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South American land mammal age
The South American land mammal ages (SALMA) establish a geologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna beginning 64.5 Ma during the Paleocene and continuing through to the Late Pleistocene (0.011 Ma). These periods are referred to as ages, stages, or intervals and were established using geographic place names where fossil materials where obtained.[1]
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Locations of SALMA type localitiesPleistocene ages
Pliocene ages
Miocene ages
Oligocene ages
Eocene ages
Paleocene ages
The basic unit of measurement is the first/last boundary statement. This shows that the first appearance event of one taxon is known to predate the last appearance event of another. If two taxa are found in the same fossil quarry or at the same stratigraphic horizon, then their age-range zones overlap.
Background edit
South America was an island continent for much of the Cenozoic, or the "Age of Mammals". As a result, its mammals evolved in their own unique directions, as Australia and Madagascar still have today.
Paleogeographic timeline edit
A simplified paleogeographic timeline of South America:[2]
- 66 Ma – South America was connected to both North America and Antarctica. Soon after this point, it lost its connection to North America.
- 66–50 Ma – Tiupampan to Casamayoran - South America was connected to Antarctica which, in turn, was connected to Australia. The Antarctica–Australia connection was lost around the end of this interval or perhaps as much as 15 million years later.
- 50–34 Ma – Casamayoran to Tinguirirican - South America was connected to Antarctica, which was not yet covered by ice.
- 34 Ma – Tinguirirican - South America and Antarctica became detached and glaciations started to form in Antarctica.
- 34–9 Ma – Tinguirirican to Chasicoan - South America had no land connections to any other continent.
- 9–3 Ma – Huayquerian to Chapadmalalan - islands formed between South and North America. A complete Isthmus of Panama most likely formed near the end of this interval, leading to the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI).
- 3 Ma to present – Uquian to Holocene - the land connection between South and North America is established and migration between the formerly separated continents occurs. Significantly higher rates of extinction due to climatic changes occur in South America compared to North America, resulting in an asymmetrical exchange of species between the continents. North American originating taxa diversify significantly in South America during this period.[3] It was previously believed this asymmetry was due to the main migrational route being from north to south, rather than the opposite way.
- Pleistocene – the glacials and interglacials of the Pleistocene caused drastic eustatic sea level changes, widening and narrowing the land bridge at the 'bottleneck' of Panama. As a side-effect, the vegetation changed during this period of strong climatic changes.
- Late Pleistocene – the earliest humans arrived in South America and settled in various parts of the continent. Evidence for cohabitation with the latest Pleistocene megafauna has been found at multiple locations, such as Monte Verde in coastal Chile and Tibitó on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in Colombia.
Antarctica, Australia and South America were attached as one large isolated paleocontinent for about 15 million years
The Drake Passage, separating South America from Antarctica, was formed since the latest Eocene (~35 Ma)
The paleogeographical history of South America, with the separation from Africa and Antarctica
Definitions edit
Cenozoic fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South America edit
The following formations have provided vertebrate, insect or plant fossils, formations with other invertebrates are excluded:
Fossil content edit
