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Sint Eustatius

January 07, 2023

Sint Eustatius (Dutch: Sint Eustatius, pronounced [sɪnt øːˈstaːtsijʏs] (listen)),[7] also known locally as Statia (/ˈsteɪʃə/),[8] is an island in the Caribbean. It is a special municipality (officially "public body") of the Netherlands.[9]

Sint Eustatius
Special municipality of the Netherlands
Flag
Coat of arms
Motto(s): 
"Superba et confidens" (Latin)
"Proud and confident" (English)
Anthem: "Golden Rock"
Location of Sint Eustatius (circled in red)

in the Caribbean

Map showing the location of St. Eustatius relative to Saba and St. Martin
Coordinates: 17°29′N 62°59′W / 17.483°N 62.983°W / 17.483; -62.983
Country Netherlands
Overseas regionCaribbean Netherlands
Incorporated into the Netherlands10 October 2010 (dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles)
Capital
(and largest city)		Oranjestad
Government
 (see Politics of the Netherlands)
 • Lt. GovernorAlida Francis (Government commissioner)[1]
Area
[2]
 • Total21 km2 (8 sq mi)
Population
 (1 January 2019)[3]
 • Total3,138
 • Density150/km2 (400/sq mi)
Demonym(s)St. Eustatian; Statian
Languages
 • OfficialEnglish[4] and Dutch
Time zoneUTC−4 (AST)
Calling code+599-3
ISO 3166 codeBQ-SE, NL-BQ3
CurrencyUnited States dollar ($) (USD)
Internet TLD

The island lies in the northern Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, southeast of the Virgin Islands. Sint Eustatius is immediately to the northwest of Saint Kitts, and to the southeast of Saba. The regional capital is Oranjestad. The island has an area of 21 square kilometres (8.1 sq mi).[2] Travellers to the island by air arrive through F. D. Roosevelt Airport. Formerly part of the Netherlands Antilles, Sint Eustatius became a special municipality of the Netherlands on 10 October 2010.[10] Together with Bonaire and Saba it forms the BES islands.

The name of the island, "Sint Eustatius", is the Dutch name for Saint Eustace (also spelled Eustachius or Eustathius), a legendary Christian martyr, known in Spanish as San Eustaquio and in Portuguese as Santo Eustáquio or Santo Eustácio.

History

 
Map of Sint Eustatius from the Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West-Indië 1914–1917
 
Another map of Sint Eustatius

The earliest inhabitants were Caribs[11] believed to have come from the Amazon basin (South America) and migrated north from Venezuela[11] via the Lesser Antilles.[11] In the early 20th century, settlement traces were discovered at Golden Rock and Orange Bay.

Multiple pre-Columbian sites have been found on the island, most notably the site referred to as the "Golden Rock Site".[12] It is thought that the island was likely seen by Christopher Columbus in 1493.[citation needed] From the first European settlement, in the 17th century up until the early 19th century, St. Eustatius changed hands twenty-one times between the Netherlands, Britain, and France.

In 1636, the chamber of Zeeland of the Dutch West India Company took possession of the island, reported to be uninhabited at the time. In 1678 the islands of St. Eustatius, Sint Maarten and Saba were under the direct command of the Dutch West India Company, with a commander stationed on St. Eustatius to govern all three. At the time, the island was of some importance for the cultivation of tobacco and sugar.

Slave trade and free port

 
Historical engraving showing the view from out in the Caribbean Sea, approaching the island of Sint Eustatius
 
17th-century Fort Oranje [nl], with the island of Saba visible in the distance

Sint Eustatius became the most profitable asset of the Dutch West India Company and a transit point for enslaved Africans in the transatlantic slave trade. The ruins of the Waterfort on the southwest coast of the island are reminders of this past. A slave house of two floors was located in the Waterfort. Plantations of sugar cane, tobacco and indigo were established on the island and worked with labor of enslaved Africans. In 1774 there were 75 plantations on the island with names such as Gilboa, Kuilzak, Zelandia, Zorg en Rust, Nooit Gedacht, Ruym Sigt and Golden Rock.

In the 18th century, St. Eustatius's geographical placement in the middle of Danish (Virgin Islands), British (Jamaica, St. Kitts, Barbados, Antigua), French (St. Domingue, Ste. Lucie, Martinique, Guadeloupe) and Spanish (Cuba, Santo Domingo, Puerto Rico) territories—its large harborage, neutrality and status from 1756[8] as a free port with no customs duties were all factors in it becoming a major point of transhipment of goods, and a locus for trade in contraband.[8][13] St. Eustatius's economy flourished under the Dutch by ignoring the monopolistic trade restrictions of the British, French and Spanish islands; it became known as The Golden Rock. Edmund Burke said of the island in 1781:

It has no produce, no fortifications for its defence, nor martial spirit nor military regulations ... Its utility was its defence. The universality of its use, the neutrality of its nature was its security and its safeguard. Its proprietors had, in the spirit of commerce, made it an emporium for all the world. ... Its wealth was prodigious, arising from its industry and the nature of its commerce.[8]

"First Salute"

See also: Capture of Sint Eustatius

The island sold arms and ammunition to anyone willing to pay, and it was therefore one of the few places from which the young United States could obtain military stores. The good relationship between St. Eustatius and the United States resulted in the noted "First Salute".

On 16 November 1776, the 14-gun American brig Andrew Doria commanded by Captain Isaiah Robinson[14][13] sailed, flying the Continental Colors of the fledgling United States, into the anchorage below St. Eustatius' Fort Oranje. Robinson announced his arrival by firing a thirteen gun salute, one gun for each of the thirteen American colonies in rebellion against Britain. Governor Johannes de Graaff replied with an eleven-gun salute from the cannons of Fort Oranje (international protocol required two guns fewer to acknowledge a sovereign flag). It was the first international acknowledgment of American independence.[Note 1] The Andrew Doria had arrived to purchase munitions for the American Revolutionary forces. She was carrying a copy of the Declaration of Independence which was presented to Governor De Graaff. An earlier copy had been captured by the British on its way to Holland. It was wrapped in documents that the British believed to be a strange cipher, but were actually written in Yiddish, addressed to Jewish merchants in Holland.

 
Andrew Doria receives a salute from the Dutch fort at Sint Eustatius, 16 November 1776.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt visited St. Eustatius for two hours on 27 February 1939 on USS Houston to recognise the importance of the 1776 "First Salute". He presented a large brass plaque to St. Eustatius, displayed today under a flagpole atop the walls of Fort Oranje, reading:

"In commemoration to the salute to the flag of the United States, Fired in this fort November 16. 1776, By order of Johannes de Graaff, Governor of Saint Eustatius, In reply to a National Gun-Salute, Fired by the United States Brig of War Andrew Doria, Under Captain Isaiah Robinson of the Continental Navy, Here the sovereignty of the United States of America was first formally acknowledged to a national vessel by a foreign official. Presented by Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President of the United States of America"

The recognition provided the title for Barbara W. Tuchman's 1988 book The First Salute: A View of the American Revolution.

The British took the Andrew Doria incident seriously, and protested bitterly against the continuous trade between the United Colonies and St. Eustatius. In 1778, Lord Stormont claimed in Parliament that, "if Sint Eustatius had sunk into the sea three years before, the United Kingdom would already have dealt with George Washington". Nearly half of all American Revolutionary military supplies were obtained through St. Eustatius. Nearly all American communications to Europe first passed through the island. The trade between St. Eustatius and the United States was the main reason for the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War of 1780–1784.[13] Notably, the British Admiral George Brydges Rodney, having occupied the island for Great Britain in 1781, urged the commander of the landing troops, Major-General Sir John Vaughan, to seize "Mr. Smith at the house of Jones – they (the Jews of St. Eustatius, Caribbean Antilles)[15] cannot be too soon taken care of – they are notorious in the cause of America and France." The war was disastrous for the Dutch economy.

 
The island of St. Eustatius taken by the English fleet in February 1781. Admiral Rodney's sailors and troops pillaged the island.

Britain declared war on the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands on 20 December 1780. Even before officially declaring war, Britain had outfitted a massive battle fleet to take and destroy the weapons depot and vital commercial centre that St. Eustatius had become. British Admiral George Brydges Rodney was appointed the commander of the battle fleet. 3 February 1781, the massive fleet of 15 ships of the line and numerous smaller ships transporting over 3,000 soldiers appeared before St. Eustatius prepared to invade. Governor De Graaff did not know about the declaration of war. Rodney offered De Graaff a bloodless surrender to his superior force. Rodney had over 1,000 cannon to De Graaff's one dozen cannon and a garrison of sixty men. De Graaff surrendered the island, but first fired two rounds as a show of resistance in honour of Dutch Admiral Lodewijk van Bylandt, who commanded a ship of the Dutch Navy which was in the harbor.[8] Ten months later, the island was conquered by the French, allies of the Dutch Republic in the war. The Dutch regained control over the looted and plundered island in 1784.

