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1903 Spanish general election

The 1903 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 26 April (for the Congress of Deputies) and on Sunday, 10 May 1903 (for the Senate), to elect the 11th Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain in the Restoration period. All 403 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate.

1903 Spanish general election

← 1901 26 April 1903 (Congress)
10 May 1903 (Senate)
1905 →

All 403 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 180 (of 360) seats in the Senate
202 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Francisco Silvela Eugenio Montero Ríos Nicolás Salmerón
Party Conservative Liberal Republican
Leader since 1899 1902 1903
Leader's seat Piedrahita Senator (for life) Barcelona
Last election 91 (C· 41 (S)[b] 252 (C· 117 (S)[c] 15 (C· 3 (S)[a]
Seats won 228 (C· 101 (S) 95 (C· 50 (S) 28 (C· 1 (S)
Seat change 137 (C· 60 (S) 157 (C· 67 (S) 13 (C· 2 (S)

  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader José Canalejas None[d] José María Vallés
Party Democratic Tetuanist Federal
Leader since 1902 1901
Leader's seat Alcoy La Bisbal
Last election Did not contest 10 (C· 7 (S) 2 (C· 0 (S)
Seats won 9 (C· 4 (S) 6 (C· 6 (S) 8 (C· 1 (S)
Seat change 9 (C· 4 (S) 4 (C· 1 (S) 6 (C· 1 (S)

Prime Minister before election

Francisco Silvela
Conservative

Prime Minister after election

Francisco Silvela
Conservative

Liberal prime minister Práxedes Mateo Sagasta's last period in power was dominated by the rise of Catalan regionalism and a string of worker strikes, as well as a number of issues—such as the religious and the educational questions—in which the government's results were mixed. A deteriorating health condition forced Sagasta's resignation on 6 December 1902, with power being handed over to Francisco Silvela and his Conservative Party; Sagasta would end up dying one month later, on 5 January. As a result, 1903 was the first election in the Restoration period not to be contested either by Sagasta or by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, both of whom had been the regime's pillars by ensuring its duration and stability for decades. It was also the first election with Alfonso XIII as King regnant, following his coming of age and the end of his mother's regency.

Overview edit

Electoral system edit

The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameral system. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence.[1][2] Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, which comprised all national males over 25 years of age, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights.[3][4]

For the Congress of Deputies, 95 seats were elected using a partial block voting system in 27 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 308 being elected under a one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected. In constituencies electing eight seats or more, electors could vote for no more than three candidates less than the number of seats to be allocated; in those with more than four seats and up to eight, for no more than two less; in those with more than one seat and up to four, for no more than one less; and for one candidate in single-member districts. The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats. Additionally, literary universities, economic societies of Friends of the Country and officially organized chambers of commerce, industry and agriculture were entitled to one seat per each 5,000 registered voters that they comprised. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.[1][5][6][7]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:[6][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected by the local councils and major taxpayers, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each local council—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system. The provinces of Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia were allocated four seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 150. The remaining 30 were allocated to special districts comprising a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the royal academies of History, Fine Arts of San Fernando, Exact and Natural Sciences, Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine; the universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the economic societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, León, Seville and Valencia. An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain of the first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; and the presidents of the Council of State, the Supreme Court, the Court of Auditors, the Supreme War Council and the Supreme Council of the Navy, after two years of service—as well as senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).[1][15][16]

Election date edit

The term of each chamber of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The previous Congress and Senate elections were held on 19 May and 2 June 1901, which meant that the legislature's terms would have expired on 19 May and 2 June 1906, respectively. The monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.[1][6][15] There was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate, nor for the elective part of the Senate to be renewed in its entirety except in the case that a full dissolution was agreed by the monarch. Still, there was only one case of a separate election (for the Senate in 1877) and no half-Senate elections taking place under the 1876 Constitution.