| SALMA | Group | Fossils | Formation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lujanian | Mammals | Calomys callosus, Chaetophractus villosus, Ctenomys lujanensis, C. magellanicus, Dilobodon lujanensis, Doedicurus clavicaudatus, Dolichotis patagonum, Dusicyon avus, Eligmodontia typus, Equus (Amerhippus) cf. curvidens, Equus caballus, Eulamaops paralellus, Eutatus seguini, Galea musteloides, Glossotherium myloides, G. robustum, Glyptodon clavipes, G. perforatus, G. reticulatus, G. rudimentarius, Hemiauchenia paradoxa, Hippidion devillei, H. principale, Holochilus brasiliensis, Lagostomus maximus, Lama glama, L. gracilis, L. guanicoe, Lestodelphys halli, Lestodon armatus, L. gaudryi, L. trigonidens, Lontra longicaudis, Lycalopex gymnocercus, Lyncodon patagonicus, Macrauchenia patachonica, Megatherium americanum, Microcavia australis, M. robusta, Morenelaphus azpeitianus, M. lujanensis, Myocastor coypus, M. priscus, Neochoerus aesopi, Neochoerus sulcidens, Neuryurus rudis, Notiomastodon platensis, Pampatherium typum, Panochthus tuberculatus, Panthera onca, Panthera platensis, Pediolagus salinicola, Pseudalopex gymnocercus, Reithrodon auritus, R. cf. physodes, Scelidotherium leptocephalum, Smilodon populator, Stegomastodon superbus, Tayassu tajacu, Tolypeutes tricinctus matacus, Toxodon bilobidens, T. platensis, Arctotherium sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp. | Luján | |
| Holmesina rondoniensis | Rio Madeira | |||
| Birds | Cathartes fossilis, Lagopterus minutus, Nannopterum brasilianum, Sarcorhamphus fossilis | Luján | ||
| Insects | Cyclocephala signaticollis, Diloboderus abderus, Epipedonota cristallisata, Nyctelia picipes, Scotobius pilularius | Luján | ||
| Ensenadan | Mammals | Epieurycerus truncus, Tonnicinctus mirus | Ensenada | |
| Balaenoptera musculus, Eubalaena australis, Megaptera novaeangliae, Ziphiidae indet. | Graxaim | |||
| Homotherium venezuelensis, Smilodon gracilis, Tapirus sp. | Mesa | |||
| Eutatus sp., Mesotherium sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp., Palaeolama sp. | Miramar | |||
| Equus (Amerhippus) andium, Equus (Amerhippus) insulatus, Andinomys cf. edea, Arctodus tarijensis, A. wingei, Arctotherium tarijense, A. wingei, Calomys cf. lancha, Canis dirus, Canis proplatensis, Chaetophractus tarijensis, C. villosus, Charitoceros tarijensis, Chlamydotherium cf. sellowi, Chrysocyon brachyurus, Coendou magnus, Conepatus suffocans, Ctenomys brachyrhinus, C. subassentiens, Cuvieronius hyodon, C. tropicus, south, american, land, mammal, salma, establish, geologic, timescale, prehistoric, south, american, fauna, beginning, during, paleocene, continuing, through, late, pleistocene, these, periods, referred, ages, stages, intervals, were, established, using, geogra. The South American land mammal ages SALMA establish a geologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna beginning 64 5 Ma during the Paleocene and continuing through to the Late Pleistocene 0 011 Ma These periods are referred to as ages stages or intervals and were established using geographic place names where fossil materials where obtained 1 class notpageimage Locations of SALMA type localities Pleistocene ages Pliocene ages Miocene ages Oligocene ages Eocene ages Paleocene ages The basic unit of measurement is the first last boundary statement This shows that the first appearance event of one taxon is known to predate the last appearance event of another If two taxa are found in the same fossil quarry or at the same stratigraphic horizon then their age range zones overlap Contents 1 Background 1 1 Paleogeographic timeline 2 Definitions 3 Cenozoic fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South America 4 Fossil content 5 See also 6 Notes and references 6 1 Notes 6 2 References 6 3 Bibliography 6 3 1 SALMA 6 3 2 Pebas Wetlands 6 3 3 Argentina 6 3 4 Bolivia 6 3 5 Brazil 6 3 6 Chile 6 3 7 Colombia 6 3 8 Ecuador 6 3 9 Paraguay 6 3 10 Peru 6 3 11 Uruguay 6 3 12 Venezuela 7 Further readingBackground editSouth America was an island continent for much of the Cenozoic or the Age of Mammals As a result its mammals evolved in their own unique directions as Australia and Madagascar still have today Paleogeographic timeline edit A simplified paleogeographic timeline of South America 2 66 Ma South America was connected to both North America and Antarctica Soon after this point it lost its connection to North America 66 50 Ma Tiupampan to Casamayoran South America was connected to Antarctica which in turn was connected to Australia The Antarctica Australia connection was lost around the end of this interval or perhaps as much as 15 million years later 50 34 Ma