At its peak, St. Eustatius may have had a largely transient population of about 10,000 people. Most were engaged in commercial and maritime interests. A census list of 1790 gives a total population (free and enslaved people combined) of 8,124. Commerce revived after the British left. Many of the merchants (including the Jews) returned to the island. However, French and British occupations from 1795 disrupted trade and also the North-Americans, now globally recognised as an independent nation, had meanwhile developed their own trading network and did not need St. Eustatius anymore. The island was eclipsed by other Dutch ports, such as those on the islands of Curaçao and Sint Maarten. During the last years of the 18th century Statia developed trade in bay rum. The economy declined in the early 19th century. From about 1795 the population declined, dropping to 921 in 1948.

Jewish population

The first record of Jews on St. Eustatius dates to 1660. The Jews were mainly merchants with significant international trading and maritime commercial ties. Jews were captains, owners or co-owners with Christian partners, of significant numbers of ships originating out of St. Eustatius. A few were island plantation owners. Jews were estimated[by whom?] to have comprised at least 10% of the permanent population of St. Eustatius.[16]

Ten days after the island surrendered to the British on 3 February 1781, Rodney ordered that the entire Jewish male adult population assemble for him. They were rounded up and thirty one heads of families were summarily deported to St. Kitts without word or mercy to their dependents. The choice of exiling the Jews to St. Kitts was significant. The nearby British Island of Nevis had a large Jewish population and an established community capable of aiding the refugees. St. Kitts did not have any Jewish community or population. The other seventy-one were locked up in the weighing house in Lower Town where they were held for three days.

Expulsion of Americans followed on 23 February, of merchants from Amsterdam on 24 February and of other Dutch citizens and Frenchmen on 5 March. The crews of the Dutch ships Rodney took were sent to St. Kitts for imprisonment – after first stripping them of all their belongings. Because of their maltreatment, many perished. The Jews were well received on St. Kitts – where many knew them as their respected business partners. They were supported in their protest against their deportation and it proved successful. They were allowed to return to St. Eustatius after a few weeks to observe all their property being sold at small fractions of the original value after having been confiscated by Rodney.

The resentment the British felt for the population of this island that helped the Americans to defeat them translated in a harsh treatment of the inhabitants. There were numerous complaints about "individuals of both sexes being halted in the streets and being body searched in a most scandalous way."[17] Pieter Runnels, an eighty-year-old member of the island council and captain of the civic guard, did not survive the rough treatment he received aboard Rodney's ship. He, a member of one of the island's oldest-established families, became the only civilian casualty of the British occupation. British soldiers prevented the family and others paying their last respects at his funeral from using the water from the family's own cistern.

The tomb of former governor Jan de Windt was broken open by British soldiers, all the silver decorations stolen off the caskets, and the bodies of the governor and his wife exposed, without any of Rodney's officers interfering.

Rodney singled out the Jews: the harshness was reserved for them alone. He did not do the same to French, Dutch, Spanish or even the American merchants on the island. He permitted the French to leave with all their possessions. Rodney was concerned that his unprecedented behavior would be repeated upon British islands by French forces when events were different. However, Governor De Graaff was also deported.

As he did with all other warehouses, Rodney confiscated the Jewish warehouses, looted Jewish personal possessions, even cutting the lining of their clothes to find money hidden in there. When Rodney realized that the Jews might be hiding additional treasure, he dug up the Jewish cemetery.[18]

Later, in February 1782, Edmund Burke, the leading opposition member of the Whig Party, upon learning of Rodney's actions in St. Eustatius, rose to condemn Rodney's anti-Semitic, avaricious vindictiveness in Parliament:

"...and a sentence of general beggary pronounced in one moment upon a whole people. A cruelty unheard of in Europe for many years… The persecution was begun with the people whom of all others it ought to be the care and the wish of human nations to protect, the Jews… the links of communication, the mercantile chain… the conductors by which credit was transmitted through the world…a resolution taken (by the British conquerors) to banish this unhappy people from the island. They suffered in common with the rest of the inhabitants, the loss of their merchandise, their bills, their houses, and their provisions; and after this they were ordered to quit the island, and only one day was given them for preparation; they petitioned, they remonstrated against so hard a sentence, but in vain; it was irrevocable." [19]

The synagogue and the cemetery

 
The restored and stabilized walls of the 1737 synagogue

From about 1815, when there was no longer a viable Jewish community using and maintaining the synagogue on St. Eustatius, it gradually fell into ruin.

The synagogue building, known as Honen Dalim, (He who is charitable to the Poor) was constructed in 1737. Permission for building the synagogue came from the Dutch West India Company, additional funding came from the Jewish community on Curaçao. Permission was conditional on the fact that the Jewish house of worship would be sited where "the exercise of their (Jewish) religious duties would not molest those of the Gentiles".[20] The building is located off a small lane called Synagogue Path, away from the main street. The synagogue attested to the wealth of the Jews of St. Eustatius and their influence on the island.[21]

 
The Jewish cemetery

In 2001, its walls were restored as part of the Historic Core Restoration Project, although there are no known images showing what the synagogue looked like when still in use, so that archeological research is attempting to restore the structure to the best estimate of its former condition. The grounds include a Jewish ritual bath (mikveh) and an oven used on Passover.

A restored and respectfully maintained Jewish cemetery is located adjacent to the Old Church Cemetery, at the top of Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius.

Rodney's delayed departure, 1781

The wealth Rodney and General Vaughan discovered on St. Eustatius exceeded their expectations. There were 130 merchantmen in the bay as well as the Dutch frigate and five smaller American armed merchantmen. In total the value of goods seized, including a very rich Dutch convoy captured off Sombrero, was estimated to be well in excess of £3 million.[22] On 5 February 1781 Rodney and Vaughan signed an agreement stating that all goods taken belonged to the Crown.[23] Rodney and Vaughan, by British custom, expected to personally receive a significant share of the captured wealth from the King once it reached England. Instead of delegating the task of sorting through and estimating the value of the confiscated property Rodney and Vaughan delayed their departure and oversaw this themselves.

Rodney, privately, wrote to his family with promises of a new London home. To his daughter he promised "the best harpsichord money can purchase". He confidently wrote of a marriage settlement for one of his sons and a soon-to-be-purchased commission in the Foot Guards for another son. He wrote of a dowry for his daughter to marry the Earl of Oxford. He noted he would have enough to pay off the young prospective bridegroom's debts.

The excessive amount of time Rodney spent on St. Eustatius led to allegations that Rodney and Vaughan had neglected their military duties. In particular, Viscount Samuel Hood suggested that Rodney should have sailed to intercept a French fleet under Lieutenant général de Grasse, traveling to Martinique.[24] The French fleet instead turned north and headed for the Chesapeake Bay.

 
Battle of the Capes

Rodney's delay at St. Eustatius was not the first time he had taken the opportunity to capture prizes over the immediate and expeditious fulfilment of his military duties. During the Seven Years' War of 1756–1763, Rodney had delayed transporting Major General Jeffrey Amherst in order to pursue prizes. Later, Rodney had been ordered to Barbados to link up with Admiral Sir George Peacock and the Earl of Albemarle for an attack on Cuba. Instead, Rodney sent valuable ships off in search of prizes. In 1762, after the fall of Martinique, Rodney quarrelled with the army over prize-money. During Rodney's command in Jamaica (1771–1774) the Earl of Sandwich feared that Rodney might provoke a war with Spain to obtain prize money.[25]

Rodney further weakened his fleet earlier by sending a strong defending force to England to accompany his treasure ships. After months on St. Eustatius, capturing additional merchants and treasure, Rodney was prevailed upon to send part of his fleet north to aid General Cornwallis and British armed forces fighting the Americans. He did not dispatch the bulk of his fleet from St. Eustatius until July/August 1781. The ships arrived too late to affect the events that were taking place in North America.

 
Surrender of the British to George Washington at Yorktown, Virginia (19 October 1781)

Outside of the Chesapeake Bay, a much stronger combined French fleet under Grasse defeated the weakened British fleet (5 September 1781). The battle between Grasse and Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Graves became known as the Battle of the Chesapeake or the Battle of the Capes, one of the most pivotal battles in history.[26]

British General Cornwallis, trapped at Yorktown, Virginia, desperately awaited much-needed supplies and men that Rodney would have brought. American General George Washington, with French siege-artillery and supporting forces, closed the vise from the land side. Cornwallis could not be aided from the sea because of the British naval defeat. The French controlled the Bay. Cornwallis' predicament linked directly to Rodney's failure to depart St. Eustatius promptly following its capture and the destruction of the military stores there. Cornwallis had no choice, and surrendered on 19 October 1781; the American Revolutionary war was over, and the Americans had won, partially due to Rodney's anti-Semitic and avaricious delays.[27][28]

A series of disastrous French and British occupations of Sint Eustatius from 1795 to 1815 diverted trade to the occupiers' islands. St. Eustatius' economy collapsed, and the merchants, including the Jews left. St. Eustatius reverted permanently to Dutch control from 1816.

