fbpx
Wikipedia

Spot-billed pelican

January 28, 2023

The spot-billed pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) or gray pelican is a member of the pelican family. It breeds in southern Asia from southern Iran across India east to Indonesia. It is a bird of large inland and coastal waters, especially large lakes. At a distance they are difficult to differentiate from other pelicans in the region although it is smaller but at close range the spots on the upper mandible, the lack of bright colours and the greyer plumage are distinctive. In some areas these birds nest in large colonies close to human habitations.

Spot-billed pelican
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Pelecaniformes
Family: Pelecanidae
Genus: Pelecanus
Species:
P. philippensis
Binomial name
Pelecanus philippensis
Gmelin, 1789

Taxonomy

The spot-billed pelican was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the other pelicans in the genus Pelecanus and coined the binomial name Pelecanus philippensis.[2] Gmelin based his description on "Le pélican des Philippines" that had been described and illustrated in 1760 by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson. Brisson's specimen had been collected on the island of Luzon in the Philippines.[3][4] The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[5]

Description

 
Breeding plumage, Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary, India

The spot-billed pelican is a rather large water bird, often the largest or one of the largest native birds in the southern stretches of its range, albeit it is fairly small for a pelican. It is 125–152 cm (49–60 in) long and a weight of 4.1–6 kg (9.0–13.2 lb). The wingspan can vary from 213 to 250 cm (7 ft 0 in to 8 ft 2 in) while the typically large beak measured from 285 to 355 mm (11.2 to 14.0 in).[6] It is mainly white, with a grey crest, hindneck and a brownish tail. The feathers on the hind neck are curly and form a greyish nape crest. The pouch is pink to purplish and has large pale spots, and is also spotted on the sides of the upper mandible. The tip of the bill (or nail) is yellow to orange. In breeding plumage, the skin at the base of the beak is dark and the orbital patch is pink. In flight they look not unlike the Dalmatian pelican but the tertials and inner secondaries are darker and a pale band runs along the greater coverts. The tail is rounder.[7]

The newly hatched young are covered in white down. They then moult into a greyish speckled plumage. The spots on the bill appear only after a year. The full adult breeding plumage appears in their third year.[8]

Distribution and habitat

 
Flocks fly in formation

The species is found to breed only in peninsular India, Sri Lanka and in Cambodia. A few birds from India are known to winter in the Gangetic plains but reports of its presence in many other parts of the region such as the Maldives, Pakistan and Bangladesh has been questioned.[7] The main habitat is in shallow lowland freshwaters. The spot-billed pelican is not migratory but are known to make local movements and are more widely distributed in the non-breeding season.

 
Nesting along with painted storks

This species is a colonial breeder, often breeding in the company of other waterbirds. The nests are on low trees near wetlands and sometimes near human habitations. Many large breeding colonies have been recorded and several have disappeared over time. In June 1906, C E Rhenius visited a colony in Kundakulam in Tirunelveli district where the villages considered the birds semi-sacred.[9] The same colony was revisited in 1944, and was found to have about 10 nests of pelicans and nearly 200 nests of painted stork.[10]

The Sittang River in Burma was said by E W Oates to have "millions" of pelicans in 1877 and in 1929 E C Stuart Baker reported that they were still nesting in thousands along with greater adjutant storks:

The whole forest consisted of very large trees, but a portion, about one in twenty, was made up of wood-oil trees, gigantic fellows, 150 feet high and more, and with a smooth branchless trunk of 80 to 100 feet. These are the trees selected by the pelicans.
I was out that day till 3 p.m., continually moving, and must have walked at least twenty miles in various directions, but never from first to last was I out of sight of either a Pelican's or Adjutant's nest. From what I saw, and from what the Burmans told me, I compute the breeding-place of these birds to extend over an area about twenty miles long and five broad.