Casamayoran to Tinguirirican South America was connected to Antarctica which was not yet covered by ice 34 Ma Tinguirirican South America and Antarctica became detached and glaciations started to form in Antarctica 34 9 Ma Tinguirirican to Chasicoan South America had no land connections to any other continent 9 3 Ma Huayquerian to Chapadmalalan islands formed between South and North America A complete Isthmus of Panama most likely formed near the end of this interval leading to the Great American Biotic Interchange GABI 3 Ma to present Uquian to Holocene the land connection between South and North America is established and migration between the formerly separated continents occurs Significantly higher rates of extinction due to climatic changes occur in South America compared to North America resulting in an asymmetrical exchange of species between the continents North American originating taxa diversify significantly in South America during this period 3 It was previously believed this asymmetry was due to the main migrational route being from north to south rather than the opposite way Pleistocene the glacials and interglacials of the Pleistocene caused drastic eustatic sea level changes widening and narrowing the land bridge at the bottleneck of Panama As a side effect the vegetation changed during this period of strong climatic changes Late Pleistocene the earliest humans arrived in South America and settled in various parts of the continent Evidence for cohabitation with the latest Pleistocene megafauna has been found at multiple locations such as Monte Verde in coastal Chile and Tibito on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in Colombia nbsp Since about 110 million years ago South America and Africa are detached nbsp Antarctica Australia and South America were attached as one large isolated paleocontinent for about 15 million years nbsp The Drake Passage separating South America from Antarctica was formed since the latest Eocene 35 Ma The paleogeographical history of South America with the separation from Africa and AntarcticaDefinitions editEpoch SALMA Top age Ma Base age Ma Etymology Country Location Holocene 0 0 011 Late Pleistocene Lujanian 0 011 0 8 Lujan Formation nbsp Argentina Buenos Aires Province Mid Pleistocene Ensenadan 0 8 1 2 La Ensenada Formation nbsp Argentina Buenos Aires Province Early Pleistocene Uquian 1 2 3 0 Uquia Formation nbsp Argentina Jujuy Province Late Pliocene Chapadmalalan 3 0 4 0 Chapadmalal Formation nbsp Argentina Buenos Aires Province Early Pliocene Montehermosan 4 0 6 8 Monte Hermoso Formation nbsp Argentina Buenos Aires Province Late Miocene Huayquerian 6 8 9 0 Huayquerias Formation nbsp Argentina Mendoza Province Chasicoan 9 0 10 0 Arroyo Chasico Formation nbsp Argentina Buenos Aires Province Mayoan 10 0 11 8 Rio Mayo Formation nbsp Argentina Chubut Province Mid Miocene Laventan 11 8 13 8 La Venta fauna nbsp Colombia Huila Department Colloncuran 13 8 15 5 Collon Cura Formation nbsp Argentina Neuquen Province Early Miocene Friasian 15 5 16 3 Rio Frias Formation nbsp Chile Aysen Region Santacrucian 16 3 17 5 Santa Cruz Formation nbsp Argentina Santa Cruz Province Colhuehuapian 17 5 21 0 Colhue Huapi Member nbsp Argentina Chubut Province Deseadan 21 0 29 0 Deseado Formation nbsp Argentina Santa Cruz Province Late Oligocene Early Oligocene Tinguirirican 29 0 36 0 Tinguiririca fauna nbsp Chile O Higgins Region Late Eocene Late Eocene Divisaderan 36 0 42 0 Divisadero Largo Formation nbsp Argentina Mendoza Province Middle Eocene Mustersan 42 0 48 0 Lake Musters nbsp Argentina Chubut Province Early Eocene Casamayoran 48 0 54 0 Casamayor Formation nbsp Argentina Santa Cruz Province Itaboraian 54 0 54 0 Itaborai Formation nbsp Brazil Rio de Janeiro State Riochican 54 0 57 0 Rio Chico Group nbsp Argentina Chubut Province Late Paleocene Mid Paleocene Peligran 59 0 62 5 Punta Peligro nbsp Argentina Chubut Province Early Paleocene Tiupampan 62 5 64 5 Tiupampa nbsp Bolivia Cochabamba DepartmentCenozoic fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South America editThe following formations have provided vertebrate insect or plant fossils formations with other invertebrates are excluded SALMA Formations Country Location Notes Lujanian Lujan Formation nbsp Argentina Salado Basin 4 5 Chaco