fbpx
Wikipedia

Banded penguin

January 01, 1970

The banded penguins are penguins that belong to the genus Spheniscus. There are four living species, all with similar banded plumage patterns. They are sometimes also known as "jack-ass penguins" due to their loud locator calls sounding similar to a donkey braying.[2] Common traits include a band of black that runs around their bodies bordering their black dorsal coloring, black beaks with a small vertical white band, distinct spots on their bellies, and a small patch of unfeathered or thinly feathered skin around their eyes and underdeveloped fluff sack that can be either white or pink. All members of this genus lay eggs and raise their young in nests situated in burrows or natural depressions in the earth.[3][4]

Banded penguin
Temporal range: Middle Miocene-Recent 13–0 Ma
Spheniscus demersus, the African penguin
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Sphenisciformes
Family: Spheniscidae
Genus: Spheniscus
Brisson, 1760
Type species
Diomedea demersa[1]
Linnaeus, 1758
Species
  • S. demersus (Linnaeus 1758)
  • S. humboldti Meyen 1834
  • S. magallanicus (Forster 1781)
  • S. mendiculus Sundevall 1871
  • †S. anglicus Benson, 2015
  • †S. chilensis Emslie & Correa 2003
  • †S. megaramphus Stucchi et al. 2003
  • †S. muizoni Göhlich 2007
  • †S. urbinai Stucchi 2002

Systematics edit

Banded penguins belong to the genus Spheniscus, which was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) as the type species.[5][6] The genus name Spheniscus is derived from the Ancient Greek word σφήν (sphẽn) meaning "wedge" and is a reference to the animal's thin, wedge-shaped flippers.[7][8]

Species edit

Extant edit

The four extant species of banded penguins (Spheniscus) are:

Genus Spheniscus – Brisson, 1760 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Magellanic penguin

 

Spheniscus magellanicus
(Forster, 1781) 		Brazil, coastal Argentina, Chile and the Falkland Islands
  		Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Humboldt penguin

 

Spheniscus humboldti
Meyen, 1834 		coastal Chile and Peru
  		Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 VU 


Galapagos penguin

 

Spheniscus mendiculus
Sundevall, 1871 		Galápagos Islands.
  		Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 EN 


African penguin, black-footed or jackass penguin

 

Spheniscus demersus
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		24 islands and 3 mainland locations between Namibia and Algoa Bay, near Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
  		Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 EN 



Extinct edit

 
All currently recognized Spheniscus species, extant and extinct.

Several extinct species are known from fossils:

The former Spheniscus predemersus is now placed in a monotypic genus Inguza.

Range edit

 
African penguin skeleton (Museum of Osteology)

Scientists believe that the genus Spheniscus originated in South America, even though the oldest fossils assigned to the taxon are from Antarctica. The oldest Spheniscus fossils are also the oldest penguin fossils from Antarctica.[14] African, Humboldt, and Magellanic penguins all live in temperate climates. The African penguin lives in South Africa, the Humboldt penguin lives in coastal Peru and Chile while the Magellanic penguin lives in coastal Chile, Argentina, and the Falkland Islands. Humboldt and Magellanic penguins are partially sympatric, since their ranges overlap in southern Chile.[15][16] The Galápagos penguin is endemic to the Galápagos Islands, making it the most northerly of all penguin species.[17]

Vocalizations edit

Banded penguins use vocalizations for localization, socialization and to allow recognition for conspecifics or mates.[18] Vocalizations in birds are produced by vibrations of the syrinx, located at the bottom of the trachea.[18][4] These penguins are sometimes referred to as "jack-ass" penguins, since their vocalizations tend to sound similar to a donkey braying.[2] Vocalizations in adult penguins can be classified into 4 distinct categories based on its acoustic properties and the behavioural context in which a vocalization is produced.[18] The 4 categories of vocalizations include contact calls, agonistic calls, ecstatic display songs or mutual display songs.[18]