— Oates (1877) quoted in Hume (1890)[11]

This colony was however reported by B E Smythies to have disappeared between the 1930s and the 1940s.[12]

Another colony was discovered in 1902 at a village called Buchupalle in the Cudappah district, where these pelicans nested along with painted storks during the month of March.[13] This colony was never traced again.[12] The Kolleru Lake colony was discovered by K K Neelakantan in 1946. Nearly 3000 pelicans nested in this colony at the time of discovery.[12][14] This colony however disappeared around 1975.[15][16][17]

Due to habitat loss and human disturbance, the spot-billed pelican's numbers have declined and many populations in Southeast Asia (including parts of China[18]) are now extinct.[19] The specific name refers to the Philippines, where the species was abundant in the early 1900s[8] but declined and become locally extinct in the 1960s.[20] The populations in southern India are thought to be on the rise.[21] Estimates suggest that increased protection has since enabled a recovery in their numbers and the status of the species was changed from vulnerable to near threatened in the 2007 IUCN Red List.[1]

Behaviour and ecology

 
In flight at Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, India
 
Nesting on an artificial platform at Uppalapadu, Andhra Pradesh

They are very silent although at their nests they can make hisses, grunts or snap their bills.[7] Some early descriptions of nesting colonies have claimed them to be distinctive in their silence but most have noted colonies as noisy.[12][22]

Like most other pelicans, it catches fish in its huge bill pouch while swimming at the surface. Unlike the great white pelican it does not form large feeding flocks and is usually found to fish singly or in small flocks. Groups may however sometimes line up and drive fish towards the shallows. When flying to their roosts or feeding areas, small groups fly in formation with steady flapping. During the hot part of the day, they often soar on thermals.[23] They may forage at night to some extent.[24]

The birds nest in colonies and the nest is a thick platform of twigs placed on a low tree. The breeding season varies from October to May.[7] In Tamil Nadu, the breeding season follows the onset of the northeast monsoon. The courtship display of the males involves a distention of the pouch with swinging motions of the head up and down followed by sideways swings followed by the head being held back over the back. Bill claps may also be produced during the head swaying movements.[25][26] The nests are usually built alongside other colonial waterbirds, particularly painted storks. Three to four chalky white eggs is the usual clutch. The eggs become dirty with age.[23] Eggs hatch in about 30–33 days. The young stay in or near the nest from three to five months.[25][27] In captivity the young are able to breed after two years.[28] Like other pelicans, they cool themselves using gular fluttering and panting.[29]

The trematode parasite Renicola pelecani was described from the kidneys of a specimen of a Sri Lankan spot-billed pelican that died at the London zoo.[30][31]

In culture

This species was once used by fishermen in parts of eastern Bengal as decoys for certain fish. These fishermen believed that an oily secretion from the bird attracted certain fish such as Colisa and Anabas.[32]

The propensity of these birds to nest close to human habitations has been noted from the time of T C Jerdon:

I have visited on Pelicanry in the Carnatic, where the Pelicans have (for ages I was told) built their rude nests, on rather low trees in the midst of a village, and seemed to care little for the close and constant proximity of human beings.

— Jerdon, 1864[32]

Several colonies have since been discovered and while many of these have vanished others have been protected and a few villages with nesting colonies have become popular tourist attractions. Well known villages with colonies include Kokrebellur, Koothankulam and Uppalapadu.[16][33]