Slave Revolt of 1848

After 1848, slavery only existed on the Dutch and Danish Eastern Caribbean islands, which caused unrest on the islands colonized by the Netherlands. As a result, a proclamation declared on 6 June 1848 on Sint Maarten that enslaved Africans would be treated as free persons.[29]

Unrest also arose on Sint Eustatius. On 12 June 1848, a group of free and enslaved Africans gathered in front of Lieutenant Governor Johannes de Veer's home demanding their declaration of liberty, increased rations, and more free hours. The Island Governor addressed the group, but it persisted in its demands. The militia was mobilized and, after consultation with the Colonial Council and the main residents, an attack was decided by the Lieutenant Governor. After another warning to leave the city or otherwise experience the consequences, fire was opened on the group. The insurgents fled the city, leaving two or three seriously injured. From a hill just outside the city they pelted the militia with stones and pieces of rock. A group of 35 shooters stormed the hill, killing two insurgents and injuring several. The six leaders of the uprising were exiled from the island and transferred to Curaçao. Thomas Dupersoy, a free African, is considered the chief leader of the uprising. One of the other leaders sent a death notice to his "owner" in 1851. After the uprising, the largest plantation owners on Sint Eustatius decided to give their enslaved workers a certain wage for fear of repetition of revolt.[30]

Abolition of slavery

In 1863 slavery was officially abolished in the Netherlands. The Dutch were among the last to abolish slavery.[31] The freed slaves no longer wanted to live in the field and moved to the city. Due to a lack of trade, the bay of Sint Eustatius underwent a recession. Natural disasters such as the hurricane of September 1928 and May 1929 accelerated the process of economic decline on the island.

Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles

Main article: Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles

Sint Eustatius became a member of the Netherlands Antilles when that grouping was created in 1954. Between 2000 and 2005 the member islands of the Netherlands Antilles voted on their future status. In a referendum on 8 April 2005, 77% of Sint Eustatius voters voted to remain within the Netherlands Antilles, compared to 21% who voted for closer ties with the Netherlands. None of the other islands voted to remain.

After the other islands decided to leave, ending the Netherlands Antilles, the island council opted to become a special municipality of the Netherlands, like Saba and Bonaire. This process was completed in October 2010.[13] In 2011 the island officially adopted the US dollar as its currency.[32]

Geography

 
Sint Eustatius as photographed from the International Space Station
 
View looking southeast along the Atlantic coast, showing the airport runway in the middle distance, Lynch Beach beyond that, then the Quill, St. Eustatius' dormant volcano, and over the water in the distance, the northern end of the island of St. Kitts

Sint Eustatius is 6 miles (10 km) long and up to 3 miles (5 km) wide.[33] Topographically, the island is saddle-shaped, with the 602-meter-high dormant volcano Quill (Mount Mazinga), (from Dutch kuil, meaning 'pit'—originally referring to its crater) to the southeast and the smaller summits of Signal Hill/Little Mountain (or Bergje) and Boven Mountain to the northwest. The Quill crater is a popular tourist attraction on the island. The bulk of the island's population lives in the flat saddle between the two elevated areas, which forms the centre of the island.[33]

Climate

St. Eustatius has a tropical monsoon climate. Tropical storms and hurricanes are common. The Atlantic hurricane season runs from 1 June to 30 November, sharply peaking from late August through September. Tropical Cyclone Climatology

Nature

As St. Eustatius is a volcanic island and very small, all of the beaches on the island are made up of black volcanic sand. These volcanic sands, especially one of the more popular nesting beaches called Zeelandia, are very important nesting sites for several endangered sea turtles such as: the green turtle, leatherback, loggerhead and hawksbill.[34] Sint Eustatius is home to one of the last remaining populations of the critically endangered Lesser Antillean iguana (Iguana delicatissima).[35] The population was strongly affected during the high-intensity hurricane year of 2017, with especially Hurricane Maria, during which the population reduced by 25%. [36]

National parks

Sint Eustatius has three nature parks – on land and at sea: the Sint Eustatius National Marine Park, Quill/Boven National Park, and Miriam Schmidt Botanical Garden. Two of them have national park status. These areas have been designated as important bird areas. The nature parks are maintained by the St Eustatius National Parks Foundation (STENAPA).[37]

Archaeology

Due to its turbulent history, Sint Eustatius is rich in archaeological sites. Nearly 300 sites have been documented.[38] The island is said to have the highest concentration of archaeological sites of any area of comparable size.[39] In the 1920s, J.P.B. Josselin de Jong conducted archaeological research into Saladoid sites on the island and in the 1980s a great deal of research was done by archaeologist Aad Versteeg of Leiden University. Around 1981, under the direction of archaeologist Norman F. Barka, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia also started archaeological research on Sint Eustatius. The documented archaeological sites include prehistoric sites, plantations, military sites, commercial trading sites (including shipwrecks), and urban sites (churches, government buildings, cemeteries, residences). The St. Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research (SECAR) has been conducting archaeological research on the island since 2004.[40]

In June 2021, SECAR became involved in protests against excavations at an 18th-century slave cemetery on the island. The Ubuntu Connected Front and other concerned citizens of Sint Eustatius denounced the non-involvement of the community in the excavation process through a petition and letters to the government.[41][42][43] The majority of the population on St. Eustatius are of African descent. Participation in cultural heritage, i.e. involving the community whose ancestors are being excavated, is good practice in contemporary archaeology.[44] Archaeological excavations on St. Eustatius apparently fall under the old Monuments Act for the BES islands[45] that is very brief on these issues. The 2016 Dutch Heritage Act[46] offers more protection for cultural heritage. The Committee on Kingdom Relations asked Secretary of State Raymond Knops questions about the matter.[47] A Statia Heritage and Research Commission (SHRC) set up by the government of St. Eustatius is investigating the allegations of the protest groups and should come up with recommendations.[48]

 
Zeelandia Beach

Demography

Population

As of January 2019, the population is 3,138,[3] with a population density of 150 inhabitants per square kilometre.

 
Age Sex Pyramid 2016
Sint Eustatius

Language

The official language is Dutch, but English is the "language of everyday life" on the island and education is solely in English.[49] A local English-based creole is also spoken informally. More than 52% of the population speak more than one language. The most widely spoken languages are English (92.7%), Dutch (36%), Spanish (33.8%) and Papiamento (20.8%).

Religion

Sint Eustatius is predominantly a Christian territory. The main denominations are Methodist 28.6%, Catholics 23.7%, Adventist 17.8%, Pentecostal 7.2% and Anglicans 2.6%.[50]

Religion in Sint Eustatius (2018):[50]

  Protestant (56.2%)
  Roman Catholic (23.7%)
  Other Christian denomination or religion (5.2%)
  No denomination (14.9%)
 
Catholic church in Sint Eustatius

Economy

 
Ruins of numerous warehouses on Oranje Bay

In the 18th century, "Statia" was the most important Dutch island in the Caribbean and was a center of great wealth from trading. At this time it was known as the "Golden Rock" because of its immense wealth. A very large number of warehouses lined the road that runs along Oranje Bay; most (but not all) of these warehouses are now ruined and some of the ruins are partially underwater.

A French occupation in 1795 was the beginning of the end of great prosperity for Sint Eustatius.

According to the Sint Eustatius government website, "Statia's economy is stable and well placed to grow in the near future. With practically no unemployment and a skilled workforce, we have a infrastructure in place to ensure sustained growth."[51] The government itself is the largest employer on the island, and the oil terminal owned by NuStar Energy is the largest private employer on the island.[52]

Energy and water

 
The solar park on Sint Eustatius in 2016

Statia Utility Company N.V. provides electricity to the island, as well as drinking water per truck and on part of the island by a water network. The electricity supply is rapidly being made green. Until 2016 all electricity was produced by diesel generators. In March 2016 the first phase of the solar park with 1.89 MWp capacity became operational, covering 23% of entire electricity demand. In November 2017[53] another 2.15 MWp was added, totaling 14,345 solar panels, with 4.1 MW capacity and a yearly production of 6.4 GWh. The solar park includes lithium ion batteries of 5.9 MWh size. These provide power for grid stability, as well as energy shifting. On a sunny day the diesel generators are switched off from 9 a.m. to 8 pm. This is made possible by grid forming inverters produced by SMA. This is one of the first such solar parks in the world, and provides 40% to 50% of the island's electricity.

Education

Dutch government policy towards St. Eustatius and other SSS islands promoted English medium education. Sint Eustatius has bilingual English-Dutch education.[54]

Gwendoline van Putten School (GVP) is a secondary school on the island.