The Cortes were officially dissolved on 26 March 1903, with the dissolution decree setting the election dates for 26 April (for the Congress) and 10 May 1903 (for the Senate) and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 18 May.[17]

Background edit

The Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy, awarding the monarch power to name senators and to revoke laws, as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the army. The monarch would also play a key role in the system of el turno pacífico (English: the Peaceful Turn) by appointing and dismissing governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this system, the major political parties of the time, the conservatives and the liberals—characterized as elite parties with loose structures and dominated by internal factions led by powerful individuals—alternated in power by means of election rigging, which they achieved through the encasillado, using the links between the Ministry of Governance, the provincial civil governors and the local bosses (caciques) to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing.[18][19]

The last period in power of Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (1901–1902) saw the coming of age of King Alfonso XIII in May 1902, but also the continuation of the social and regionalist conflicts that had afflicted previous governments. A general strike in Barcelona in February 1902 was violently suppressed, while the government proved unable to address the improvement of labour conditions demanded by the working classes.[20] Sagasta's cabinet also proved unable to resolve the religious question—regarding a disproportionate growth in the establishment of religious congregations, considered contrary to law—nor to tackle Catalan regionalism through decentralizing formulas, but was able to approve a major reform of the education system underwent by public instruction minister Álvaro de Figueroa (comprising a new study plan in secondary education, the reestablishment of academic freedom, the attribution to the State of the payment of primary school teachers and an expansion of compulsory schooling).[21]

Sagasta tendered his resignation as prime minister two times throughout 1902—first to Queen Regent Maria Christina in March, then to newly-crowned King Alfonso XIII in November—but they were both rejected. However, growing criticism from the opposition, waning support within his party and a deteriorating health condition forced his final resignation on 6 December 1902 and the entrustment of government to Francisco Silvela of the Conservative Party. Sagasta would die of bronchopneumonia one month after leaving power, on 5 January 1903, at age 77.[21][22][23]

Results edit

Congress of Deputies edit

Summary of the 26 April 1903 Congress of Deputies election results
 
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes %
Liberal Conservative Party (PLC) 228
Liberal Party (PL) 95
Republican Union Party (PUR) 28
Monarchist Democratic Party (PDM) 9
Federal Republican Party (PRF) 8
Liberal Reformist Party (PLR) 7
Traditionalist Communion (Carlist) (CT) 7
Tetuanist Conservatives (T) 6
Regionalist League (LR) 4
Integrist Party (PI) 3
Independents (INDEP) 8
Total 403
Votes cast / turnout
Abstentions
Registered voters
Sources[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]
Seats
PLC
56.58%
PL
23.57%
PUR
6.95%
PDM
2.23%
PRF
1.99%
CT
1.74%
PLR
1.74%
T
1.49%
LR
0.99%
PI
0.74%
INDEP
1.99%

Senate edit

Summary of the 10 May 1903 Senate of Spain election results
 
Parties and alliances Seats
Liberal Conservative Party (PLC) 101
Liberal Party (PL) 50
Tetuanist Conservatives (T) 6
Monarchist Democratic Party (PDM) 4
Regionalist League (LR) 2
Republican Union Party (PUR) 1
Traditionalist Communion (Carlist) (CT) 1
Federal Republicans Party (PRF) 1
Liberal Reformist Party (PLR) 1
Independents (INDEP) 4
Archbishops (ARCH) 9
Total elective seats 180
Sources[32][33][34][35][36][37]
Seats
PLC
56.11%
PL
27.78%
T
3.33%
PDM
2.22%
LR
1.11%
PUR
0.56%
PRF
0.56%
CT
0.56%
PLR
0.56%
INDEP
2.22%
ARCH
5.00%

Distribution by group edit

Summary of political group distribution in the 11th Restoration Cortes (1903–1905)
Group Parties and alliances C S Total
PLC Liberal Conservative Party (PLC) 227 99 329
Basque Dynastics (Urquijist) (DV) 1 2
PL Liberal Party (PL) 93 49 145
Liberal Coalition (CL) 2 1
PUR Republican Union Party (PUR) 28 1 29
PDM Monarchist Democratic Party (PDM) 9 4 13
T Tetuanist Conservatives (T) 6 6 12
PRF Federal Republican Party (PRF) 8 1 9
CT Traditionalist Communion (Carlist) (CT) 7 1 8
PLR Liberal Reformist Party (PLR) 7 1 8
LR Regionalist League (LR) 4 2 6
PI Integrist Party (PI) 3 0 3
INDEP Independents (INDEP) 6 4 12
Independent Catholics (CAT) 2 0
ARCH Archbishops (ARCH) 0 9 9
Total 403 180 583