Formation nbsp Argentina Chaco Basin 6 7 8 Chiu Chiu Formation nbsp Chile Calama Basin 9 Dolores Formation nbsp Uruguay Norte Basin 10 11 El Palmar Formation nbsp Argentina Parana Basin 12 Fortin Tres Pozos Formation nbsp Argentina Chaco Basin 13 14 15 Los Hoyos beds nbsp Colombia Upper Magdalena Valley 16 La Huaca Formation nbsp Peru Sechura Basin 17 La Invernada Formation nbsp Argentina Chaco Basin 18 Nuapua Formation nbsp Bolivia Chuquisaca Department 19 20 Pampa La Brea Formation nbsp Peru Talara Basin 21 Rotinet Formation nbsp Colombia Sinu San Jacinto Basin 22 Sabana Formation nbsp Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense 23 Saladillo Formation nbsp Argentina Pampean Region 24 Salto Ander Egg Formation nbsp Argentina Parana Basin 25 San Sebastian Formation nbsp Peru Eastern Peruvian Andes 26 Santa Clara Formation nbsp Argentina Buenos Aires Province 27 Santa Vitoria Formation nbsp Brazil Pelotas Basin 28 Soata Formation nbsp Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense 29 Sopas Formation nbsp Uruguay Norte Basin 30 Tarija Formation nbsp Bolivia Tarija Basin 31 Tezanos Pinto Formation nbsp Argentina Parana Basin 32 Touro Passo Formation nbsp Brazil Parana Basin 33 Ulloma Formation nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 34 Ensenadan La Ensenada Formation nbsp Argentina Salado Basin 35 36 Belgrano Formation nbsp Argentina Buenos Aires Province 37 Chiu Chiu Formation nbsp Chile Calama Basin 9 Graxaim Formation nbsp Brazil Pelotas Basin 38 Mesa Formation nbsp Venezuela Eastern Venezuela Basin 39 Miramar Formation nbsp Argentina Claromeco Basin 40 Sabana Formation nbsp Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense 23 Tarija Formation nbsp Bolivia Tarija Basin 31 Ulloma Formation nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 34 Umala Formation nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 41 Uquia Formation nbsp Argentina Eastern Argentinian Andes 42 Vorohue Formation nbsp Argentina Claromeco Basin 43 Yupoi Formation nbsp Argentina Parana Basin 44 45 Uquian Uquia Formation nbsp Argentina Eastern Argentinian Andes 42 Bahia Inglesa Formation nbsp Chile Caldera Basin 46 Charana Formation nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 41 Chiu Chiu Formation nbsp Chile Calama Basin 9 Hernandarias Formation nbsp Argentina Parana Basin 47 La Paz Formation nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 34 Sacaba Formation nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 48 San Andres Formation nbsp Argentina Claromeco Basin 40 San Gregorio Formation nbsp Venezuela Falcon Basin 49 Umala Formation nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 41 Vorohue Formation nbsp Argentina Claromeco Basin 43 Ware Formation nbsp Colombia Cocinetas Basin 50 Chapadmalalan Chapadmalal Formation nbsp Argentina Claromeco Basin 51 52 Puerto Alvear Formation nbsp Argentina Parana Basin 53 Andalhuala Formation nbsp Argentina Santa Maria Hualfin Basin 54 Bahia Inglesa Formation nbsp Chile Caldera Basin 46 Brochero Formation nbsp Argentina Sierras de Cordoba 55 Chiu Chiu Formation nbsp Chile Calama Basin 9 Coquimbo Formation nbsp Chile Tongoy Bay 56 Horcon Formation nbsp Chile Valparaiso Basin 57 La Paz Formation nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 34 La Portada Formation nbsp Chile Tiburon Basin 58 Pisco Formation nbsp Peru Pisco Basin 59 60 Rio Quinto Formation nbsp Argentina Pampa de Las Salinas Basin 61 San Gregorio Formation nbsp Venezuela Falcon Basin 49 San Jose Formation nbsp Argentina nbsp Uruguay Salado BasinSanta Lucia Basin 62 Toro Negro Formation nbsp Argentina Sierra de Los Colorados 63 Umala Formation nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 41 Ware Formation nbsp Colombia Cocinetas Basin 50 Montehermosan Monte Hermoso Formation nbsp Argentina Claromeco Basin 64 65 66 Aconquija Formation nbsp Argentina Sierra del Aconquija 67 68 Andalhuala Formation nbsp Argentina Santa Maria Hualfin Basin 54 Bahia Inglesa Formation nbsp Chile Caldera Basin 46 Caleta Herradura Formation nbsp Chile Tiburon Basin 69 Casira Formation nbsp Bolivia Potosi mountain range 70 Codore Formation nbsp Venezuela Falcon Basin 71 Coquimbo Formation nbsp Chile Tongoy Bay 56 Corral Quemado Formation nbsp Argentina Santa Maria Hualfin Basin 72 Ipururo Formation