Contact calls edit

Contact calls are vocalizations used primarily to maintain unity within a social group, to identify ones self and to maintain contact with a mate.[18] Vocal individuality has evolved in banded penguins due to their large social group sizes.[19] Contact calls are frequently used by banded penguins to form large flocks when foraging at sea.[18] It is easy to become separated while diving for food, therefore these penguins use contact calls to stay in contact with each other when they are out of sight.[18] A contact call can relay an excess of information about an individual penguin, including the penguins sex, age, social status within a group and emotional state.[20]

Agonistic calls edit

Agonistic calls are vocalizations used when a banded penguin is demonstrating agonistic behaviour, which is characterized by aggressive interactions or fighting.[4] Typically, banded penguins vocalize agonistic calls when defending a territory, such as their nest, against conspecifics.[18] For nesting penguin species, such as banded penguins, the mating pair and their offspring are the only individuals allowed on their nest.[21] Thus, any conspecific from the large colony that intrudes this territory will be a threat and an agonistic call will be produced.[21]

Display songs edit

 
A pair of Magellanic penguins, with one performing a display song

There are two types of display songs vocalized by banded penguins; ecstatic display songs and mutual display songs.[18] Ecstatic display songs are the loudest and most complex vocalization performed by banded penguins.[4] They are composed of a sequence of distinct acoustic syllables that combine to form a complete phrase and are often displayed during their breeding season.[4] Despite the close relatedness of banded penguin species, the ecstatic display calls of African, Humboldt and Magellanic penguins are distinctly recognizable, even to human listeners.[18] Typically, females respond more strongly to ecstatic display calls from their mates than from other conspecifics.[4] Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that ecstatic display songs may convey vocal individuality through the type of syllables the song produces.[4] This vocal individuality can convey information such as body size and weight, since heavier penguins typically emit longer and lower-pitched vocalizations.[19] Mutual display songs are similar to ecstatic display songs in that they are also complex sequences of acoustic syllables. However, mutual display songs are performed by mates at their nesting site.[4]

Source-filter theory edit

The source-filter theory is a framework used for studying the communication of mammalian animals through vocalizations.[4] According to this theory, acoustic calls are produced by a source and then must be filtered to remove certain frequencies or leave others unchanged, which produces vocal individuality.[4] In mammals, the source is the vibrations in the larynx and the filter is the super laryngeal vocal tract.[4] However, birds use a different source and filter to produce vocalizations. They use a structure called the syrinx as their source of vibrations and their trachea acts as the filter.[4] The source-filter theory has become increasingly popular to study birds, such as various species of banded penguins. This theory can be used to investigate how acoustic variation and individuality within a set of closely related species is attributed to distinct morphological differences in their vocal organs.[4] The equivalence of the source-filter theory in humans is the source-filter model of speech production.