Notes edit

  1. ^ Results for PRN (12 deputies and 2 senators), RI (2 deputies and 0 senators) and PRC (1 deputy and 1 senator) in the 1901 election.
  2. ^ Results for PLC (76 deputies and 38 senators) and G (15 deputies and 3 senators) in the 1901 election.
  3. ^ Results for PL (246 deputies and 116 senators) and UN (6 deputies and 1 senator) in the 1901 election.
  4. ^ Its leader, Carlos O'Donnell, had died on 9 February 1903.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d "Constitución de la Monarquía Española". Constitution of 30 June 1876 (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  2. ^ "El Senado en la historia constitucional española". Senate of Spain (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  3. ^ García Muñoz 2002, pp. 106–107.
  4. ^ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.
  5. ^ "Ley electoral de los Diputados a Cortes". Law of 28 December 1878 (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  6. ^ a b c "Ley electoral para Diputados a Cortes". Law of 26 June 1890 (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  7. ^ "Ley mandando que los distritos para las elecciones de Diputados á Córtes sean los que se expresan en la división adjunta". Law of 1 January 1871 (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  8. ^ "Ley dividiendo la provincia de Guipúzcoa en distritos para la elección de Diputados a Cortes". Law of 23 June 1885 (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  9. ^ "Ley dividiendo el distrito electoral de Tarrasa en dos, que se denominarán de Tarrasa y de Sabadell". Law of 18 January 1887 (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  10. ^ "Ley fijando la división de la provincia de Alava en distritos electorales para Diputados á Cortes". Law of 10 July 1888 (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  11. ^ "Leyes aprobando la división electoral de las provincias de León y Vizcaya". Law of 2 August 1895 (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  12. ^ "Leyes aprobando la división electoral en las provincias de Sevilla y de Barcelona". Law of 5 July 1898 (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  13. ^ "Ley mandando que en lo sucesivo sean cuatro los Diputados á Cortes que elegirá la circunscripción electoral de Cartagena". Law of 7 August 1899 (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  14. ^ "Ley estableciendo una circunscripción para elegir tres Diputados á cortes, que la constituirán los cuatro partidos judiciales de Ayamonte, Hueva, Moguer y la Palma, con todas las poblaciones que de ellos forman parte". Law of 24 March 1902 (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  15. ^ a b "Ley electoral de Senadores". Law of 8 February 1877 (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  16. ^ "Real decreto disponiendo el número de Senadores que han de elegir las provincias que se citan" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (76): 1021. 16 March 1899.
  17. ^ "Real decreto declarando disueltos al Congreso de los Diputados y parte electiva del Senado, y disponiendo que las Cortes se reúnan en Madrid el 18 de Mayo próximo" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (86): 1313. 27 March 1903.
  18. ^ Martorell Linares 1997, pp. 139–143.
  19. ^ Martínez Relanzón 2017, pp. 147–148.
  20. ^ Pons, Marc (17 February 2017). "Huelga general, por la jornada de 9 horas". El Nacional (in Spanish). Tarragona. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  21. ^ a b De la Santa Cinta, Joaquín (13 September 2017). "Presidentes del Consejo de Ministros durante la Regencia de María Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena: Francisco Silvela Le Vielleuze, Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero y Práxedes Mateo Sagasta". El Correo de Pozuelo (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 May 2023.
  22. ^ "Práxedes Mateo-Sagasta Escolar" (in Spanish). Royal Academy of History. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
  23. ^ "Práxedes Mateo Sagasta y Escolar" (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  24. ^ Armengol i Segú & Varela Ortega 2001, pp. 655–776.
  25. ^ "Elecciones". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Siglo Futuro. 27 April 1903. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  26. ^ "Las elecciones". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Época. 27 April 1903. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  27. ^ "Elecciones en provincias". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Liberal. 27 April 1903. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  28. ^ "El resultado de las elecciones". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El País. 28 April 1903. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  29. ^ "Las elecciones". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Globo. 28 April 1903. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  30. ^ "El futuro Congreso". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Época. 28 April 1903. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  31. ^ "Abril de 1903. Día 26. Elección general. Diputados proclamados". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Año Político. 1 January 1904. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  32. ^ "Las elecciones de senadores en provincias". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Época. 10 May 1903. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  33. ^ "Las elecciones de senadores". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Imparcial. 11 May 1903. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  34. ^ "Elecciones de senadores". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Liberal. 11 May 1903. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  35. ^ "Senadores electos". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Globo. 11 May 1903. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  36. ^ "Las elecciones de senadores". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Siglo Futuro. 11 May 1903. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  37. ^ "Mayo de 1903. Día 10. Elección de Senadores". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Año Político. 1 January 1904. Retrieved 30 October 2022.