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2017). "Pelecanus philippensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22697604A117970266. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22697604A117970266.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 571.
  3. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 6. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 527–530, Plate. The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
  4. ^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 191.
  5. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Ibis, spoonbills, herons, Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  6. ^ Elliott, A., D. A. Christie, F. Jutglar, and E. de Juana (2020). Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
  7. ^ a b c d Rasmussen, PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 49.
  8. ^ a b McGregor, R C (1909). A manual of Philippine birds. Part 1. Bureau of Printing, Manila. pp. 208–210.
  9. ^ Rhenius, C.E. (1907). "Pelicans breeding in India". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 17 (3): 806–807.
  10. ^ Webb-Peploe, CG (1945). "Notes on a few birds from the South of the Tinnevelly District". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 45 (3): 425–426.
  11. ^ Hume, AO (1890). The nests and eggs of Indian birds. Volume 3. R H Porter. p. 297.
  12. ^ a b c d Gee, EP (1960). "The breeding of the Grey or Spottedbilled Pelican Pelecanus philippensis (Gmelin)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 57 (2): 245–251.
  13. ^ Campbell, W.H. (1902). "Nesting of the Grey Pelican Pelecanus philippensis in the Cuddapah District, Madras Presidency". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 14 (2): 401.
  14. ^ Neelakantan, KK (1949). "A South Indian pelicanry". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 48 (4): 656–666.
  15. ^ Guttikar, S. N. (1978). "Lost pelicanry". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 75: 482–484.
  16. ^ a b Kannan V & R Manakadan (2005). "The status and distribution of Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis in southern India" (PDF). Forktail. 21: 9–14.
  17. ^ Nagulu, V & Ramana Rao, JV (1983). "Survey of south Indian pelicanries". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 80 (1): 141–143.
  18. ^ Stidham, Thomas A.; Gang, Song (2020). "The Biology and Past Distribution of the Near-Threatened Spot-Billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) Based on Verified Historical Specimens in China". Waterbirds. 42 (4): 446. doi:10.1675/063.042.0410. ISSN 1524-4695.
  19. ^ Crivelli, A; Schreiber, R (1984). "Status of the Pelecanidae". Biological Conservation. 30 (2): 147. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(84)90063-6.
  20. ^ Van Weerd, Merlijn & J van der Ploeg (2004). "Surveys of wetlands and waterbirds in Cagayan valley, Luzon, Philippines" (PDF). Forktail. 20: 33–39.
  21. ^ Gokula, V (2011). "Status and distribution of population and potential breeding and foraging sites of spot-billed pelican in Tamil Nadu, India". J. Sci. Trans. Environ. Technov. 5 (2): 59–69.
  22. ^ Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular handbook of Indian birds. Edition 4. Gurney and Jackson. pp. 489–491.
  23. ^ a b Ali, Salim (1996). The Book of Indian Birds. Edition 12. BNHS & Oxford University Press. p. 66.
  24. ^ Gokula, V. (2011). "Nocturnal foraging by Spot-billed Pelican in Tamil Nadu, India" (PDF). Marine Ornithology. 39: 267–268.
  25. ^ a b Gokula, V (2011). "Breeding biology of the Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) in Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, India". Chinese Birds. 2 (2): 101–108. doi:10.5122/cbirds.2011.0013.
  26. ^ Gokula V (2011). "An ethogram of Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis)". Chinese Birds. 2 (4): 183–192. doi:10.5122/cbirds.2011.0030.
  27. ^ Ali, S & Ripley, S D (1978). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 29–30.
  28. ^ Das, RK (1991). "Assam: the main breeding ground of Spotbilled Pelican". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 31 (11&12): 12–13.
  29. ^ Bartholomew, GA; Robert C. Lasiewski & Eugene C. Crawford Jr. (1968). "Patterns of Panting and Gular Flutter in Cormorants, Pelicans, Owls, and Doves". The Condor. 70 (1): 31–34. doi:10.2307/1366506. JSTOR 1366506.
  30. ^ Stunkard, Horace W. (1964). "Studies on the Trematode Genus Renicola: Observations on the Life-History, Specificity, and Systematic Position". Biological Bulletin. 126 (3): 467–489. doi:10.2307/1539314. JSTOR 1539314.
  31. ^ Wright, C. A. (1954). "Trematodes of the genus Renicola from birds in British zoos, with descriptions of two new species". Journal of Zoology. 124: 51–61. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1954.tb01477.x.
  32. ^ a b Jerdon, TC (1864). The Birds of India. Volume 3. George Wyman & Co. pp. 858–860.
  33. ^ Neginhal, S. G. (1977). "Discovery of a pelicanry in Karnataka". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 74: 169–170.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pelecanus philippensis.
  • Photos and videos
  • A pelican regurgitating