References edit

  1. ^ "Spheniscidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  2. ^ a b Favaro L; Ozella L; Pessani D (20 July 2014). "The Vocal Repertoire of the African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus): Structure and Function of Calls". PLoS ONE. 9 (7): e103460. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j3460F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103460. PMC 4116197. PMID 25076136.
  3. ^ Ellis, Richard (2004). No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-06-055804-8.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Favaro, Livio; Gamba, Marco; Gili, Claudia; Pessani, Daniela (2017-02-15). "Acoustic correlates of body size and individual identity in banded penguins". PLoS ONE. 12 (2): e0170001. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1270001F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170001. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5310857. PMID 28199318.
  5. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1, p. 42, Vol. 6, p. 96.
  6. ^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 133.
  7. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm Publishers. pp. 361. ISBN 978-1408125014.
  8. ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). "σφήν". A Greek–English Lexicon (Ninth ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  9. ^ Benson, Richard. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  10. ^ Emslie, Steven. "A new species of penguin (Spheniscidae: Spheniscus) and other birds for the late Pliocene of Chile". Biodiversity Heritage Library. pp. 308–313. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  11. ^ Stucchi, Marcelo (2003). "Una nueva especie de spheniscidae del Mioceno Tardío de la Formación Pisco, Perú". Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines. 32 (2): 361–375. doi:10.4000/bifea.6488.
  12. ^ a b Stucchi, 2007, p.370
  13. ^ Göhlich, 2007, p.287
  14. ^ Jadwiszczak, Piotr; Krajewski, Krzysztof P.; Pushina, Zinaida; Tatur, Andrzej; Zieliński, Grzegorz (2013-06-01). "The first record of fossil penguins from East Antarctica". Antarctic Science. 25 (3): 397–408. Bibcode:2013AntSc..25..397J. doi:10.1017/S0954102012000909. ISSN 0954-1020. S2CID 129305050.
  15. ^ Hiriart-Bertrand, Luciano; Simeone, Alejandro; Reyes-Arriagada, Ronnie; Riquelme, Victoria; Pütz, Klemens; Lüthi, Benno (January 2010). "Description of a mixed-species colony of Humboldt (Spheniscus humboldti) and Magallanic Penguins (S. magellanicus) at Metalqui Island, Chiloé, southern Chile". Boletín Chileno de Ornitologia. 16 (1): 42–47.
  16. ^ Pütz, Klemens; Raya Rey, Andrea; Hiriart-Bertrand, Luciano; Simeone, Alejandro; Reyes-Arriagada, Ronnie; Lüthi, Benno (July 2016). "Post-moult movements of sympatrically breeding Humboldt and Magellanic Penguins in south-central Chile". Global Ecology and Conservation. 7: 49–58. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2016.05.001. hdl:11336/94639.
  17. ^ Carlson, Annica Lila; Townsdin, Jens Steven (2012). "Galapagos Penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus)". Neotropical Birds. 1.0. doi:10.2173/nb.galpen1.01. S2CID 134029564.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Favaro, Livio; Gili, Claudia; Rugna, Cristiano Da; Gnone, Guido; Fissore, Chiara; Sanchez, Daniel; McElligott, Alan G.; Gamba, Marco; Pessani, Daniela (2016). "Vocal individuality and species divergence in the contact calls of banded penguins". Behavioural Processes. 128: 83–88. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2016.04.010. hdl:2318/1560483. PMID 27102762. S2CID 28312703.
  19. ^ a b Favaro, Livio; Gamba, Marco; Alfieri, Chiara; Pessani, Daniela; McElligott, Alan G. (2015-11-25). "Vocal individuality cues in the African penguin (Spheniscus demersus): a source-filter theory approach". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 17255. Bibcode:2015NatSR...517255F. doi:10.1038/srep17255. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4658557. PMID 26602001.
  20. ^ Briefer, E.F.; Te amanti, F.; McElligo, A.G. (2015). "Emotions in goats: mapping physiological, behavioural and vocal profiles". Animal Behaviour. 99: 131–143. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.11.002. S2CID 26341646.
  21. ^ a b Jouventin, Pierre; Aubin, Thierry (2002). "Acoustic systems are adapted to breeding ecologies: individual recognition in nesting penguins". Animal Behaviour. 64 (5): 747–757. doi:10.1006/anbe.2002.4002. S2CID 16079829.

Bibliography edit

  • Göhlich, Ursula B (2007). "The oldest fossil record of the extant penguin genus Spheniscus — a new species from the Miocene of Peru" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 52 (2): 285–298. Retrieved 2019-03-13.
  • Stucchi, M (2007). "Los pingüinos de la Formación Pisco (Neógeno), Perú" (PDF). In E. Díaz-Martínez; Isabel Rábano (eds.). 4th European Meeting on the Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of Latin America, Cuadernos del Museo Geominero. Madrid: Instituto Geológico y Minero de España. pp. 367–373. Retrieved 2019-03-13 – via Monografias.