Bibliography edit

  • Fernández Almagro, Melchor (1943). "Las Cortes del siglo XIX y la práctica electoral". Revista de Estudios Políticos (in Spanish) (9–10): 383–419. ISSN 0048-7694. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  • Martorell Linares, Miguel Ángel (1997). "La crisis parlamentaria de 1913-1917. La quiebra del sistema de relaciones parlamentarias de la Restauración". Revista de Estudios Políticos (in Spanish). Madrid: Centro de Estudios Constitucionales (96): 137–161.
  • Martínez Ruiz, Enrique; Maqueda Abreu, Consuelo; De Diego, Emilio (1999). Atlas histórico de España (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Bilbao: Ediciones KAL. pp. 109–120. ISBN 9788470903502.
  • Armengol i Segú, Josep; Varela Ortega, José (2001). El poder de la influencia: geografía del caciquismo en España (1875-1923) (in Spanish). Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia. pp. 655–776. ISBN 9788425911521.
  • García Muñoz, Montserrat (2002). "La documentación electoral y el fichero histórico de diputados". Revista General de Información y Documentación (in Spanish). 12 (1): 93–137. ISSN 1132-1873. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  • Carreras de Odriozola, Albert; Tafunell Sambola, Xavier (2005) [1989]. (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. 1 (II ed.). Bilbao: Fundación BBVA. pp. 1072–1097. ISBN 84-96515-00-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.
  • Martínez Relanzón, Alejandro (2017). "Political Modernization in Spain Between 1876 and 1923". Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio K. Madrid: Maria Curie-Skłodowska University. 24 (1): 145–154. doi:10.17951/k.2017.24.1.145. S2CID 159328027.