nbsp Peru Ucayali Basin 73 74 La Paz Formation nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 34 Letrero Formation nbsp Ecuador Nabon Basin 75 Navidad Formation nbsp Chile Chilean Coast Range 76 Onzole Formation nbsp Ecuador Borbon Basin 77 Palo Pintado Formation nbsp Argentina Salta Basin 78 Paraguana Formation nbsp Venezuela Falcon Basin 79 Pisco Formation nbsp Peru Pisco Basin 59 60 Puerta del Diablo Formation nbsp Argentina Valdes Basin 80 Raigon Formation nbsp Uruguay Norte Basin 81 Remedios Formation nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 41 Rio Negro Formation nbsp Argentina Colorado Basin 82 Rio Quinto Formation nbsp Argentina Pampa de Las Salinas Basin 61 San Jose Formation nbsp Argentina nbsp Uruguay Salado BasinSanta Lucia Basin 62 Solimoes Formation nbsp Brazil Solimoes Basin 83 Umala Formation nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 41 Huayquerian Huayquerias Formation nbsp Argentina Cuyo Basin 84 85 Andalhuala Formation nbsp Argentina Santa Maria Hualfin Basin 54 Bahia Inglesa Formation Cerro Ballena nbsp Chile Caldera Basin 46 Camacho Formation nbsp Uruguay Norte amp Santa Lucia Basins 86 Cerro Azul Formation nbsp Argentina Colorado Basin 82 87 88 Chiquimil Formation nbsp Argentina Santa Maria Hualfin Basin 54 89 Coquimbo Formation nbsp Chile Tongoy Bay 56 Las Flores Formation nbsp Argentina Sierra del Tontal 90 Entrerriana Formation nbsp Argentina Chaco Basin note 1 Epecuen Formation nbsp Argentina Claromeco Basin note 2 Ica Formation nbsp Brazil Madre de Deus Basin 91 Inapari Formation nbsp Peru Madre de Dios Basin 92 India Muerta Formation nbsp Argentina Sierras Pampeanas 93 Ituzaingo Formation nbsp Argentina Parana Basin 94 95 Kiyu Formation nbsp Uruguay Santa Lucia Basin 96 note 3 Madre de Dios Formation nbsp Peru Madre de Dios Basin 98 Maimara Formation nbsp Argentina Eastern Argentinian Andes 99 Mauri Formation nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 100 Miramar Formation nbsp Peru Sechura Basin 101 El Morterito Formation nbsp Argentina Cajon Valley 102 Muyu Huasi Formation nbsp Bolivia Muyu Huasi Basin 103 Navidad Formation nbsp Chile Chilean Coast Range 76 Palo Pintado Formation nbsp Argentina Salta Basin 78 Parana Formation nbsp Argentina Chaco Basin 95 104 105 Pebas Formation nbsp Brazil nbsp Colombia nbsp Ecuador nbsp Peru Amazon Basin 73 106 Piquete Formation nbsp Argentina Salta Basin 107 Pisco Formation nbsp Peru Pisco Basin 59 60 Quehua Formation nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 108 Raigon Formation nbsp Uruguay Norte Basin 81 Rosa Pata Formation nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 109 Saldungaray Formation nbsp Argentina Buenos Aires Province 88 Salicas Formation nbsp Argentina Sierra de Velasco 110 Solimoes Formation nbsp Brazil Solimoes Basin 83 Urumaco Formation nbsp Venezuela Falcon Basin 111 Chasicoan Arroyo Chasico Formation nbsp Argentina Colorado Basin 82 Bahia Inglesa Formation nbsp Chile Caldera Basin 46 Caujarao Formation nbsp Venezuela Falcon Basin 71 Cerro Azul Formation nbsp Argentina Colorado Basin 82 87 88 Coquimbo Formation nbsp Chile Tongoy Bay 56 Loma de Las Tapias Formation nbsp Argentina Tulum Valley 112 Madre de Dios Formation nbsp Peru Madre de Dios Basin 98 Mauri Formation nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 100 Navidad Formation nbsp Chile Chilean Coast Range 76 Palo Pintado Formation nbsp Argentina Angastaco Basin 78 Parana Formation nbsp Argentina Chaco Basin 95 104 Pebas Formation nbsp Brazil nbsp Colombia nbsp Ecuador nbsp Peru Amazon Basin 73 106 Pisco Formation nbsp Peru Pisco Basin 59 60 Puerto Madryn Formation nbsp Argentina Valdes Basin 113 Urumaco Formation Urumaco fauna nbsp Venezuela Falcon Basin 111 Mayoan Rio Mayo Formation nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 114 Coquimbo Formation nbsp Chile Tongoy Bay 56 Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation nbsp Argentina Colorado Basin 115 Huaylas Formation nbsp Chile Parinacota Province 116 Mauri Formation nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 100 Navidad Formation nbsp Chile Chilean Coast Range 76 Parana Formation nbsp Argentina Chaco Basin 95 104 Pebas Formation nbsp Brazil nbsp Colombia nbsp Ecuador nbsp Peru Amazon Basin 73 106 Pisco Formation nbsp Peru Pisco Basin 