External links edit

  • www.pinguins.info: information about all species of penguins

January 01, 1970
banded, penguin, banded, penguins, penguins, that, belong, genus, spheniscus, there, four, living, species, with, similar, banded, plumage, patterns, they, sometimes, also, known, jack, penguins, their, loud, locator, calls, sounding, similar, donkey, braying,. The banded penguins are penguins that belong to the genus Spheniscus There are four living species all with similar banded plumage patterns They are sometimes also known as jack ass penguins due to their loud locator calls sounding similar to a donkey braying 2 Common traits include a band of black that runs around their bodies bordering their black dorsal coloring black beaks with a small vertical white band distinct spots on their bellies and a small patch of unfeathered or thinly feathered skin around their eyes and underdeveloped fluff sack that can be either white or pink All members of this genus lay eggs and raise their young in nests situated in burrows or natural depressions in the earth 3 4 Banded penguinTemporal range Middle Miocene Recent 13 0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Spheniscus demersus the African penguin Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Sphenisciformes Family Spheniscidae Genus SpheniscusBrisson 1760 Type species Diomedea demersa 1 Linnaeus 1758 Species S demersus Linnaeus 1758 S humboldti Meyen 1834 S magallanicus Forster 1781 S mendiculus Sundevall 1871 S anglicus Benson 2015 S chilensis Emslie amp Correa 2003 S megaramphus Stucchi et al 2003 S muizoni Gohlich 2007 S urbinai Stucchi 2002 Contents 1 Systematics 2 Species 2 1 Extant 2 2 Extinct 3 Range 4 Vocalizations 4 1 Contact calls 4 2 Agonistic calls 4 3 Display songs 5 Source filter theory 6 References 6 1 Bibliography 7 External linksSystematics editBanded penguins belong to the genus Spheniscus which was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the African penguin Spheniscus demersus as the type species 5 6 The genus name Spheniscus is derived from the Ancient Greek word sfhn sphẽn meaning wedge and is a reference to the animal s thin wedge shaped flippers 7 8 Species editExtant edit The four extant species of banded penguins Spheniscus are Genus Spheniscus Brisson 1760 four species Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population Magellanic penguin nbsp Spheniscus magellanicus Forster 1781 Brazil coastal Argentina Chile and the Falkland Islands nbsp Size Habitat Diet LC Humboldt penguin nbsp Spheniscus humboldti Meyen 1834 coastal Chile and Peru nbsp Size Habitat Diet VU Galapagos penguin nbsp Spheniscus mendiculus Sundevall 1871 Galapagos Islands nbsp Size Habitat Diet EN African penguin black footed or jackass penguin nbsp Spheniscus demersus Linnaeus 1758 24 islands and 3 mainland locations between Namibia and Algoa Bay near Port Elizabeth South Africa nbsp Size Habitat Diet EN Extinct edit nbsp All currently recognized Spheniscus species extant and extinct Several extinct species are known from fossils Spheniscus anglicus Late Miocene of Chile 9 Spheniscus chilensis Late Miocene Early Pliocene of Chile 10 Spheniscus megaramphus Late Miocene Early Pliocene of Peru and Chile 11 12 Spheniscus muizoni Middle Late Miocene of Cerro La Bruja Peru 13 Spheniscus urbinai Late Miocene Early Pliocene of Peru and Chile 12 The former Spheniscus predemersus is now placed in a monotypic genus Inguza Range edit nbsp African penguin skeleton Museum of Osteology Scientists believe that the genus Spheniscus originated in South America even though the oldest fossils assigned to the taxon are from Antarctica The oldest Spheniscus fossils are also the oldest penguin fossils from Antarctica 14 African Humboldt and Magellanic penguins all live in temperate climates The African penguin lives in South Africa the Humboldt penguin lives in coastal Peru and Chile while the Magellanic penguin lives in coastal Chile Argentina and the Falkland Islands Humboldt and Magellanic penguins are partially sympatric since their ranges overlap in southern Chile 15 16 The Galapagos penguin is endemic to the Galapagos Islands making it the most northerly of all penguin species 17 Vocalizations editBanded penguins use vocalizations for localization socialization and to allow recognition for conspecifics or mates 18 Vocalizations in birds are produced by vibrations of the syrinx located at the bottom of the trachea 