January 28, 2023
spot, billed, pelican, spot, billed, pelican, pelecanus, philippensis, gray, pelican, member, pelican, family, breeds, southern, asia, from, southern, iran, across, india, east, indonesia, bird, large, inland, coastal, waters, especially, large, lakes, distanc. The spot billed pelican Pelecanus philippensis or gray pelican is a member of the pelican family It breeds in southern Asia from southern Iran across India east to Indonesia It is a bird of large inland and coastal waters especially large lakes At a distance they are difficult to differentiate from other pelicans in the region although it is smaller but at close range the spots on the upper mandible the lack of bright colours and the greyer plumage are distinctive In some areas these birds nest in large colonies close to human habitations Spot billed pelicanConservation statusNear Threatened IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PelecaniformesFamily PelecanidaeGenus PelecanusSpecies P philippensisBinomial namePelecanus philippensisGmelin 1789 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behaviour and ecology 5 In culture 6 References 7 External linksTaxonomy EditThe spot billed pelican was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus s Systema Naturae He placed it with the other pelicans in the genus Pelecanus and coined the binomial name Pelecanus philippensis 2 Gmelin based his description on Le pelican des Philippines that had been described and illustrated in 1760 by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson Brisson s specimen had been collected on the island of Luzon in the Philippines 3 4 The species is monotypic no subspecies are recognised 5 Description Edit Breeding plumage Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary India The spot billed pelican is a rather large water bird often the largest or one of the largest native birds in the southern stretches of its range albeit it is fairly small for a pelican It is 125 152 cm 49 60 in long and a weight of 4 1 6 kg 9 0 13 2 lb The wingspan can vary from 213 to 250 cm 7 ft 0 in to 8 ft 2 in while the typically large beak measured from 285 to 355 mm 11 2 to 14 0 in 6 It is mainly white with a grey crest hindneck and a brownish tail The feathers on the hind neck are curly and form a greyish nape crest The pouch is pink to purplish and has large pale spots and is also spotted on the sides of the upper mandible The tip of the bill or nail is yellow to orange In breeding plumage the skin at the base of the beak is dark and the orbital patch is pink In flight they look not unlike the Dalmatian pelican but the tertials and inner secondaries are darker and a pale band runs along the greater coverts The tail is rounder 7 The newly hatched young are covered in white down They then moult into a greyish speckled plumage The spots on the bill appear only after a year The full adult breeding plumage appears in their third year 8 Distribution and habitat Edit Flocks fly in formation The species is found to breed only in peninsular India Sri Lanka and in Cambodia A few birds from India are known to winter in the Gangetic plains but reports of its presence in many other parts of the region such as the Maldives Pakistan and Bangladesh has been questioned 7 The main habitat is in shallow lowland freshwaters The spot billed pelican is not migratory but are known to make local movements and are more widely distributed in the non breeding season Nesting along with painted storks This species is a colonial breeder often breeding in the company of other waterbirds The nests are on low trees near wetlands and sometimes near human habitations Many large breeding colonies have been recorded and several have disappeared over time In June 1906 C E Rhenius visited a colony in Kundakulam in Tirunelveli district where the villages considered the birds semi sacred 9 The same colony was revisited in 1944 and was found to have about 10 nests of pelicans and nearly 200 nests of painted stork 10 The Sittang River in Burma was said by E W Oates to have millions of pelicans in 1877 and in 1929 E C Stuart Baker reported that they were still nesting in thousands along with greater adjutant storks The whole forest consisted of very large trees but a portion about one in twenty was made up of wood oil trees gigantic fellows 150 feet high and more and with a smooth branchless trunk of 80 to 100 feet These are the trees selected by the pelicans I was out that day till 3 p m continually moving and must have walked at least twenty miles in various directions but never from first to last was I out of sight of either a Pelican s or Adjutant s nest From what I saw and from what the Burmans told me I compute the breeding