1903, spanish, general, election, held, sunday, april, congress, deputies, sunday, 1903, senate, elect, 11th, cortes, kingdom, spain, restoration, period, seats, congress, deputies, were, election, well, seats, senate, 1901, april, 1903, congress, 1903, senate. The 1903 Spanish general election was held on Sunday 26 April for the Congress of Deputies and on Sunday 10 May 1903 for the Senate to elect the 11th Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain in the Restoration period All 403 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate 1903 Spanish general election 1901 26 April 1903 Congress 10 May 1903 Senate 1905 All 403 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 180 of 360 seats in the Senate202 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies First party Second party Third party Leader Francisco Silvela Eugenio Montero Rios Nicolas SalmeronParty Conservative Liberal RepublicanLeader since 1899 1902 1903Leader s seat Piedrahita Senator for life BarcelonaLast election 91 C 41 S b 252 C 117 S c 15 C 3 S a Seats won 228 C 101 S 95 C 50 S 28 C 1 S Seat change 137 C 60 S 157 C 67 S 13 C 2 S Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party Leader Jose Canalejas None d Jose Maria VallesParty Democratic Tetuanist FederalLeader since 1902 1901Leader s seat Alcoy La BisbalLast election Did not contest 10 C 7 S 2 C 0 S Seats won 9 C 4 S 6 C 6 S 8 C 1 S Seat change 9 C 4 S 4 C 1 S 6 C 1 S Prime Minister before electionFrancisco SilvelaConservative Prime Minister after election Francisco SilvelaConservativeLiberal prime minister Praxedes Mateo Sagasta s last period in power was dominated by the rise of Catalan regionalism and a string of worker strikes as well as a number of issues such as the religious and the educational questions in which the government s results were mixed A deteriorating health condition forced Sagasta s resignation on 6 December 1902 with power being handed over to Francisco Silvela and his Conservative Party Sagasta would end up dying one month later on 5 January As a result 1903 was the first election in the Restoration period not to be contested either by Sagasta or by Antonio Canovas del Castillo both of whom had been the regime s pillars by ensuring its duration and stability for decades It was also the first election with Alfonso XIII as King regnant following his coming of age and the end of his mother s regency Contents 1 Overview 1 1 Electoral system 1 2 Election date 2 Background 3 Results 3 1 Congress of Deputies 3 2 Senate 3 3 Distribution by group 4 Notes 5 References 6 BibliographyOverview editElectoral system edit The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as co legislative bodies based on a nearly perfect bicameral system Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative control and budgetary functions sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit where the Congress had preeminence 1 2 Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage which comprised all national males over 25 years of age having at least a two year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights 3 4 For the Congress of Deputies 95 seats were elected using a partial block voting system in 27 multi member constituencies with the remaining 308 being elected under a one round first past the post system in single member districts Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected In constituencies electing eight seats or more electors could vote for no more than three candidates less than the number of seats to be allocated in those with more than four seats and up to eight for no more than two less in those with more than one seat and up to four for no more than one less and for one candidate in single member districts The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50 000 inhabitants with each multi member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats Additionally literary universities economic societies of Friends of the Country and officially organized chambers of commerce industry and agriculture were entitled to one seat per each 5 000 registered voters that they comprised The law also provided for by elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature 1 5 6 7 As a result of the aforementioned allocation each Congress multi member constituency was entitled the following seats 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Seats Constituencies8 Madrid7 Barcelona5 Palma Seville4 Cartagena3 Alicante Almeria Badajoz Burgos Cadiz Cordoba Granada Huelva 2 Jaen Jerez de la Frontera La Coruna