18 4 These penguins are sometimes referred to as jack ass penguins since their vocalizations tend to sound similar to a donkey braying 2 Vocalizations in adult penguins can be classified into 4 distinct categories based on its acoustic properties and the behavioural context in which a vocalization is produced 18 The 4 categories of vocalizations include contact calls agonistic calls ecstatic display songs or mutual display songs 18 Contact calls edit Contact calls are vocalizations used primarily to maintain unity within a social group to identify ones self and to maintain contact with a mate 18 Vocal individuality has evolved in banded penguins due to their large social group sizes 19 Contact calls are frequently used by banded penguins to form large flocks when foraging at sea 18 It is easy to become separated while diving for food therefore these penguins use contact calls to stay in contact with each other when they are out of sight 18 A contact call can relay an excess of information about an individual penguin including the penguins sex age social status within a group and emotional state 20 Agonistic calls edit Agonistic calls are vocalizations used when a banded penguin is demonstrating agonistic behaviour which is characterized by aggressive interactions or fighting 4 Typically banded penguins vocalize agonistic calls when defending a territory such as their nest against conspecifics 18 For nesting penguin species such as banded penguins the mating pair and their offspring are the only individuals allowed on their nest 21 Thus any conspecific from the large colony that intrudes this territory will be a threat and an agonistic call will be produced 21 Display songs edit nbsp A pair of Magellanic penguins with one performing a display song There are two types of display songs vocalized by banded penguins ecstatic display songs and mutual display songs 18 Ecstatic display songs are the loudest and most complex vocalization performed by banded penguins 4 They are composed of a sequence of distinct acoustic syllables that combine to form a complete phrase and are often displayed during their breeding season 4 Despite the close relatedness of banded penguin species the ecstatic display calls of African Humboldt and Magellanic penguins are distinctly recognizable even to human listeners 18 Typically females respond more strongly to ecstatic display calls from their mates than from other conspecifics 4 Furthermore there is evidence to suggest that ecstatic display songs may convey vocal individuality through the type of syllables the song produces 4 This vocal individuality can convey information such as body size and weight since heavier penguins typically emit longer and lower pitched vocalizations 19 Mutual display songs are similar to ecstatic display songs in that they are also complex sequences of acoustic syllables However mutual display songs are performed by mates at their nesting site 4 Source filter theory editThe source filter theory is a framework used for studying the communication of mammalian animals through vocalizations 4 According to this theory acoustic calls are produced by a source and then must be filtered to remove certain frequencies or leave others unchanged which produces vocal individuality 4 In mammals the source is the vibrations in the larynx and the filter is the super laryngeal vocal tract 4 However birds use a different source and filter to produce vocalizations They use a structure called the syrinx as their source of vibrations and their trachea acts as the filter 4 The source filter theory has become increasingly popular to study birds such as various species of banded penguins This theory can be used to investigate how acoustic variation and individuality within a set of closely related species is attributed to distinct morphological differences in their vocal organs 4 The equivalence of the source filter theory in humans is the source filter model of speech production References edit Spheniscidae aviansystematics org The Trust for Avian Systematics Retrieved 2023 07 27 a b Favaro L Ozella L Pessani D 20 July 2014 The Vocal Repertoire of the African Penguin Spheniscus demersus Structure and Function of Calls PLoS ONE 9 7 e103460 Bibcode 2014PLoSO 9j3460F doi 10 1371 journal pone 0103460 PMC 4116197 PMID 25076136 Ellis Richard 2004 No Turning Back The Life and Death of Animal Species New York Harper Perennial p 69 ISBN 978 0 06 055804 