Other schools include: Golden Rock School, Gov. de Graaff School, Methodist School, SDA School.[55]

Sports

The most popular sports on Sint Eustatius are football,[56] futsal,[57][58] softball,[59] basketball, swimming and volleyball. Due to the small population, there are few sport associations. One of them, the Sint Eustatius Volleyball Association, is a member of ECVA and NORCECA. Currently St. Eustatius is a non-active member of the Caribbean zone of Pony Baseball and Softball leagues.

Famous Statians

See also

Notes

  1. ^ .bq is designated, but not in use, for the Caribbean Netherlands.[5][6] Like the rest of the Netherlands, .nl is primarily in use.
  1. ^ The first salute to the Colors may have occurred one month earlier. It is debatable if a Colonial merchantman received a formal salute from Fort Frederik on the Danish island of St Croix (The birth of our Flag page 13 published 1921) and (Americas Library) Translated from the Danish Wikipedia article on Frederiksted "Frederiksted is a town on St Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands which were previously the Danish West Indies. .. The town is dominated by the red and white Fort Frederik from the 1750s. The fort has special meaning to both USA and Denmark-Norway. It was from here that the first foreign salute of recognition of USA independence was given in 1776."

References

  1. ^ "Benoeming regeringscommissaris en plaatsvervanger Sint Eustatius". Rijksoverheid (in Dutch). 18 June 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden?". Rijksoverheid (in Dutch). 19 May 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  3. ^ a b "CBS Statline".
  4. ^ English can be used in relations with the government, see, Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba (in Dutch) – via Overheid.nl.
  5. ^ "BQ – Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba". ISO. from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  6. ^ "Delegation Record for .BQ". IANA. 20 December 2010. from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  7. ^ Mangold, Max. Duden – Das Aussprachewörterbuch. In: Der Duden in zwölf Bänden, Band 6. 7. Auflage. Berlin: Dudenverlag; Mannheim : Institut für Deutsche Sprache, 2015, Seite 786.
  8. ^ a b c d e Tuchman, Barbara W. (1988). The First Salute: A View of the American Revolution. New York: Ballantine Books.
  9. ^ Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba [Law on the public bodies of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba] (in Dutch) – via Overheid.nl.
  10. ^ . NOS Nieuws (in Dutch). 18 November 2009. Archived from the original on 24 December 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  11. ^ a b c Joh. Hartog, De Bovenwindse eilanden Sint Maarten - saba - Sint Eustatius. De Wit N.N. Aruba (1964), pp. 1-3.
  12. ^ Haviser, Jay B. Jr. (1981). An Inventory of Prehistoric Sites on St. Eustatius, Netherlands Antilles (PDF). Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  13. ^ a b c d "St Eustatius". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  14. ^ . Andrew Doria – The First Salute, Inc. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  15. ^ "Jews in British America". The American Revolution. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  16. ^ "Prehistoric Period (c. 1300 BC – AD 1492)". St. Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research. Retrieved 2 July 2020. Source covers growing Jewish population, but gives no numbers.
  17. ^ West Indisch Plakaatboek. Amsterdam. 1979.
  18. ^ Norton, Louis Arthur (October 2006). "Retribution: Admiral Rodney and the Jews of St. Eustatius". Jewish Magazine. Retrieved 4 April 2022.N
  19. ^ Abbattista, Guido (2008). "Edmund Burke, the Atlantic American War and the 'Poor Jews at St. Eustatius': Empire and the Law of Nations". Cromohs. 13: 1–39.
  20. ^ Arbell, Mordehai (2002). The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean: The Spanish-Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas. Jerusalem: Geffen.
  21. ^ . St. Eustius Historical Foundation. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  22. ^ Trew p.103-104
  23. ^ Trew p.106
  24. ^ Trew p.104-105
  25. ^ Rodney, Spinney, pgs. 141, 201–202,206,255
  26. ^ "Battle of the Capes". National Park Service. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  27. ^ Klinger, Jerry (n.d.). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014 – via jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org.
  28. ^ O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson (2013). The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  29. ^ Paula, A. F. (1993). 'Vrije' slaven: Een sociaal-historische studie over de dualistische slavenemancipatie op Nederlands Sint Maarten, 1816–1863. Centraal Historisch Archief, Universiteit van de Nederlandse Antillen. p. 98. ISBN 90-6011-841-3.
  30. ^ Hartog, Joh. (1969). De Bovenwindse eilanden: Sint Maarten, Saba, Sint Eustatius (in Dutch). Aruba: De Wit N. V. pp. 296–297.
  31. ^ 1863 Abolition of slavery – Timeline Dutch History – Rijksstudio
  32. ^ . Government of the Netherlands. 18 May 2010. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
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  34. ^ "Zeelandia Bay". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  35. ^ van den Burg, Matthijs P; Meirmans, Patrick G; van Wagensveld, Timothy P; Kluskens, Bart; Madden, Hannah; Welch, Mark E; Breeuwer, Johannes A J (19 February 2018). "The Lesser Antillean Iguana (Iguana delicatissima) on St. Eustatius: Genetically Depauperate and Threatened by Ongoing Hybridization". Journal of Heredity. 109 (4): 426–437. doi:10.1093/jhered/esy008. eISSN 1465-7333. ISSN 0022-1503. PMID 29471487.
  36. ^ van den Burg, Matthijs P.; Madden, Hannah; van Wagensveld, Timothy P.; Boman, Erik (21 March 2022). "Hurricane‐associated population decrease in a critically endangered long‐lived reptile" (PDF). Biotropica. 54 (3): 708–720. doi:10.1111/btp.13087. eISSN 1744-7429. ISSN 0006-3606. S2CID 247602866.
  37. ^ "About Us". St. Eustatius National Parks. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  38. ^ Eastman, John (1996). An Archaeological Assessment of St Eustatius, Netherlands Antilles (MA thesis). College of William and Mary. doi:10.21220/s2-aq12-3j05.
  39. ^ "Underwater Archaeology on St. Eustatius – The Caribbean's Historic Gem". The Shipwreck Survey. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  40. ^ "About Us". St. Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  41. ^ Ubuntu Connected Front (17 June 2021). ""Let Our Enslaved Ancestors Rest" – Says UCF Caribbean Chair" (PDF) (Press release). Ubuntu Connected Front.
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  43. ^ Meijer, J. H. T. (9 October 2021). [Letter from J.H.T. (Jan) Meijer] (PDF) – via Caraïbisch Uitzicht.
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  45. ^ Monumentenwet BES (in Dutch) – via Overheid.nl.
  46. ^ Heritage Act https://english.inspectie-oe.nl/publications/publication/2016/9/14/
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Bibliography

  • Morse, Jedidiah (1797). "St. Eustatius". The American Gazetteer. Boston, Massachusetts: At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews. OL 23272543M.
  • Mordechai Arbell, The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean, The Spanish-Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas (2002) Geffen Press, Jerusalem
  • Harry Ezratty, 500 Years in the Jewish Caribbean – The Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the West Indies (1997) Omni Arts, Baltimore
  • David Spinney, Rodney, (1969) Allen & Unwin
  • P Bernardini (Editor), N Fiering (Editor) The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450–1800 (2001), Berghan Press
  • J. Hartog, History of St. Eustatius (1976) Central U.S.A. Bicentennial Committee of the Netherlands Antilles
  • Y. Attema, A Short History of St. Eustatius and its Monuments (1976) Wahlberg Press
  • Ronald Hearst, The Golden Rock, (1996), Naval Institute Press
  • Andrew Jackson O'Shaunhassey, The Men Who Lost America, (2013), Yale Press
  • Babara W. Tuchman, The First Salute, (1988), Alfred A. Knopf; Book Club Edition

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sint Eustatius.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Sint Eustatius.
  • St. Eustatius Government
  • St. Eustatius Tourist Office's homepage
  • The website of STENAPA, the National Parks of St. Eustatius
  • St. Eustatius info in Lonely Planet website
  • St. Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research
  • The Farm in St. Eustatius: Not Dead Yet
  • Colorful stories from St. Eustatius' eventful history. Saba invasion
  • Colorful stories from St. Eustatius' eventful history. Bermuda connection
  • "Retribution: Admiral Rodney and the Jews of St. Eustatius", by Louis Arthur Norton