Lugo Malaga Murcia Oviedo Pamplona Santa Cruz de Tenerife Santander Tarragona Valencia Valladolid ZaragozaFor the Senate 180 seats were indirectly elected by the local councils and major taxpayers with electors voting for delegates instead of senators Elected delegates equivalent in number to one sixth of the councillors in each local council would then vote for senators using a write in two round majority voting system The provinces of Barcelona Madrid and Valencia were allocated four seats each whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats for a total of 150 The remaining 30 were allocated to special districts comprising a number of institutions electing one seat each the archdioceses of Burgos Granada Santiago de Compostela Seville Tarragona Toledo Valencia Valladolid and Zaragoza the Royal Spanish Academy the royal academies of History Fine Arts of San Fernando Exact and Natural Sciences Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine the universities of Madrid Barcelona Granada Oviedo Salamanca Santiago Seville Valencia Valladolid and Zaragoza and the economic societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid Barcelona Leon Seville and Valencia An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right the Monarch s offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age Grandees of Spain of the first class Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops and the presidents of the Council of State the Supreme Court the Court of Auditors the Supreme War Council and the Supreme Council of the Navy after two years of service as well as senators for life who were appointed by the Monarch 1 15 16 Election date edit The term of each chamber of the Cortes the Congress and one half of the elective part of the Senate expired five years from the date of their previous election unless they were dissolved earlier The previous Congress and Senate elections were held on 19 May and 2 June 1901 which meant that the legislature s terms would have expired on 19 May and 2 June 1906 respectively The monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time either jointly or separately and call a snap election 1 6 15 There was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate nor for the elective part of the Senate to be renewed in its entirety except in the case that a full dissolution was agreed by the monarch Still there was only one case of a separate election for the Senate in 1877 and no half Senate elections taking place under the 1876 Constitution The Cortes were officially dissolved on 26 March 1903 with the dissolution decree setting the election dates for 26 April for the Congress and 10 May 1903 for the Senate and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 18 May 17 Background editThe Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy awarding the monarch power to name senators and to revoke laws as well as the title of commander in chief of the army The monarch would also play a key role in the system of el turno pacifico English the Peaceful Turn by appointing and dismissing governments and allowing the opposition to take power Under this system the major political parties of the time the conservatives and the liberals characterized as elite parties with loose structures and dominated by internal factions led by powerful individuals alternated in power by means of election rigging which they achieved through the encasillado using the links between the Ministry of Governance the provincial civil governors and the local bosses caciques to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing 18 19 The last period in power of Praxedes Mateo Sagasta 1901 1902 saw the coming of age of King Alfonso XIII in May 1902 but also the continuation of the social and regionalist conflicts that had afflicted previous governments A general strike in Barcelona in February 1902 was violently suppressed while the government proved unable to address the improvement of labour conditions demanded by the working classes 20 Sagasta s cabinet also proved unable to resolve the religious question regarding a disproportionate growth in the establishment of religious congregations considered contrary to law nor to tackle Catalan regionalism through decentralizing formulas but was able to approve a major reform of the education system underwent by public instruction minister Alvaro de Figueroa comprising a new study plan in secondary education the reestablishment of academic freedom the attribution to the State of the payment of primary school teachers and an expansion of compulsory