8 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Favaro Livio Gamba Marco Gili Claudia Pessani Daniela 2017 02 15 Acoustic correlates of body size and individual identity in banded penguins PLoS ONE 12 2 e0170001 Bibcode 2017PLoSO 1270001F doi 10 1371 journal pone 0170001 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 5310857 PMID 28199318 Brisson Mathurin Jacques 1760 Ornithologie ou Methode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres sections genres especes amp leurs varietes in French and Latin Vol 1 Paris Jean Baptiste Bauche Vol 1 p 42 Vol 6 p 96 Mayr Ernst Cottrell G William eds 1979 Check list of Birds of the World Vol 1 2nd ed Cambridge Massachusetts Museum of Comparative Zoology p 133 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm Publishers pp 361 ISBN 978 1408125014 Liddell Henry George Scott Robert 1940 sfhn A Greek English Lexicon Ninth ed Oxford Clarendon Press Benson Richard A new species of penguin from the late Miocene of Chile with comments on the stratigraphic range of Palaeospheniscus PDF Archived from the original PDF on 24 June 2021 Retrieved 1 December 2020 Emslie Steven A new species of penguin Spheniscidae Spheniscus and other birds for the late Pliocene of Chile Biodiversity Heritage Library pp 308 313 Retrieved 1 December 2020 Stucchi Marcelo 2003 Una nueva especie de spheniscidae del Mioceno Tardio de la Formacion Pisco Peru Bulletin de l Institut Francais d Etudes Andines 32 2 361 375 doi 10 4000 bifea 6488 a b Stucchi 2007 p 370 Gohlich 2007 p 287 Jadwiszczak Piotr Krajewski Krzysztof P Pushina Zinaida Tatur Andrzej Zielinski Grzegorz 2013 06 01 The first record of fossil penguins from East Antarctica Antarctic Science 25 3 397 408 Bibcode 2013AntSc 25 397J doi 10 1017 S0954102012000909 ISSN 0954 1020 S2CID 129305050 Hiriart Bertrand Luciano Simeone Alejandro Reyes Arriagada Ronnie Riquelme Victoria Putz Klemens Luthi Benno January 2010 Description of a mixed species colony of Humboldt Spheniscus humboldti and Magallanic Penguins S magellanicus at Metalqui Island Chiloe southern Chile Boletin Chileno de Ornitologia 16 1 42 47 Putz Klemens Raya Rey Andrea Hiriart Bertrand Luciano Simeone Alejandro Reyes Arriagada Ronnie Luthi Benno July 2016 Post moult movements of sympatrically breeding Humboldt and Magellanic Penguins in south central Chile Global Ecology and Conservation 7 49 58 doi 10 1016 j gecco 2016 05 001 hdl 11336 94639 Carlson Annica Lila Townsdin Jens Steven 2012 Galapagos Penguin Spheniscus mendiculus Neotropical Birds 1 0 doi 10 2173 nb galpen1 01 S2CID 134029564 a b c d e f g h i j Favaro Livio Gili Claudia Rugna Cristiano Da Gnone Guido Fissore Chiara Sanchez Daniel McElligott Alan G Gamba Marco Pessani Daniela 2016 Vocal individuality and species divergence in the contact calls of banded penguins Behavioural Processes 128 83 88 doi 10 1016 j beproc 2016 04 010 hdl 2318 1560483 PMID 27102762 S2CID 28312703 a b Favaro Livio Gamba Marco Alfieri Chiara Pessani Daniela McElligott Alan G 2015 11 25 Vocal individuality cues in the African penguin Spheniscus demersus a source filter theory approach Scientific Reports 5 1 17255 Bibcode 2015NatSR 517255F doi 10 1038 srep17255 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 4658557 PMID 26602001 Briefer E F Te amanti F McElligo A G 2015 Emotions in goats mapping physiological behavioural and vocal profiles Animal Behaviour 99 131 143 doi 10 1016 j anbehav 2014 11 002 S2CID 26341646 a b Jouventin Pierre Aubin Thierry 2002 Acoustic systems are adapted to breeding ecologies individual recognition in nesting penguins Animal Behaviour 64 5 747 757 doi 10 1006 anbe 2002 4002 S2CID 16079829 Bibliography edit Gohlich Ursula B 2007 The oldest fossil record of the extant penguin genus Spheniscus a new species from the Miocene of Peru PDF Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52 2 285 298 Retrieved 2019 03 13 Stucchi M 2007 Los pinguinos de la Formacion Pisco Neogeno Peru PDF In E Diaz Martinez Isabel Rabano eds 4th European Meeting on the Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of Latin America Cuadernos del Museo Geominero Madrid Instituto Geologico y Minero de Espana pp 367 373 Retrieved 2019 03 13 via Monografias External links editwww pinguins info information about all species of penguins Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Banded penguin amp oldid 1209712580, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.