhnie torgovye ryady romanized Verkhniye Torgovyye Ryady As of 2021 GUM carries over 100 different brands 1 and has cafes and restaurants 2 inside the mall Contents 1 Moscow GUM 1 1 Design and structure 1 2 History 2 See also 3 References 4 Sources 5 External linksMoscow GUM editDesign and structure edit nbsp Structure of Shukhov s roof With the facade extending for 242 m 794 ft along the eastern side of Red Square the Upper Trading Rows were built between 1890 and 1893 by Alexander Pomerantsev responsible for architecture and Vladimir Shukhov responsible for engineering The trapezoidal building features a combination of elements of Russian medieval architecture and a steel framework and glass roof a similar style to the great 19th century railway stations of London William Craft Brumfield described the GUM building as a tribute both to Shukhov s design and to the technical proficiency of Russian architecture toward the end of the 19th century 3 The glass roofed design made the building unique at the time of construction The roof the diameter of which is 14 m 46 ft looks light but it is a firm construction made of more than 50 000 metal pods about 743 t 819 short tons capable of supporting snowfall accumulation Illumination is provided by huge arched skylights of iron and glass each weighing some 740 t 820 short tons and containing in excess of 20 000 panes of glass The facade is divided into several horizontal tiers lined with red Finnish granite Tarusa marble and limestone Each arcade is on three levels linked by walkways of reinforced concrete History edit nbsp Inside the store in 1893 elongated shop galleries are bridged with innovative metal and glass vaults designed by Vladimir Shukhov nbsp Inside view of the structure and finish applied to the building Catherine II of Russia commissioned Giacomo Quarenghi a Neoclassical architect from Italy to design a huge trade area along the east side of Red Square However that building was lost to the 1812 Fire of Moscow and replaced by trading rows designed by Joseph Bove In turn the current structure opened in 1894 replacing Bove s 4 By the time of the Russian Revolution of 1917 the building contained some 1 200 stores After the Revolution GUM was nationalized During the NEP period 1921 28 however GUM as a State Department Store operated as a model retail enterprise for consumers throughout Russia regardless of class gender and ethnicity GUM s stores were used to further Bolshevik goals of rebuilding private enterprise along socialist lines and democratizing consumption for workers and peasants nationwide In the end GUM s efforts to build communism through consumerism were unsuccessful and arguably only succeeded in alienating consumers from state stores and instituting a culture of complaint and entitlement 5 GUM continued to be used as a department store until Joseph Stalin converted it into office space in 1928 for the committee in charge of his first Five Year Plan 4 After the suicide of Stalin s wife Nadezhda in 1932 the GUM was used briefly to display her body 6 After reopening as a department store in 1953 GUM became one of the few stores in the Soviet Union that did not have shortages of consumer goods and the queues of shoppers were long often extending entirely across Red Square 7 Several times during the 1960s and 1970s the Second Secretary of the Communist Party Mikhail Suslov who hated having a department store facing Lenin s Mausoleum tried to convert GUM into an exhibition hall and museum showcasing the achievements of the Soviet Union and Communism without the knowledge of General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev Each time however Brezhnev was tipped off and put a stop to such plans 8 At the end of the Soviet era GUM was partially then fully privatized and it had a number of owners before it ended up being owned by the supermarket company Perekrestok In May 2005 a 50 25 interest was sold to Bosco di Ciliegi a Russian luxury goods distributor and boutique operator As a private shopping mall it was renamed in such a fashion that it could maintain its old acronym The first word Gosudarstvennyi state has been replaced with Glavnyi main so that GUM is now an abbreviation for Main Universal Store See also editTsUM another large Moscow department store Passage a department store in St Petersburg References edit All stores of GUM gumrussia com Retrieved 2020 10 14 Cafes and restaurants in the main department of the country gumrussia com Retrieved 2020 10 14 Brumfield William Craft 1991 The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture Berkeley Los Angeles Oxford University of California Press ISBN 0 520 06929 3 a b Pomeratzev Alexander Verhnie torgovye ryady na Krasnoj ploshadi v Moskve 1890 1893 in Russian Russian Educational Portal Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 20 April 2013 Hilton Marjorie L 2004 Retailing the Revolution The State Department Store GUM and Soviet Society in the 1920s Journal of Social History 37 4 Oxford University Press 939 964 1127 doi 10 1353 jsh 2004 0049 ISSN 0022 4529 S2CID 144010294 Kolesnik Alexander Chronicles of Stalin s family in Russian Librusek Retrieved 20 April 2013 History of GUM in Russian Official GUM website Retrieved 20 April 2013 Thelman Joseph December 2012 The Man in Galoshes Jew Observer Retrieved 28 February 2021 Sources editBrumfield William Craft 1991 The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture University of California Press Berkeley Los Angeles Oxford ISBN 0 520 06929 3 English Elizabeth Cooper 2000 Arkhitektura i mnimosti The origins of Soviet avant garde rationalist architecture in the Russian mystical philosophical and mathematical intellectual tradition a dissertation in architecture University of Pennsylvania Hilton Marjorie L 2004 Retailing the Revolution The State Department Store GUM and Soviet Society in the 1920s Journal of Social History Oxford University Press 37 4 939 964 1127 ISSN 0022 4529 Rainer Graefe Jos Tomlow Vladimir G Suchov 1853 1939 Die Kunst der sparsamen Konstruktion 192 S Deutsche Verlags Anstalt Stuttgart 1990 ISBN 3 421 02984 9External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moscow GUM 1 GUM at Structurae Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov The Roof of GUM 55 45 17 N 37 37 17 E 55 75472 N 37 62139 E 55 75472 37 62139 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title GUM department store amp oldid 1186191608, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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