schooling 21 Sagasta tendered his resignation as prime minister two times throughout 1902 first to Queen Regent Maria Christina in March then to newly crowned King Alfonso XIII in November but they were both rejected However growing criticism from the opposition waning support within his party and a deteriorating health condition forced his final resignation on 6 December 1902 and the entrustment of government to Francisco Silvela of the Conservative Party Sagasta would die of bronchopneumonia one month after leaving power on 5 January 1903 at age 77 21 22 23 Results editCongress of Deputies edit Summary of the 26 April 1903 Congress of Deputies election results nbsp Parties and alliances Popular vote SeatsVotes Liberal Conservative Party PLC 228Liberal Party PL 95Republican Union Party PUR 28Monarchist Democratic Party PDM 9Federal Republican Party PRF 8Liberal Reformist Party PLR 7Traditionalist Communion Carlist CT 7Tetuanist Conservatives T 6Regionalist League LR 4Integrist Party PI 3Independents INDEP 8Total 403Votes cast turnoutAbstentionsRegistered votersSources 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 SeatsPLC 56 58 PL 23 57 PUR 6 95 PDM 2 23 PRF 1 99 CT 1 74 PLR 1 74 T 1 49 LR 0 99 PI 0 74 INDEP 1 99 Senate edit Summary of the 10 May 1903 Senate of Spain election results nbsp Parties and alliances SeatsLiberal Conservative Party PLC 101Liberal Party PL 50Tetuanist Conservatives T 6Monarchist Democratic Party PDM 4Regionalist League LR 2Republican Union Party PUR 1Traditionalist Communion Carlist CT 1Federal Republicans Party PRF 1Liberal Reformist Party PLR 1Independents INDEP 4Archbishops ARCH 9Total elective seats 180Sources 32 33 34 35 36 37 SeatsPLC 56 11 PL 27 78 T 3 33 PDM 2 22 LR 1 11 PUR 0 56 PRF 0 56 CT 0 56 PLR 0 56 INDEP 2 22 ARCH 5 00 Distribution by group edit Summary of political group distribution in the 11th Restoration Cortes 1903 1905 Group Parties and alliances C S TotalPLC Liberal Conservative Party PLC 227 99 329Basque Dynastics Urquijist DV 1 2PL Liberal Party PL 93 49 145Liberal Coalition CL 2 1PUR Republican Union Party PUR 28 1 29PDM Monarchist Democratic Party PDM 9 4 13T Tetuanist Conservatives T 6 6 12PRF Federal Republican Party PRF 8 1 9CT Traditionalist Communion Carlist CT 7 1 8PLR Liberal Reformist Party PLR 7 1 8LR Regionalist League LR 4 2 6PI Integrist Party PI 3 0 3INDEP Independents INDEP 6 4 12Independent Catholics CAT 2 0ARCH Archbishops ARCH 0 9 9Total 403 180 583Notes edit Results for PRN 12 deputies and 2 senators RI 2 deputies and 0 senators and PRC 1 deputy and 1 senator in the 1901 election Results for PLC 76 deputies and 38 senators and G 15 deputies and 3 senators in the 1901 election Results for PL 246 deputies and 116 senators and UN 6 deputies and 1 senator in the 1901 election Its leader Carlos O Donnell had died on 9 February 1903 References edit a b c d Constitucion de la Monarquia Espanola Constitution of 30 June 1876 PDF in Spanish Retrieved 19 August 2022 El Senado en la historia constitucional espanola Senate of Spain in Spanish Retrieved 26 December 2016 Garcia Munoz 2002 pp 106 107 Carreras de Odriozola amp Tafunell Sambola 2005 p 1077 Ley electoral de los Diputados a Cortes Law of 28 December 1878 PDF in Spanish Retrieved 19 August 2022 a b c Ley electoral para Diputados a Cortes Law of 26 June 1890 PDF in Spanish Retrieved 19 August 2022 Ley mandando que los distritos para las elecciones de Diputados a Cortes sean los que se expresan en la division adjunta Law of 1 January 1871 PDF in Spanish Retrieved 21 August 2022 Ley dividiendo la provincia de Guipuzcoa en distritos para la eleccion de Diputados a Cortes Law of 23 June 1885 PDF in Spanish Retrieved 6 May 2023 Ley dividiendo el distrito electoral de Tarrasa en dos que se denominaran de Tarrasa y de Sabadell Law of 18 January 1887 PDF in Spanish Retrieved 6 May 2023 Ley fijando la division de la provincia de Alava en distritos electorales para Diputados a Cortes Law of 10 July 1888 PDF in Spanish Retrieved 6 May 2023 Leyes aprobando la division electoral de las provincias de Leon y Vizcaya Law of 2 August 1895 PDF in Spanish Retrieved 6 May 2023 Leyes aprobando la division electoral en las provincias de Sevilla y de Barcelona Law of 5 July 1898 PDF in Spanish Retrieved 22 September 2022 Ley mandando que en lo sucesivo sean cuatro los Diputados a Cortes que elegira la circunscripcion electoral de Cartagena Law of 7 August 1899 PDF in Spanish Retrieved 10 October 2022 Ley estableciendo una circunscripcion para elegir tres Diputados a cortes que la constituiran los cuatro partidos