Coordinates: 17°29′N 62°58′W / 17.483°N 62.967°W / 17.483; -62.967

January 07, 2023
sint, eustatius, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, july, 2022. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Sint Eustatius news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Sint Eustatius Dutch Sint Eustatius pronounced sɪnt oːˈstaːtsijʏs listen 7 also known locally as Statia ˈ s t eɪ ʃ e 8 is an island in the Caribbean It is a special municipality officially public body of the Netherlands 9 Sint EustatiusSpecial municipality of the NetherlandsFlagCoat of armsMotto s Superba et confidens Latin Proud and confident English Anthem Golden Rock source source Location of Sint Eustatius circled in red in the CaribbeanMap showing the location of St Eustatius relative to Saba and St MartinCoordinates 17 29 N 62 59 W 17 483 N 62 983 W 17 483 62 983Country NetherlandsOverseas regionCaribbean NetherlandsIncorporated into the Netherlands10 October 2010 dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles Capital and largest city OranjestadGovernment see Politics of the Netherlands Lt GovernorAlida Francis Government commissioner 1 Area 2 Total21 km2 8 sq mi Population 1 January 2019 3 Total3 138 Density150 km2 400 sq mi Demonym s St Eustatian StatianLanguages OfficialEnglish 4 and DutchTime zoneUTC 4 AST Calling code 599 3ISO 3166 codeBQ SE NL BQ3CurrencyUnited States dollar USD Internet TLD nl bq a The island lies in the northern Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies southeast of the Virgin Islands Sint Eustatius is immediately to the northwest of Saint Kitts and to the southeast of Saba The regional capital is Oranjestad The island has an area of 21 square kilometres 8 1 sq mi 2 Travellers to the island by air arrive through F D Roosevelt Airport Formerly part of the Netherlands Antilles Sint Eustatius became a special municipality of the Netherlands on 10 October 2010 10 Together with Bonaire and Saba it forms the BES islands The name of the island Sint Eustatius is the Dutch name for Saint Eustace also spelled Eustachius or Eustathius a legendary Christian martyr known in Spanish as San Eustaquio and in Portuguese as Santo Eustaquio or Santo Eustacio Contents 1 History 1 1 Slave trade and free port 1 2 First Salute 1 3 Jewish population 1 3 1 The synagogue and the cemetery 1 4 Rodney s delayed departure 1781 1 5 Slave Revolt of 1848 1 6 Abolition of slavery 1 7 Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 2 2 Nature 2 3 National parks 3 Archaeology 4 Demography 4 1 Population 4 2 Language 4 3 Religion 5 Economy 5 1 Energy and water 6 Education 7 Sports 8 Famous Statians 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External linksHistory Edit Map of Sint Eustatius from the Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West Indie 1914 1917 Another map of Sint Eustatius The earliest inhabitants were Caribs 11 believed to have come from the Amazon basin South America and migrated north from Venezuela 11 via the Lesser Antilles 11 In the early 20th century settlement traces were discovered at Golden Rock and Orange Bay Multiple pre Columbian sites have been found on the island most notably the site referred to as the Golden Rock Site 12 It is thought that the island was likely seen by Christopher Columbus in 1493 citation needed From the first European settlement in the 17th century up until the early 19th century St Eustatius changed hands twenty one times between the Netherlands Britain and France In 1636 the chamber of Zeeland of the Dutch West India Company took possession of the island reported to be uninhabited at the time In 1678 the islands of St Eustatius Sint Maarten and Saba were under the direct command of the Dutch West India Company with a commander stationed on St Eustatius to govern all three At the time the island was of some importance for the cultivation of tobacco and sugar Slave trade and free port Edit Historical engraving showing the view from out in the Caribbean Sea approaching the island of Sint Eustatius 17th century Fort Oranje nl with the island of Saba visible in the distance Sint Eustatius became the most profitable asset of the Dutch West India Company and a transit point for enslaved Africans in the transatlantic slave trade The ruins of the Waterfort on the southwest coast of the island are reminders of this past A slave house of two floors was located in the Waterfort Plantations of sugar cane tobacco and indigo were established on the island and worked with labor of enslaved Africans In 1774 there were 75 plantations on the island with names such as Gilboa Kuilzak Zelandia Zorg en Rust Nooit Gedacht Ruym Sigt and Golden Rock In the 18th century St Eustatius s geographical placement in the middle of Danish Virgin Islands British Jamaica St Kitts Barbados Antigua French St Domingue Ste Lucie Martinique Guadeloupe and Spanish Cuba Santo Domingo Puerto Rico territories its large harborage neutrality and status from 1756 8 as a free port with no customs duties were all factors in it becoming a major point of transhipment of goods and a locus for trade in contraband 8 13 St Eustatius s economy flourished under the Dutch by ignoring the monopolistic trade restrictions of the British French and Spanish islands it became known as The Golden Rock Edmund Burke said of the island in 1781 It has no produce no fortifications for its defence nor martial spirit nor military regulations Its utility was its defence The universality of its use the neutrality of its nature was its security and its safeguard Its proprietors had in the spirit of commerce made it an emporium for all the world Its wealth was prodigious arising from its industry and the nature of its commerce 8 First Salute Edit See also Capture of Sint Eustatius Johannes de Graaff The island sold arms and ammunition to anyone willing to pay and it was therefore one of the few places from which the young United States could obtain military stores The good relationship between St Eustatius and the United States resulted in the noted First Salute On 16 November 1776 the 14 gun American brig Andrew Doria commanded by Captain Isaiah Robinson 14 13 sailed flying the Continental Colors of the fledgling United States into the anchorage below St Eustatius Fort Oranje Robinson announced his arrival by firing a thirteen gun salute one gun for each of the thirteen American colonies in rebellion against Britain Governor Johannes de Graaff replied with an eleven gun salute from the cannons of Fort Oranje international protocol required two guns fewer to acknowledge a sovereign flag It was the first international acknowledgment of American independence Note 1 The Andrew Doria had arrived to purchase munitions for the American Revolutionary forces She was carrying a copy of the Declaration of Independence which was presented to Governor De Graaff An earlier copy had been captured by the British on its way to Holland It was wrapped in documents that the British believed to be a strange cipher but were actually written in Yiddish addressed to Jewish merchants in Holland Andrew Doria receives a salute from the Dutch fort at Sint Eustatius 16 November 1776 President Franklin D Roosevelt visited St Eustatius for two hours on 27 February 1939 on USS Houston to recognise the importance of the 1776 First Salute He presented a large brass plaque to St Eustatius displayed today under a flagpole atop the walls of Fort Oranje reading In commemoration to the salute to the flag of the United States Fired in this fort November 16 1776 By order of Johannes de Graaff Governor of Saint Eustatius In reply to a National Gun Salute Fired by the United States Brig of War Andrew Doria Under Captain Isaiah Robinson of the Continental Navy Here the sovereignty of the United States of America was first formally acknowledged to a national vessel by a foreign official Presented by Franklin Delano Roosevelt President of the United States of America The recognition provided the title for Barbara W Tuchman s 1988 book The First Salute A View of the American Revolution The British took the Andrew Doria incident seriously and protested bitterly against the continuous trade between the United Colonies and St Eustatius In 1778 Lord Stormont claimed in Parliament that if Sint Eustatius had sunk into the sea three years before the United Kingdom would already have dealt with George Washington Nearly half of all American Revolutionary military supplies were obtained through St Eustatius Nearly all American communications to Europe first passed through the island The trade between St Eustatius and the United States was the main reason for the Fourth Anglo Dutch War of 1780 1784 13 Notably the British Admiral George Brydges Rodney having occupied the island for Great Britain in 1781 urged the commander of the landing troops Major General Sir John Vaughan to seize Mr Smith at the house of Jones they the Jews of St Eustatius Caribbean Antilles 15 cannot be too soon taken care of they are notorious in the cause of America and France The war was disastrous for the Dutch economy The island of St Eustatius taken by the English fleet in February 1781 Admiral Rodney s sailors and troops pillaged the island Britain declared war on the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands on 20 December 1780 Even before officially declaring war Britain had outfitted a massive battle fleet to take and destroy the weapons depot and vital commercial centre that St Eustatius had become British Admiral George Brydges Rodney was appointed the commander of the battle fleet 3 February 1781 the massive fleet of 15 ships of the line and numerous smaller ships transporting over 3 000 soldiers appeared before St Eustatius prepared to invade Governor De Graaff did not know about the declaration of war Rodney offered De Graaff a bloodless surrender to his superior force Rodney had over 1 000 cannon to De Graaff s one dozen cannon and a garrison of sixty men De Graaff surrendered the island but first fired two rounds as a show of resistance in honour of Dutch Admiral Lodewijk van Bylandt who commanded a ship of the Dutch Navy which was in the harbor 8 Ten months later the island was conquered by the French allies of the Dutch Republic in the war The Dutch regained control over the looted and plundered island in 1784 At its peak St Eustatius may have had a largely transient population of about 10 000 people Most were engaged in commercial and