The following definite species have been described:[1]
S. aftoniae
S. mirificus
S. nebrascensis
S. primitivus
S. waringi is considered synonymous with S. platensis. A dispute now exists over whether S. platensis should remain within the North and Central American genus Stegomastodon or should be moved over to the exclusively South American genus Notiomastodon.[2][3][4] The genus Haplomastodon is regarded as synonymous with the South American Stegomastodon species.[5][6]
Origin and evolution
Stegomastodon is considered by some to be derived from New World populations of Gomphotherium. The number of species within the genus has varied between S. mirificus being the only valid species, to Osborn's seven species of “ascending mutations” (S. primitivus, S. successor, S. mirificus, S. chapmani, S. texanus, S. arizonae and S. aftoniae) Lucas et al., 2013 accepted 3 overlapping chronospeciesS. primitivus, S. mirificus S. aftoniae.[7]
Description
Restoration of a S. mirificus herd
Stegomastodon mirificus is known from NMNH 10707, a roughly 30-year-old male, of which most of the skeleton has been found. Alive, it stood about 2.6 m (8.5 ft) tall, with a weight around 4.7 tonnes (4.6 long tons; 5.2 short tons).[8] Like modern elephants, but unlike most of its closer relatives, it had just two tusks, which curved upward and were about 3.5 m (11.5 ft) long. The tall, head and robust lower jaw suggest a strong vertical bite. Stegomastodon's molars were covered in enamel and had a complex pattern of ridges and knobbly protrusions on them, giving the creature a large chewing surface that suggests it was a grazer.[7] During the early Irvingtonian, Stegomastodon was replaced by Mammuthus, which was presumably a more efficient grazer. Its brain weighed about 11 lb (5 kg).
The genus lived in North America from the Zanclean of the Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene. The most recent specimens in the fossil record originate from Jalisco, Mexico and date to 28,000 BP,[9] but this late date is over 1 million years after the last confirmed specimens.
Taxonomy
Restoration of S. mirificus
The South American Stegomastodon fossils were reassigned to Notiomastodon,[10] though in literature the outdated genus and species names continued to be used until 2016.[11]
Revised taxonomy of Stegomastodon and other trilophodont gomphotheres according to Mothé et al., 2017:[12]
^Labarca, R.; Alberdi, M.T.; Prado, J.L.; Mansilla, P.; Mourgues, F.A. (18 April 2016). "Nuevas evidencias acerca de la presencia de Stegomastodon platensis Ameghino, 1888, Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae, en el Pleistoceno tardío de Chile central/New evidences on the presence of Stegomastodon platensis Ameghino, 1888, Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae, in the Late Pleistocene of Central Chile". Estudios Geológicos. 72.
^Mothé, Dimila; dos Santos Avilla, Leonardo; Asevedo, Lidiane; Borges-Silva, Leon; Rosas, Mariane; Labarca-Encina, Rafael; Souberlich, Ricardo; Soibelzon, Esteban; Roman-Carrion, José Luis; Ríos, Sergio D.; Rincon, Ascanio D.; Cardoso de Oliveira, Gina; Pereira Lopes, Renato (30 September 2016). "Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae)" (PDF). Quaternary International. 443: 52–64. Bibcode:2017QuInt.443...52M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.028.
^Mothé, Dimila; Ferretti, Marco P.; Avilla, Leonardo S. (2017-06-03). "Running Over the Same Old Ground: Stegomastodon Never Roamed South America". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 26 (2): 165–177. doi:10.1007/s10914-017-9392-y. ISSN 1064-7554. S2CID 23041930.
^Lucas, Spencer G.; Yuan, Wang; Min, Liu (2013-01-01). "The palaeobiogeography of South American gomphotheres". Journal of Palaeogeography. 2 (1): 19–40. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1261.2013.00015 (inactive 31 December 2022).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2022 (link)
^Dantas, Mário André Trindade; Xavier, Márcia Cristina Teles; França, Lucas de Melo; Cozzuol, Mario Alberto; Ribeiro, Adauto de Souza; Figueiredo, Ana Maria Graciano; Kinoshita, Angela; Baffa, Oswaldo (2013-12-13). "A review of the time scale and potential geographic distribution of Notiomastodon platensis (Ameghino, 1888) in the late Pleistocene of South America" (PDF). Quaternary International. Quaternary in South America: recent research initiatives. 317: 73–79. Bibcode:2013QuInt.317...73D. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.06.031.
^ abLucas, Spencer G. Taxonomy and evolution of the Plio-Pleistocene proboscidean Stegomastodon in North America. OCLC 798103439.
^Larramendi, A. (2016). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61. doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014. S2CID 2092950.
^Alberdi, María Teresa; Juárez-Woo, Javier; Polaco, Oscar J.; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín (2009-02-01). "Description of the most complete skeleton of Stegomastodon (Mammalia, Gomphotheriidae) recorded for the Mexican Late Pleistocene". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 251 (2): 239–255. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0251-0239.
^Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo S.; Cozzuol, Mário; Winck, Gisele R. (25 October 2012). "Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South American lowlands". Quaternary International. 276–277: 2–7. Bibcode:2012QuInt.276....2M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.018.
^Labarca, Rafael; Alberdi, María Teresa; Prado, José Luis; Mansilla, P.; Mourgues, F.A. (2016). "Nuevas evidencias acerca de la presencia de Stegomastodon platensis Ameghino, 1888, Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae, en el Pleistoceno tardío de Chile central". Estudios Geológicos. 72: e046. doi:10.3989/egeol.42199.385.