judiciales de Ayamonte Hueva Moguer y la Palma con todas las poblaciones que de ellos forman parte Law of 24 March 1902 PDF in Spanish Retrieved 30 October 2022 a b Ley electoral de Senadores Law of 8 February 1877 PDF in Spanish Retrieved 19 August 2022 Real decreto disponiendo el numero de Senadores que han de elegir las provincias que se citan PDF Gaceta de Madrid in Spanish Agencia Estatal Boletin Oficial del Estado 76 1021 16 March 1899 Real decreto declarando disueltos al Congreso de los Diputados y parte electiva del Senado y disponiendo que las Cortes se reunan en Madrid el 18 de Mayo proximo PDF Gaceta de Madrid in Spanish Agencia Estatal Boletin Oficial del Estado 86 1313 27 March 1903 Martorell Linares 1997 pp 139 143 Martinez Relanzon 2017 pp 147 148 Pons Marc 17 February 2017 Huelga general por la jornada de 9 horas El Nacional in Spanish Tarragona Retrieved 3 May 2023 a b De la Santa Cinta Joaquin 13 September 2017 Presidentes del Consejo de Ministros durante la Regencia de Maria Cristina de Habsburgo Lorena Francisco Silvela Le Vielleuze Marcelo Azcarraga Palmero y Praxedes Mateo Sagasta El Correo de Pozuelo in Spanish Retrieved 4 May 2023 Praxedes Mateo Sagasta Escolar in Spanish Royal Academy of History Retrieved 6 September 2022 Praxedes Mateo Sagasta y Escolar in Spanish Congress of Deputies Retrieved 3 May 2023 Armengol i Segu amp Varela Ortega 2001 pp 655 776 Elecciones National Library of Spain in Spanish El Siglo Futuro 27 April 1903 Retrieved 13 October 2022 Las elecciones National Library of Spain in Spanish La Epoca 27 April 1903 Retrieved 13 October 2022 Elecciones en provincias National Library of Spain in Spanish El Liberal 27 April 1903 Retrieved 13 October 2022 El resultado de las elecciones National Library of Spain in Spanish El Pais 28 April 1903 Retrieved 13 October 2022 Las elecciones National Library of Spain in Spanish El Globo 28 April 1903 Retrieved 13 October 2022 El futuro Congreso National Library of Spain in Spanish La Epoca 28 April 1903 Retrieved 13 October 2022 Abril de 1903 Dia 26 Eleccion general Diputados proclamados National Library of Spain in Spanish El Ano Politico 1 January 1904 Retrieved 13 October 2022 Las elecciones de senadores en provincias National Library of Spain in Spanish La Epoca 10 May 1903 Retrieved 31 October 2022 Las elecciones de senadores National Library of Spain in Spanish El Imparcial 11 May 1903 Retrieved 30 October 2022 Elecciones de senadores National Library of Spain in Spanish El Liberal 11 May 1903 Retrieved 30 October 2022 Senadores electos National Library of Spain in Spanish El Globo 11 May 1903 Retrieved 30 October 2022 Las elecciones de senadores National Library of Spain in Spanish El Siglo Futuro 11 May 1903 Retrieved 31 October 2022 Mayo de 1903 Dia 10 Eleccion de Senadores National Library of Spain in Spanish El Ano Politico 1 January 1904 Retrieved 30 October 2022 Bibliography editFernandez Almagro Melchor 1943 Las Cortes del siglo XIX y la practica electoral Revista de Estudios Politicos in Spanish 9 10 383 419 ISSN 0048 7694 Retrieved 16 December 2020 Martorell Linares Miguel Angel 1997 La crisis parlamentaria de 1913 1917 La quiebra del sistema de relaciones parlamentarias de la Restauracion Revista de Estudios Politicos in Spanish Madrid Centro de Estudios Constitucionales 96 137 161 Martinez Ruiz Enrique Maqueda Abreu Consuelo De Diego Emilio 1999 Atlas historico de Espana in Spanish Vol 2 Bilbao Ediciones KAL pp 109 120 ISBN 9788470903502 Armengol i Segu Josep Varela Ortega Jose 2001 El poder de la influencia geografia del caciquismo en Espana 1875 1923 in Spanish Madrid Marcial Pons Historia pp 655 776 ISBN 9788425911521 Garcia Munoz Montserrat 2002 La documentacion electoral y el fichero historico de diputados Revista General de Informacion y Documentacion in Spanish 12 1 93 137 ISSN 1132 1873 Retrieved 13 September 2020 Carreras de Odriozola Albert Tafunell Sambola Xavier 2005 1989 Estadisticas historicas de Espana siglos XIX XX PDF in Spanish Vol 1 II ed Bilbao Fundacion BBVA pp 1072 1097 ISBN 84 96515 00 1 Archived from the original PDF on 24 September 2015 Martinez Relanzon Alejandro 2017 Political Modernization in Spain Between 1876 and 1923 Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie Sklodowska sectio K Madrid Maria Curie Sklodowska University 24 1 145 154 doi 10 17951 k 2017 24 1 145 S2CID 159328027 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1903 Spanish general election amp oldid 1186235991, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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