place of these birds to extend over an area about twenty miles long and five broad Oates 1877 quoted in Hume 1890 11 This colony was however reported by B E Smythies to have disappeared between the 1930s and the 1940s 12 Another colony was discovered in 1902 at a village called Buchupalle in the Cudappah district where these pelicans nested along with painted storks during the month of March 13 This colony was never traced again 12 The Kolleru Lake colony was discovered by K K Neelakantan in 1946 Nearly 3000 pelicans nested in this colony at the time of discovery 12 14 This colony however disappeared around 1975 15 16 17 Due to habitat loss and human disturbance the spot billed pelican s numbers have declined and many populations in Southeast Asia including parts of China 18 are now extinct 19 The specific name refers to the Philippines where the species was abundant in the early 1900s 8 but declined and become locally extinct in the 1960s 20 The populations in southern India are thought to be on the rise 21 Estimates suggest that increased protection has since enabled a recovery in their numbers and the status of the species was changed from vulnerable to near threatened in the 2007 IUCN Red List 1 Behaviour and ecology Edit In flight at Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu India Nesting on an artificial platform at Uppalapadu Andhra Pradesh They are very silent although at their nests they can make hisses grunts or snap their bills 7 Some early descriptions of nesting colonies have claimed them to be distinctive in their silence but most have noted colonies as noisy 12 22 Like most other pelicans it catches fish in its huge bill pouch while swimming at the surface Unlike the great white pelican it does not form large feeding flocks and is usually found to fish singly or in small flocks Groups may however sometimes line up and drive fish towards the shallows When flying to their roosts or feeding areas small groups fly in formation with steady flapping During the hot part of the day they often soar on thermals 23 They may forage at night to some extent 24 The birds nest in colonies and the nest is a thick platform of twigs placed on a low tree The breeding season varies from October to May 7 In Tamil Nadu the breeding season follows the onset of the northeast monsoon The courtship display of the males involves a distention of the pouch with swinging motions of the head up and down followed by sideways swings followed by the head being held back over the back Bill claps may also be produced during the head swaying movements 25 26 The nests are usually built alongside other colonial waterbirds particularly painted storks Three to four chalky white eggs is the usual clutch The eggs become dirty with age 23 Eggs hatch in about 30 33 days The young stay in or near the nest from three to five months 25 27 In captivity the young are able to breed after two years 28 Like other pelicans they cool themselves using gular fluttering and panting 29 The trematode parasite Renicola pelecani was described from the kidneys of a specimen of a Sri Lankan spot billed pelican that died at the London zoo 30 31 In culture EditThis species was once used by fishermen in parts of eastern Bengal as decoys for certain fish These fishermen believed that an oily secretion from the bird attracted certain fish such as Colisa and Anabas 32 The propensity of these birds to nest close to human habitations has been noted from the time of T C Jerdon I have visited on Pelicanry in the Carnatic where the Pelicans have for ages I was told built their rude nests on rather low trees in the midst of a village and seemed to care little for the close and constant proximity of human beings Jerdon 1864 32 Several colonies have since been discovered and while many of these have vanished others have been protected and a few villages with nesting colonies have become popular tourist attractions Well known villages with colonies include Kokrebellur Koothankulam and Uppalapadu 16 33 References Edit a b BirdLife International 2017 Pelecanus philippensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T22697604A117970266 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2017 3 RLTS T22697604A117970266 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 Gmelin Johann Friedrich 1789 Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis in Latin Vol 1 Part 2 13th ed Lipsiae Leipzig Georg Emanuel Beer p 571 Brisson Mathurin Jacques 1760 Ornithologie ou Methode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres Sections Genres Especes amp leurs Varietes in French and Latin Vol 6 Paris Jean Baptiste Bauche pp 527 530 Plate The two stars at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen Mayr Ernst Cottrell G William eds 1979 Check List of Birds of the World Vol 1 2nd ed Cambridge Massachusetts Museum of Comparative Zoology p 191 Gill Frank Donsker David Rasmussen Pamela eds August 2022 Ibis spoonbills herons Hamerkop Shoebill pelicans IOC World Bird List Version 12 2 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 2 December 2022 Elliott A D A Christie F Jutglar and E de Juana 2020 Spot billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis version 1 0 In Birds of the World J del Hoyo A Elliott J Sargatal D A Christie and E de Juana Editors Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca NY USA a b c d Rasmussen PC amp JC Anderton 2005 Birds of South Asia The Ripley Guide Volume 2 Smithsonian Institution amp Lynx Edicions p 49 a b McGregor R C 1909 A manual of Philippine birds Part 1 Bureau of Printing Manila pp 208 210 Rhenius C E 1907 Pelicans breeding in India J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 17 3 806 807 Webb Peploe CG 1945 Notes on a few birds from the South of the Tinnevelly District J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 45 3 425 426 Hume AO 1890 The nests and eggs of Indian birds Volume 3 R H Porter p 297 a b c d Gee EP 1960 The breeding of the Grey or Spottedbilled Pelican Pelecanus philippensis Gmelin J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 57 2 245 251 Campbell W H 1902 Nesting of the Grey Pelican Pelecanus philippensis in the Cuddapah District Madras Presidency J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 14 2 401 Neelakantan KK 1949 A South Indian pelicanry J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 48 4 656 666 Guttikar S N 1978 Lost pelicanry J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 75 482 484 a b Kannan V amp R Manakadan 2005 The status and distribution of Spot billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis in southern India PDF Forktail 21 9 14 Nagulu V amp Ramana Rao JV 1983 Survey of south Indian pelicanries J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 80 1 141 143 Stidham Thomas A Gang Song 2020 The Biology and Past Distribution of the Near Threatened Spot Billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis Based on Verified Historical Specimens in China Waterbirds 42 4 446 doi 10 1675 063 042 0410 ISSN 1524 4695 Crivelli A Schreiber R 1984 Status of the Pelecanidae Biological Conservation 30 2 147 doi 10 1016 0006 3207 84 90063 6 Van Weerd Merlijn amp J van der Ploeg 2004 Surveys of wetlands and waterbirds in Cagayan valley Luzon Philippines PDF Forktail 20 33 39 Gokula V 2011 Status and distribution of population and potential breeding and foraging sites of spot billed pelican in Tamil Nadu India J Sci Trans Environ Technov 5 2 59 69 Whistler Hugh 1949 Popular handbook of Indian birds Edition 4 Gurney and Jackson pp 489 491 a b Ali Salim 1996 The Book of Indian Birds Edition 12 BNHS amp Oxford University Press p 66 Gokula V 2011 Nocturnal foraging by Spot billed Pelican in Tamil Nadu India PDF Marine Ornithology 39 267 268 a b Gokula V 2011 Breeding biology of the Spot billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis in Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu India Chinese Birds 2 2 101 108 doi 10 5122 cbirds 2011 0013 Gokula V 2011 An ethogram of Spot billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis Chinese Birds 2 4 183 192 doi 10 5122 cbirds 2011 0030 Ali S amp Ripley S D 1978 Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan Vol 2 2nd ed Oxford University Press pp 29 30 Das RK 1991 Assam the main breeding ground of Spotbilled Pelican Newsletter for Birdwatchers 31 11 amp 12 12 13 Bartholomew GA Robert C Lasiewski amp Eugene C Crawford Jr 1968 Patterns of Panting and Gular Flutter in Cormorants Pelicans Owls and Doves The Condor 70 1 31 34 doi 10 2307 1366506 JSTOR 1366506 Stunkard Horace W 1964 Studies on the Trematode Genus Renicola Observations on the Life History Specificity and Systematic Position Biological Bulletin 126 3 467 489 doi 10 2307 1539314 JSTOR 1539314 Wright C A 1954 Trematodes of the genus Renicola from birds in British zoos with descriptions of two new species Journal of Zoology 124 51 61 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 1954 tb01477 x a b Jerdon TC 1864 The Birds of India Volume 3 George Wyman amp Co pp 858 860 Neginhal S G 1977 Discovery of a pelicanry in Karnataka J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 74 169 170 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pelecanus philippensis Photos and videos A pelican regurgitating Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Spot billed pelican amp oldid 1129840695, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.