maritime interests A census list of 1790 gives a total population free and enslaved people combined of 8 124 Commerce revived after the British left Many of the merchants including the Jews returned to the island However French and British occupations from 1795 disrupted trade and also the North Americans now globally recognised as an independent nation had meanwhile developed their own trading network and did not need St Eustatius anymore The island was eclipsed by other Dutch ports such as those on the islands of Curacao and Sint Maarten During the last years of the 18th century Statia developed trade in bay rum The economy declined in the early 19th century From about 1795 the population declined dropping to 921 in 1948 Jewish population Edit The first record of Jews on St Eustatius dates to 1660 The Jews were mainly merchants with significant international trading and maritime commercial ties Jews were captains owners or co owners with Christian partners of significant numbers of ships originating out of St Eustatius A few were island plantation owners Jews were estimated by whom to have comprised at least 10 of the permanent population of St Eustatius 16 Ten days after the island surrendered to the British on 3 February 1781 Rodney ordered that the entire Jewish male adult population assemble for him They were rounded up and thirty one heads of families were summarily deported to St Kitts without word or mercy to their dependents The choice of exiling the Jews to St Kitts was significant The nearby British Island of Nevis had a large Jewish population and an established community capable of aiding the refugees St Kitts did not have any Jewish community or population The other seventy one were locked up in the weighing house in Lower Town where they were held for three days Expulsion of Americans followed on 23 February of merchants from Amsterdam on 24 February and of other Dutch citizens and Frenchmen on 5 March The crews of the Dutch ships Rodney took were sent to St Kitts for imprisonment after first stripping them of all their belongings Because of their maltreatment many perished The Jews were well received on St Kitts where many knew them as their respected business partners They were supported in their protest against their deportation and it proved successful They were allowed to return to St Eustatius after a few weeks to observe all their property being sold at small fractions of the original value after having been confiscated by Rodney The resentment the British felt for the population of this island that helped the Americans to defeat them translated in a harsh treatment of the inhabitants There were numerous complaints about individuals of both sexes being halted in the streets and being body searched in a most scandalous way 17 Pieter Runnels an eighty year old member of the island council and captain of the civic guard did not survive the rough treatment he received aboard Rodney s ship He a member of one of the island s oldest established families became the only civilian casualty of the British occupation British soldiers prevented the family and others paying their last respects at his funeral from using the water from the family s own cistern The tomb of former governor Jan de Windt was broken open by British soldiers all the silver decorations stolen off the caskets and the bodies of the governor and his wife exposed without any of Rodney s officers interfering Rodney singled out the Jews the harshness was reserved for them alone He did not do the same to French Dutch Spanish or even the American merchants on the island He permitted the French to leave with all their possessions Rodney was concerned that his unprecedented behavior would be repeated upon British islands by French forces when events were different However Governor De Graaff was also deported As he did with all other warehouses Rodney confiscated the Jewish warehouses looted Jewish personal possessions even cutting the lining of their clothes to find money hidden in there When Rodney realized that the Jews might be hiding additional treasure he dug up the Jewish cemetery 18 Later in February 1782 Edmund Burke the leading opposition member of the Whig Party upon learning of Rodney s actions in St Eustatius rose to condemn Rodney s anti Semitic avaricious vindictiveness in Parliament and a sentence of general beggary pronounced in one moment upon a whole people A cruelty unheard of in Europe for many years The persecution was begun with the people whom of all others it ought to be the care and the wish of human nations to protect the Jews the links of communication the mercantile chain the conductors by which credit was transmitted through the world a resolution taken by the British conquerors to banish this unhappy people from the island They suffered in common with the rest of the inhabitants the loss of their merchandise their bills their houses and their provisions and after this they were ordered to quit the island and only one day was given them for preparation they petitioned they remonstrated against so hard a sentence but in vain it was irrevocable 19 The synagogue and the cemetery Edit The restored and stabilized walls of the 1737 synagogue From about 1815 when there was no longer a viable Jewish community using and maintaining the synagogue on St Eustatius it gradually fell into ruin The synagogue building known as Honen Dalim He who is charitable to the Poor was constructed in 1737 Permission for building the synagogue came from the Dutch West India Company additional funding came from the Jewish community on Curacao Permission was conditional on the fact that the Jewish house of worship would be sited where the exercise of their Jewish religious duties would not molest those of the Gentiles 20 The building is located off a small lane called Synagogue Path away from the main street The synagogue attested to the wealth of the Jews of St Eustatius and their influence on the island 21 The Jewish cemetery In 2001 its walls were restored as part of the Historic Core Restoration Project although there are no known images showing what the synagogue looked like when still in use so that archeological research is attempting to restore the structure to the best estimate of its former condition The grounds include a Jewish ritual bath mikveh and an oven used on Passover A restored and respectfully maintained Jewish cemetery is located adjacent to the Old Church Cemetery at the top of Oranjestad Sint Eustatius Rodney s delayed departure 1781 Edit The wealth Rodney and General Vaughan discovered on St Eustatius exceeded their expectations There were 130 merchantmen in the bay as well as the Dutch frigate and five smaller American armed merchantmen In total the value of goods seized including a very rich Dutch convoy captured off Sombrero was estimated to be well in excess of 3 million 22 On 5 February 1781 Rodney and Vaughan signed an agreement stating that all goods taken belonged to the Crown 23 Rodney and Vaughan by British custom expected to personally receive a significant share of the captured wealth from the King once it reached England Instead of delegating the task of sorting through and estimating the value of the confiscated property Rodney and Vaughan delayed their departure and oversaw this themselves Rodney privately wrote to his family with promises of a new London home To his daughter he promised the best harpsichord money can purchase He confidently wrote of a marriage settlement for one of his sons and a soon to be purchased commission in the Foot Guards for another son He wrote of a dowry for his daughter to marry the Earl of Oxford He noted he would have enough to pay off the young prospective bridegroom s debts The excessive amount of time Rodney spent on St Eustatius led to allegations that Rodney and Vaughan had neglected their military duties In particular Viscount Samuel Hood suggested that Rodney should have sailed to intercept a French fleet under Lieutenant general de Grasse traveling to Martinique 24 The French fleet instead turned north and headed for the Chesapeake Bay Battle of the Capes Rodney s delay at St Eustatius was not the first time he had taken the opportunity to capture prizes over the immediate and expeditious fulfilment of his military duties During the Seven Years War of 1756 1763 Rodney had delayed transporting Major General Jeffrey Amherst in order to pursue prizes Later Rodney had been ordered to Barbados to link up with Admiral Sir George Peacock and the Earl of Albemarle for an attack on Cuba Instead Rodney sent valuable ships off in search of prizes In 1762 after the fall of Martinique Rodney quarrelled with the army over prize money During Rodney s command in Jamaica 1771 1774 the Earl of Sandwich feared that Rodney might provoke a war with Spain to obtain prize money 25 Rodney further weakened his fleet earlier by sending a strong defending force to England to accompany his treasure ships After months on St Eustatius capturing additional merchants and treasure Rodney was prevailed upon to send part of his fleet north to aid General Cornwallis and British armed forces fighting the Americans He did not dispatch the bulk of his fleet from St Eustatius until July August 1781 The ships arrived too late to affect the events that were taking place in North America Surrender of the British to George Washington at Yorktown Virginia 19 October 1781 Outside of the Chesapeake Bay a much stronger combined French fleet under Grasse defeated the weakened British fleet 5 September 1781 The battle between Grasse and Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Graves became known as the Battle of the Chesapeake or the Battle of the Capes one of the most pivotal battles in history 26 British General Cornwallis trapped at Yorktown Virginia desperately awaited much needed supplies and men that Rodney would have brought American General George Washington with French siege artillery and supporting forces closed the vise from the land side Cornwallis could not be aided from the sea because of the British naval defeat The French controlled the Bay Cornwallis predicament linked directly to Rodney s failure to depart St Eustatius promptly following its capture and the destruction of the military stores there Cornwallis had no choice and surrendered on 19 October 1781 the American Revolutionary war was over and the Americans had won partially due to Rodney s anti Semitic and