59 60 Puerto Madryn Formation nbsp Argentina Valdes Basin 113 Urumaco Formation nbsp Venezuela Falcon Basin 111 Yecua Formation nbsp Bolivia Parana Basin 117 Laventan Honda Group La Venta fauna nbsp Colombia Upper Magdalena Valley 118 Honda Group Quebrada Honda fauna nbsp Bolivia Quebrada Honda Basin 119 Aisol Formation nbsp Argentina San Rafael Block 120 Bahia Inglesa Formation nbsp Chile Caldera Basin 46 Capadare Formation nbsp Venezuela Falcon Basin 121 Choquecota Formation nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 100 Cura Mallin Group nbsp Chile Cura Mallin Basin 122 Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation nbsp Argentina Colorado Basin 115 Ipururo Formation nbsp Peru Ucayali Basin 73 74 Marino Formation nbsp Argentina Cuyo Basin 123 Mauri Formation nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 100 Parana Formation nbsp Argentina Chaco Basin 95 104 Pebas Formation nbsp Brazil nbsp Colombia nbsp Ecuador nbsp Peru Amazon Basin 73 106 Pisco Formation nbsp Peru Pisco Basin 59 60 Santa Ines Formation nbsp Venezuela Eastern Venezuela Basin 124 Sincelejo Formation nbsp Colombia Sinu San Jacinto Basin 125 Socorro Formation nbsp Venezuela Falcon Basin 126 Urumaco Formation nbsp Venezuela Falcon Basin 111 Colloncuran Collon Cura Formation nbsp Argentina Canadon Asfalto BasinNeuquen Basin 127 128 Castilletes Formation nbsp Colombia Cocinetas Basin 50 Cerdas beds nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 129 Cura Mallin Group nbsp Chile Cura Mallin Basin 122 Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation nbsp Argentina Colorado Basin 115 Marino Formation nbsp Argentina Cuyo Basin 123 Mauri Formation nbsp Bolivia Altiplano Basin 100 Nazareno Formation nbsp Bolivia Tupiza Basin 100 Pebas Formation nbsp Brazil nbsp Colombia nbsp Ecuador nbsp Peru Amazon Basin 73 106 Pisco Formation nbsp Peru Pisco Basin 59 60 Friasian Rio Frias Formation nbsp Chile Aysen Basin 130 131 Castilletes Formation nbsp Colombia Cocinetas Basin 50 Chilcatay Formation nbsp Peru Pisco Basin 132 133 Cura Mallin Group nbsp Chile Cura Mallin Basin 122 Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation nbsp Argentina Colorado Basin 115 Parangula Formation nbsp Venezuela Barinas Apure Basin 134 Pebas Formation nbsp Brazil nbsp Colombia nbsp Ecuador nbsp Peru Amazon Basin 73 106 Rio Foyel Formation nbsp Argentina Patagonian Andes 135 136 Rio Yuca Formation nbsp Venezuela Barinas Apure Basin 137 Santacrucian Santa Cruz Formation nbsp Argentina Austral Basin 138 139 Aisol Formation nbsp Argentina San Rafael Block 120 Cantaure Formation nbsp Venezuela Falcon Basin 140 Castillo Formation nbsp Venezuela Falcon Basin 141 Cerro Boleadoras Formation nbsp Argentina Austral Basin 142 Chaguaramas Formation nbsp Venezuela Eastern Venezuela Basin 143 Chilcatay Formation nbsp Peru Pisco Basin 132 133 Chucal Formation Chucal fauna nbsp Chile Altiplano Basin 144 Cura Mallin Group nbsp Chile Cura Mallin Basin 122 Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation nbsp Argentina Colorado Basin 115 Jimol Formation nbsp Colombia Cocinetas Basin 50 Marino Formation nbsp Argentina Cuyo Basin 123 Pinturas Formation nbsp Argentina Austral Basin 145 139 Rio Yuca Formation nbsp Venezuela Barinas Apure Basin 137 Colhuehuapian Colhue Huapi Member nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 146 Abanico Formation nbsp Chile Abanico Basin 147 148 Biblian Formation nbsp Ecuador Cuenca Basin 149 Castillo Formation nbsp Venezuela Falcon Basin 141 Cerro Bandera Formation nbsp Argentina Neuquen Basin 150 Chichinales Formation nbsp Argentina Neuquen Basin 151 Chilcatay Formation nbsp Peru Pisco Basin 132 133 Cura Mallin Group nbsp Chile Cura Mallin Basin 122 Gaiman Formation nbsp Argentina Valdes Basin 152 Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation nbsp Argentina Colorado Basin 115 Monte Leon Formation nbsp Argentina Austral Basin 153 139 Montera Formation nbsp Peru Sechura Basin 154 Pirabas Formation nbsp Brazil Amazon Basin 155 Rio Jeinemeni Formation nbsp Argentina Austral Basin 142 Sarmiento Formation nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 146 156 Uitpa Formation nbsp Colombia Cocinetas Basin 50 Deseadan Deseado Formation nbsp Argentina Deseado Massif 157 Abanico Formation nbsp Chile Abanico