avaricious delays 27 28 A series of disastrous French and British occupations of Sint Eustatius from 1795 to 1815 diverted trade to the occupiers islands St Eustatius economy collapsed and the merchants including the Jews left St Eustatius reverted permanently to Dutch control from 1816 Slave Revolt of 1848 Edit After 1848 slavery only existed on the Dutch and Danish Eastern Caribbean islands which caused unrest on the islands colonized by the Netherlands As a result a proclamation declared on 6 June 1848 on Sint Maarten that enslaved Africans would be treated as free persons 29 Unrest also arose on Sint Eustatius On 12 June 1848 a group of free and enslaved Africans gathered in front of Lieutenant Governor Johannes de Veer s home demanding their declaration of liberty increased rations and more free hours The Island Governor addressed the group but it persisted in its demands The militia was mobilized and after consultation with the Colonial Council and the main residents an attack was decided by the Lieutenant Governor After another warning to leave the city or otherwise experience the consequences fire was opened on the group The insurgents fled the city leaving two or three seriously injured From a hill just outside the city they pelted the militia with stones and pieces of rock A group of 35 shooters stormed the hill killing two insurgents and injuring several The six leaders of the uprising were exiled from the island and transferred to Curacao Thomas Dupersoy a free African is considered the chief leader of the uprising One of the other leaders sent a death notice to his owner in 1851 After the uprising the largest plantation owners on Sint Eustatius decided to give their enslaved workers a certain wage for fear of repetition of revolt 30 Abolition of slavery Edit In 1863 slavery was officially abolished in the Netherlands The Dutch were among the last to abolish slavery 31 The freed slaves no longer wanted to live in the field and moved to the city Due to a lack of trade the bay of Sint Eustatius underwent a recession Natural disasters such as the hurricane of September 1928 and May 1929 accelerated the process of economic decline on the island Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles Edit Main article Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles Sint Eustatius became a member of the Netherlands Antilles when that grouping was created in 1954 Between 2000 and 2005 the member islands of the Netherlands Antilles voted on their future status In a referendum on 8 April 2005 77 of Sint Eustatius voters voted to remain within the Netherlands Antilles compared to 21 who voted for closer ties with the Netherlands None of the other islands voted to remain After the other islands decided to leave ending the Netherlands Antilles the island council opted to become a special municipality of the Netherlands like Saba and Bonaire This process was completed in October 2010 13 In 2011 the island officially adopted the US dollar as its currency 32 Geography Edit Sint Eustatius as photographed from the International Space Station View looking southeast along the Atlantic coast showing the airport runway in the middle distance Lynch Beach beyond that then the Quill St Eustatius dormant volcano and over the water in the distance the northern end of the island of St Kitts Sint Eustatius is 6 miles 10 km long and up to 3 miles 5 km wide 33 Topographically the island is saddle shaped with the 602 meter high dormant volcano Quill Mount Mazinga from Dutch kuil meaning pit originally referring to its crater to the southeast and the smaller summits of Signal Hill Little Mountain or Bergje and Boven Mountain to the northwest The Quill crater is a popular tourist attraction on the island The bulk of the island s population lives in the flat saddle between the two elevated areas which forms the centre of the island 33 Climate Edit St Eustatius has a tropical monsoon climate Tropical storms and hurricanes are common The Atlantic hurricane season runs from 1 June to 30 November sharply peaking from late August through September Tropical Cyclone Climatology Nature Edit As St Eustatius is a volcanic island and very small all of the beaches on the island are made up of black volcanic sand These volcanic sands especially one of the more popular nesting beaches called Zeelandia are very important nesting sites for several endangered sea turtles such as the green turtle leatherback loggerhead and hawksbill 34 Sint Eustatius is home to one of the last remaining populations of the critically endangered Lesser Antillean iguana Iguana delicatissima 35 The population was strongly affected during the high intensity hurricane year of 2017 with especially Hurricane Maria during which the population reduced by 25 36 National parks Edit Sint Eustatius has three nature parks on land and at sea the Sint Eustatius National Marine Park Quill Boven National Park and Miriam Schmidt Botanical Garden Two of them have national park status These areas have been designated as important bird areas The nature parks are maintained by the St Eustatius National Parks Foundation STENAPA 37 Archaeology EditDue to its turbulent history Sint Eustatius is rich in archaeological sites Nearly 300 sites have been documented 38 The island is said to have the highest concentration of archaeological sites of any area of comparable size 39 In the 1920s J P B Josselin de Jong conducted archaeological research into Saladoid sites on the island and in the 1980s a great deal of research was done by archaeologist Aad Versteeg of Leiden University Around 1981 under the direction of archaeologist Norman F Barka the College of William amp Mary in Williamsburg Virginia also started archaeological research on Sint Eustatius The documented archaeological sites include prehistoric sites plantations military sites commercial trading sites including shipwrecks and urban sites churches government buildings cemeteries residences The St Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research SECAR has been conducting archaeological research on the island since 2004 40 In June 2021 SECAR became involved in protests against excavations at an 18th century slave cemetery on the island The Ubuntu Connected Front and other concerned citizens of Sint Eustatius denounced the non involvement of the community in the excavation process through a petition and letters to the government 41 42 43 The majority of the population on St Eustatius are of African descent Participation in cultural heritage i e involving the community whose ancestors are being excavated is good practice in contemporary archaeology 44 Archaeological excavations on St Eustatius apparently fall under the old Monuments Act for the BES islands 45 that is very brief on these issues The 2016 Dutch Heritage Act 46 offers more protection for cultural heritage The Committee on Kingdom Relations asked Secretary of State Raymond Knops questions about the matter 47 A Statia Heritage and Research Commission SHRC set up by the government of St Eustatius is investigating the allegations of the protest groups and should come up with recommendations 48 Zeelandia BeachDemography EditPopulation Edit As of January 2019 the population is 3 138 3 with a population density of 150 inhabitants per square kilometre Age Sex Pyramid 2016Sint Eustatius Language Edit The official language is Dutch but English is the language of everyday life on the island and education is solely in English 49 A local English based creole is also spoken informally More than 52 of the population speak more than one language The most widely spoken languages are English 92 7 Dutch 36 Spanish 33 8 and Papiamento 20 8 Religion Edit Sint Eustatius is predominantly a Christian territory The main denominations are Methodist 28 6 Catholics 23 7 Adventist 17 8 Pentecostal 7 2 and Anglicans 2 6 50 Religion in Sint Eustatius 2018 50 Protestant 56 2 Roman Catholic 23 7 Other Christian denomination or religion 5 2 No denomination 14 9 Catholic church in Sint EustatiusEconomy Edit Ruins of numerous warehouses on Oranje Bay In the 18th century Statia was the most important Dutch island in the Caribbean and was a center of great wealth from trading At this time it was known as the Golden Rock because of its immense wealth A very large number of warehouses lined the road that runs along Oranje Bay most but not all of these warehouses are now ruined and some of the ruins are partially underwater A French occupation in 1795 was the beginning of the end of great prosperity for Sint Eustatius According to the Sint Eustatius government website Statia s economy is stable and well placed to grow in the near future With practically no unemployment and a skilled workforce we have a infrastructure in place to ensure sustained growth 51 The government itself is the largest employer on the island and the oil terminal owned by NuStar Energy is the largest private employer on the island 52 Energy and water Edit The solar park on Sint Eustatius in 2016 Statia Utility Company N V provides electricity to the island as well as drinking water per truck and on part of the island by a water network The electricity supply is rapidly being made green Until 2016 all electricity was produced by diesel generators In March 2016 the first phase of the solar park with 1 89 MWp capacity became operational covering 23 of entire electricity demand In November 2017 53 another 2 15 MWp was added totaling 14 345 solar panels with 4 1 MW capacity and a yearly production of 6 4 GWh The solar park includes lithium ion batteries of 5 9 MWh size These provide power for grid stability as well as energy shifting On a sunny day the diesel generators are switched off from 9 a m to 8 pm This is made possible by grid forming inverters produced by SMA This is one of the first such solar parks in the world and provides 40 to 50 of the island s electricity Education EditDutch government policy towards St Eustatius and other SSS islands promoted English medium education Sint Eustatius has bilingual English Dutch education 54 Gwendoline van Putten School GVP is a secondary school on the island Other schools include Golden Rock School Gov de Graaff School Methodist School SDA School 55 Sports EditThe most popular sports on Sint Eustatius are football 56 futsal 57 58 softball 59 basketball swimming and volleyball Due to the small population there are few sport associations One of them the Sint Eustatius Volleyball Association is a member of ECVA and NORCECA Currently St Eustatius is a non active member of the Caribbean zone of Pony Baseball and Softball leagues Famous Statians EditAntony Beaujon c 1763 1805 colonial governor Gerald Berkel b 1969 politician Black Harry 18th century methodist preacher Kizzy b 1979 artist Lolita Euson 1914 1994 writer and poet Ziggi Recado b 1981 artist Shirma Rouse singerSee also Edit Geography portal North America portal Caribbean portal Netherlands portalCaribbean Netherlands Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles Governors of Sint Eustatius Saba and Sint Maarten F D Roosevelt Airport Great Hurricane of 1780 Index of Netherlands Antilles related articlesNotes Edit bq is designated but not in use for the Caribbean Netherlands 5 6 Like the rest of the Netherlands nl is primarily in use The first salute to the Colors may have occurred one month earlier It is debatable if a Colonial merchantman received a formal salute from Fort Frederik on the Danish island of St Croix The birth of our Flag page 13 published 1921 and Americas Library Translated from the Danish Wikipedia article on Frederiksted Frederiksted is a town on St Croix in the U S Virgin Islands which were previously the Danish West Indies The town is dominated by the red and white Fort Frederik from the 1750s The fort has special meaning to both USA and Denmark Norway It was from here that the first foreign salute of recognition of USA independence was given in 1776 References Edit Benoeming regeringscommissaris en plaatsvervanger Sint Eustatius Rijksoverheid in Dutch 18 June 2021 Retrieved 19 December 2021 a b Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden Rijksoverheid in Dutch 19 May 2015 Retrieved 5 April 2022 a b CBS Statline English can be used in relations with the government see Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire Sint Eustatius en Saba in Dutch via Overheid nl BQ Bonaire Sint Eustatius and Saba ISO Archived from the original on 17 June 2016 Retrieved 29 August 2014 Delegation Record for BQ IANA 20 December 2010 Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 Retrieved 30 December 2010 Mangold Max Duden Das Ausspracheworterbuch In Der Duden in zwolf Banden Band 6 7 Auflage Berlin Dudenverlag Mannheim Institut fur Deutsche Sprache 2015 Seite 786 a b c d e Tuchman Barbara W 1988 The First Salute A View of the American Revolution New York Ballantine Books Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire Sint Eustatius en Saba Law on the public bodies of Bonaire Sint Eustatius and Saba in Dutch via Overheid nl Antillen opgeheven op 10 10 2010 NOS Nieuws in Dutch 18 November 2009 Archived from the original on 24 December 2009 Retrieved 10 October 2010 a b c Joh Hartog De Bovenwindse eilanden Sint Maarten saba Sint Eustatius De Wit N N Aruba 1964 pp 1 3 Haviser Jay B Jr 1981 An Inventory of Prehistoric Sites on St Eustatius Netherlands Antilles PDF Retrieved 19 November 2021 a b c d St Eustatius Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 28 June 2019 Home page Andrew Doria The First Salute Inc Archived from the original on 16 December 2014 Retrieved 3 October 2014 Jews in British America The American Revolution Retrieved 4 April 2022 Prehistoric Period c 1300 BC AD 1492 St Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research Retrieved 2 July 2020 Source covers growing Jewish population but gives no numbers West Indisch Plakaatboek Amsterdam 1979 Norton Louis Arthur October 2006 Retribution Admiral Rodney and the Jews of St Eustatius Jewish Magazine Retrieved 4 April 2022 N Abbattista Guido 2008 Edmund Burke the Atlantic American War and the Poor Jews at St Eustatius Empire and the Law of Nations Cromohs 13 1 39 Arbell Mordehai 2002 The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean The Spanish Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas Jerusalem Geffen Honen Dalim Synagogue Restoration Project St Eustius Historical Foundation Archived from the original on 23 February 2015 Retrieved 3 October 2014 Trew p 103 104 Trew p 106 Trew p 104 105 Rodney Spinney pgs 141 201 202 206 255 Battle of the Capes National Park Service Retrieved 4 April 2022 Klinger Jerry n d The Jews of St Eustatius The Golden Rock to the Golden Door PDF Archived from the original PDF on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 3 October 2014 via jewish american society for historic preservation org O Shaughnessy Andrew Jackson 2013 The Men Who Lost America British Leadership the American Revolution and the Fate of the Empire New Haven Yale University Press Paula A F 1993 Vrije slaven Een sociaal historische studie over de dualistische slavenemancipatie op Nederlands Sint Maarten 1816 1863 Centraal Historisch Archief Universiteit van de Nederlandse Antillen p 98 ISBN 90 6011 841 3 Hartog Joh 1969 De Bovenwindse eilanden Sint Maarten Saba Sint Eustatius in Dutch Aruba De Wit N V pp 296 297 1863 Abolition of slavery Timeline Dutch History Rijksstudio Introduction of the Dollar on Bonaire Saint Eustace Saba Government of the Netherlands 18 May 2010 Archived from the original on 26 June 2019 Retrieved 26 June 2019 a b St Eustatius Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 28 June 2019 Zeelandia Bay Lonely Planet Retrieved 4 April 2022 van den Burg Matthijs P Meirmans Patrick G van Wagensveld Timothy P Kluskens Bart Madden Hannah Welch Mark E Breeuwer Johannes A J 19 February 2018 The Lesser Antillean Iguana Iguana delicatissima on St Eustatius Genetically Depauperate and Threatened by Ongoing Hybridization Journal of Heredity 109 4 426 437 doi 10 1093 jhered esy008 eISSN 1465 7333 ISSN 0022 1503 PMID 29471487 van den Burg Matthijs P Madden Hannah van Wagensveld Timothy P Boman Erik 21 March 2022 Hurricane associated population decrease in a critically endangered long lived reptile PDF Biotropica 54 3 708 720 doi 10 1111 btp 13087 eISSN 1744 7429 ISSN 0006 3606 S2CID 247602866 About Us St Eustatius National Parks Retrieved 4 April 2022 Eastman John 1996 An Archaeological Assessment of St Eustatius Netherlands Antilles MA thesis College of William and Mary doi 10 21220 s2 aq12 3j05 Underwater Archaeology on St Eustatius The Caribbean s Historic Gem The Shipwreck Survey Retrieved 4 April 2022 About Us St Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research Retrieved 4 April 2022 Ubuntu Connected Front 17 June 2021 Let Our Enslaved Ancestors Rest Says UCF Caribbean Chair PDF Press release Ubuntu Connected Front Statia Suspends Archaeological Dig at the Airport St Eustatius 14 July 2021 Retrieved 4 April 2022 Meijer J H T 9 October 2021 Letter from J H T Jan Meijer PDF via Caraibisch Uitzicht Faro Participation in Cultural Heritage Cultural Heritage Agency Retrieved 4 April 2022 Monumentenwet BES in Dutch via Overheid nl Heritage Act https english inspectie oe nl publications publication 2016 9 14 Reactie op verzoek commissie over de stand van zaken voortgang opgravingen vliegveld Sint Eustatius Tweede Kamer der Staten Generaal in Dutch Retrieved 4 April 2022 Statia Heritage Research Commission Officially Installed St Eustatius 22 September 2021 Retrieved 4 April 2022 English to Be Sole Language of Instruction in St Eustatian Schools Government of the Netherlands 19 June 2014 Archived from the original on 24 February 2015 Retrieved 20 February 2015 a b Statistics Netherlands 2018 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 PDF The Hague Statistics Netherlands p 80 ISBN 978 90 357 2238 5 Economy St Eustatius Government Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 Retrieved 15 December 2012 St Eustatius Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 22 April 2014 Bouma Joop 3 November 2017 Sint Eustatius haalt nu al de helft van de stroombehoefte uit zon Trouw in Dutch Retrieved 4 April 2022 Dijkhoff Marta Silvia Kowenberg and Paul Tjon Sie Fat Chapter 215 The Dutch speaking Caribbean Die niederlandischsprachige Karibik In Sociolinguistics Soziolinguistik Walter de Gruyter 1 January 2006 ISBN 3110199874 9783110199871 Start p 2105 CITED p 2108 Education St Eustatius Retrieved 4 April 2022 Stokkermans Karel 29 June 2012 Sint Eustatius Football History Rec Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation RSSSF com Retrieved 29 June 2012 Cruyff Courts Sint Maarten Sint Eustatius Saba Windward Roads Retrieved 4 April 2022 1st Cruyff Court Dutch Caribbean Futsal Championship 2007 Aruba RSSSF 6 February 2008 Retrieved 5 April 2022 Saba and St Eustatius Compete in Softball Pearl FM Radio Pearl of the Caribbean 27 June 2011 Retrieved 5 April 2022 Bibliography EditMorse Jedidiah 1797 St Eustatius The American Gazetteer Boston Massachusetts At the presses of S Hall and Thomas amp Andrews OL 23272543M Mordechai Arbell The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean The Spanish Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas 2002 Geffen Press Jerusalem Harry Ezratty 500 Years in the Jewish Caribbean The Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the West Indies 1997 Omni Arts Baltimore David Spinney Rodney 1969 Allen amp Unwin P Bernardini Editor N Fiering Editor The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West 1450 1800 2001 Berghan Press J Hartog History of St Eustatius 1976 Central U S A Bicentennial Committee of the Netherlands Antilles Y Attema A Short History of St Eustatius and its Monuments 1976 Wahlberg Press Ronald Hearst The Golden Rock 1996 Naval Institute Press Andrew Jackson O Shaunhassey The Men Who Lost America 2013 Yale Press Babara W Tuchman The First Salute 1988 Alfred A Knopf Book Club EditionExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sint Eustatius Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Sint Eustatius St Eustatius Government St Eustatius Tourist Office s homepage The website of STENAPA the National Parks of St Eustatius St Eustatius info in Lonely Planet website St Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research The Farm in St Eustatius Not Dead Yet Colorful stories from St Eustatius eventful history Saba invasion Colorful stories from St Eustatius eventful history Bermuda connection Retribution Admiral Rodney and the Jews of St Eustatius by Louis Arthur Norton Coordinates 17 29 N 62 58 W 17 483 N 62 967 W 17 483 62 967 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sint Eustatius amp oldid 1129161417, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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