Basin 147 148 Agua de la Piedra Formation nbsp Argentina Precordillera 158 Barzalosa Formation nbsp Colombia Upper Magdalena Valley 159 Chambira Formation nbsp Peru Ucayali Basin 160 Chilcatay Formation nbsp Peru Pisco Basin 132 133 Dos Bocas Formation nbsp Ecuador Progreso Basin 161 Fray Bentos Formation nbsp Argentina nbsp Uruguay Parana Basin 162 163 Gaiman Formation nbsp Argentina Valdes Basin 152 Marino Formation nbsp Argentina Cuyo Basin 123 Monte Leon Formation nbsp Argentina Austral Basin 153 139 Moquegua Formation nbsp Peru Moquegua Basin 164 Mugrosa Formation nbsp Colombia Middle Magdalena Valley 165 Petaca Formation nbsp Bolivia Subandean Belt 119 117 Puca Group Lacayani fauna nbsp Bolivia Subandean Belt 166 Rio Baguales Formation nbsp Chile Aysen Basin 167 Salla Formation nbsp Bolivia Salla Luribay Basin 168 169 Sarmiento Formation nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 146 156 Tremembe Formation Sao Paulo Formation nbsp Brazil Taubate Basin 170 Tinguirirican Abanico Formation Tinguiririca fauna nbsp Chile Abanico Basin 147 148 Chota Formation nbsp Peru Bagua Basin 171 172 Entre Corregos Formation nbsp Brazil Aiuruoca Basin 173 Gualanday Group nbsp Colombia Central Colombian Ranges 174 Laguna Brava Formation nbsp Argentina Precordillera 175 Loreto Formation nbsp Chile Magallanes Basin 176 El Milagro Formation nbsp Peru Bagua Basin 177 Otuma Formation nbsp Peru Pisco Basin 132 178 Sarmiento Formation nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 146 156 Seca Formation nbsp Ecuador Progreso Basin 179 Soncco Formation nbsp Peru Eastern Peruvian Andes 180 Divisaderan Divisadero Largo Formation nbsp Argentina Cuyo Basin 181 Abanico Formation nbsp Chile Abanico Basin 147 148 Andesitas Huancache Formation nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 182 Chota Formation nbsp Peru Bagua Basin 171 172 Leticia Formation nbsp Argentina Austral Basin 183 Loreto Formation nbsp Chile Magallanes Basin 176 Paracas Formation nbsp Peru Pisco Basin 184 Pozo Formation nbsp Peru Ucayali Basin 73 185 Sarmiento Formation nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 146 156 Soncco Formation nbsp Peru Eastern Peruvian Andes 180 Yumaque Formation nbsp Peru Pisco Basin 186 Mustersan Sarmiento Formation nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 156 Abanico Formation nbsp Chile Abanico Basin 147 148 Andesitas Huancache Formation nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 182 Chota Formation nbsp Peru Bagua Basin 171 172 Geste Formation nbsp Argentina Puna Plateau 187 188 Laguna del Hunco Formation nbsp Argentina Canadon Asfalto Basin 189 Paracas Formation nbsp Peru Pisco Basin 184 Pozo Formation nbsp Peru Ucayali Basin 73 185 Soncco Formation nbsp Peru Eastern Peruvian Andes 180 Vaca Mahuida Formation nbsp Argentina Neuquen Basin 190 Ventana Formation nbsp Argentina Neuquen Basin 191 Yahuarango Formation Santa Rosa fauna nbsp Peru Ucayali Basin 192 172 Casamayoran Casamayor Formation nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 193 Abanico Formation nbsp Chile Abanico Basin 147 148 Bogota Formation nbsp Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense 194 Cayara Formation nbsp Bolivia Cochabamba Department 195 Chota Formation nbsp Peru Bagua Basin 171 172 Fonseca Formation nbsp Brazil Fonseca Basin 196 Guabirotuba Formation nbsp Brazil Curitiba Basin 197 Huitrera Formation nbsp Argentina Neuquen Basin 198 Laguna del Hunco Formation nbsp Argentina Canadon Asfalto Basin 189 Los Cuervos Formation nbsp Colombia Cesar Rancheria Basin 199 200 Lumbrera Formation nbsp Argentina Salta Basin 201 Maiz Gordo Formation nbsp Argentina Salta Basin 202 Quebrada de los Colorados Formation nbsp Argentina Salta Basin 203 204 Sarmiento Formation nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 146 156 Riochican Rio Chico Group nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 205 Bogota Formation nbsp Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense 194 Bororo Formation nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 206 Chota Formation nbsp Peru Bagua Basin 171 172 Koluel Kaike Formation nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 207 Maiz Gordo Formation nbsp Argentina Salta Basin 202 Mogollon Formation nbsp Peru Talara amp Tumbes Basins 208 Munani Formation nbsp Peru Altiplano Basin 209 Penas Coloradas Formation nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 210 Rio Loro Formation nbsp Argentina Sierras Pampeanas 211 Salamanca Formation nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 210 Itaboraian Itaborai Formation nbsp Brazil Itaborai Basin 212 Bogota Formation nbsp Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense 194 Cerrejon Formation nbsp Colombia Cesar Rancheria Basin 213 Chota Formation nbsp Peru Bagua Basin 171 172 Koluel Kaike Formation nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 207 Las Flores Formation nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 214 Maiz Gordo Formation nbsp Argentina Salta Basin 202 Mealla Formation nbsp Argentina Salta Basin 215 Mogollon Formation nbsp Peru Talara amp Tumbes Basins 208 Munani Formation nbsp Peru Altiplano Basin 209 Penas Coloradas Formation nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 210 Rio Loro Formation nbsp Argentina Sierras Pampeanas 211 Peligran Penas Coloradas Formation nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 210 Bogota Formation nbsp Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense 194 Cerrejon Formation nbsp Colombia Cesar Rancheria Basin 213 Chota Formation nbsp Peru Bagua Basin 171 172 Guaduas Formation nbsp Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense 216 Salamanca Formation nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 210 Santa Lucia Formation nbsp Bolivia Potosi Basin 217 Tiupampan Santa Lucia Formation nbsp Bolivia Potosi Basin 217 Chota Formation nbsp Peru Bagua Basin 171 172 Guaduas Formation nbsp Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense 216 Lefipan Formation nbsp Argentina Canadon Asfalto Basin 218 Maria Farinha Formation nbsp Brazil Paraiba Basin 219 Salamanca Formation nbsp Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin 210 Fossil content editSALMA Group Fossils Formation Notes Lujanian Mammals Calomys callosus Chaetophractus villosus Ctenomys lujanensis C magellanicus Dilobodon lujanensis Doedicurus clavicaudatus Dolichotis patagonum Dusicyon avus Eligmodontia typus Equus Amerhippus cf curvidens Equus caballus Eulamaops paralellus Eutatus seguini Galea musteloides Glossotherium myloides G robustum Glyptodon clavipes G perforatus G reticulatus G rudimentarius Hemiauchenia paradoxa Hippidion devillei H principale Holochilus brasiliensis Lagostomus maximus Lama glama L gracilis L guanicoe Lestodelphys halli Lestodon armatus L gaudryi L trigonidens Lontra longicaudis Lycalopex gymnocercus Lyncodon patagonicus Macrauchenia patachonica Megatherium americanum Microcavia australis M robusta Morenelaphus azpeitianus M lujanensis Myocastor coypus M priscus Neochoerus aesopi Neochoerus sulcidens Neuryurus rudis Notiomastodon platensis Pampatherium typum Panochthus tuberculatus Panthera onca Panthera platensis Pediolagus salinicola Pseudalopex gymnocercus Reithrodon auritus R cf physodes Scelidotherium leptocephalum Smilodon populator Stegomastodon superbus Tayassu tajacu Tolypeutes tricinctus matacus Toxodon bilobidens T platensis Arctotherium sp Neosclerocalyptus sp Lujan 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 Holmesina rondoniensis Rio Madeira 228 Birds Cathartes fossilis Lagopterus minutus Nannopterum brasilianum Sarcorhamphus fossilis Lujan 223 Insects Cyclocephala signaticollis Diloboderus abderus Epipedonota cristallisata Nyctelia picipes Scotobius pilularius Lujan 229 230 Ensenadan Mammals Epieurycerus truncus Tonnicinctus mirus Ensenada 231 232 Balaenoptera musculus Eubalaena australis Megaptera novaeangliae Ziphiidae indet Graxaim 233 Homotherium venezuelensis Smilodon gracilis Tapirus sp Mesa 234 235 Eutatus sp Mesotherium sp Neosclerocalyptus sp Palaeolama sp Miramar 236 Equus Amerhippus andium Equus Amerhippus insulatus Andinomys cf edea Arctodus tarijensis A wingei Arctotherium tarijense A wingei Calomys cf lancha Canis dirus Canis proplatensis Chaetophractus tarijensis C villosus Charitoceros tarijensis Chlamydotherium cf sellowi Chrysocyon brachyurus Coendou magnus Conepatus suffocans Ctenomys brachyrhinus C subassentiens Cuvieronius hyodon C tropicus a, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library, article, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games. |