^Mothé, Dimila; dos Santos Avilla, Leonardo; Asevedo, Lidiane; Borges-Silva, Leon; Rosas, Mariane; Labarca-Encina, Rafael; Souberlich, Ricardo; Soibelzon, Esteban; Roman-Carrion, José Luis; Ríos, Sergio D.; Rincon, Ascanio D.; de Oliveira, Gina Cardoso; Lopes, Renato Pereira (2 July 2017). "Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae)". Quaternary International. 443: 52–64. Bibcode:2017QuInt.443...52M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.028.
January 31, 2023
stegomastodon, confused, with, stegodon, roof, breast, tooth, extinct, genus, gomphotheres, family, proboscideans, ranged, throughout, north, america, from, early, blancan, early, irvingtonian, south, american, species, have, been, synonymized, with, notiomast. Not to be confused with Stegodon Stegomastodon roof breast tooth is an extinct genus of gomphotheres a family of proboscideans It ranged throughout North America from the early Blancan 4 Ma to the early Irvingtonian 1 2 Ma The South American species have been synonymized with Notiomastodon platensis StegomastodonTemporal range Pliocene Early Pleistocene 4 1 2 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N possible Late Pleistocene record S mirificus fossil at the Smithsonian Natural History MuseumScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder ProboscideaFamily GomphotheriidaeGenus StegomastodonPohlig 1912Species S aftoniae S mirificus S nebrascensis S primitivusSynonymsMorrillia Contents 1 Species 2 Origin and evolution 3 Description 4 Taxonomy 5 ReferencesSpecies EditThe following definite species have been described 1 S aftoniae S mirificus S nebrascensis S primitivusS waringi is considered synonymous with S platensis A dispute now exists over whether S platensis should remain within the North and Central American genus Stegomastodon or should be moved over to the exclusively South American genus Notiomastodon 2 3 4 The genus Haplomastodon is regarded as synonymous with the South American Stegomastodon species 5 6 Origin and evolution EditStegomastodon is considered by some to be derived from New World populations of Gomphotherium The number of species within the genus has varied between S mirificus being the only valid species to Osborn s seven species of ascending mutations S primitivus S successor S mirificus S chapmani S texanus S arizonae and S aftoniae Lucas et al 2013 accepted 3 overlapping chronospecies S primitivus S mirificus S aftoniae 7 Description Edit Restoration of a S mirificus herd Stegomastodon mirificus is known from NMNH 10707 a roughly 30 year old male of which most of the skeleton has been found Alive it stood about 2 6 m 8 5 ft tall with a weight around 4 7 tonnes 4 6 long tons 5 2 short tons 8 Like modern elephants but unlike most of its closer relatives it had just two tusks which curved upward and were about 3 5 m 11 5 ft long The tall head and robust lower jaw suggest a strong vertical bite Stegomastodon s molars were covered in enamel and had a complex pattern of ridges and knobbly protrusions on them giving the creature a large chewing surface that suggests it was a grazer 7 During the early Irvingtonian Stegomastodon was replaced by Mammuthus which was presumably a more efficient grazer Its brain weighed about 11 lb 5 kg The genus lived in North America from the Zanclean of the Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene The most recent specimens in the fossil record originate from Jalisco Mexico and date to 28 000 BP 9 but this late date is over 1 million years after the last confirmed specimens Taxonomy Edit Restoration of S mirificus The South American Stegomastodon fossils were reassigned to Notiomastodon 10 though in literature the outdated genus and species names continued to be used until 2016 11 Revised taxonomy of Stegomastodon and other trilophodont gomphotheres according to Mothe et al 2017 12 Gomphotheriidae Gomphotheres Gomphotherium Gnathabelodon EubelodonBrevirostrine clade Stegomastodon Sinomastodon Notiomastodon Rhynchotherium CuvieroniusReferences Edit Paleontology portal Stegomastodon at Fossilworks org Labarca R Alberdi M T Prado J L Mansilla P Mourgues F A 18 April 2016 Nuevas evidencias acerca de la presencia de Stegomastodon platensis Ameghino 1888 Proboscidea Gomphotheriidae en el Pleistoceno tardio de Chile central New evidences on the presence of Stegomastodon platensis Ameghino 1888 Proboscidea Gomphotheriidae in the Late Pleistocene of Central Chile Estudios Geologicos 72 Mothe Dimila dos Santos Avilla Leonardo Asevedo Lidiane Borges Silva Leon Rosas Mariane Labarca Encina Rafael Souberlich Ricardo Soibelzon Esteban Roman Carrion Jose Luis Rios Sergio D Rincon Ascanio D Cardoso de Oliveira Gina Pereira Lopes Renato 30 September 2016 Sixty years after The mastodonts of Brazil The state of the art of South American proboscideans Proboscidea Gomphotheriidae PDF Quaternary International 443 52 64 Bibcode 2017QuInt 443 52M doi 10 1016 j quaint 2016 08 028 Mothe Dimila Ferretti Marco P Avilla Leonardo S 2017 06 03 Running Over the Same Old Ground Stegomastodon Never Roamed South America Journal of Mammalian Evolution 26 2 165 177 doi 10 1007 s10914 017 9392 y ISSN 1064 7554 S2CID 23041930 Lucas Spencer G Yuan Wang Min Liu 2013 01 01 The palaeobiogeography of South American gomphotheres Journal of Palaeogeography 2 1 19 40 doi 10 3724 SP J 1261 2013 00015 inactive 31 December 2022 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint DOI inactive as of December 2022 link Dantas Mario Andre Trindade Xavier Marcia Cristina Teles Franca Lucas de Melo Cozzuol Mario Alberto Ribeiro Adauto de Souza Figueiredo Ana Maria Graciano Kinoshita Angela Baffa Oswaldo 2013 12 13 A review of the time scale and potential geographic distribution of Notiomastodon platensis Ameghino 1888 in the late Pleistocene of South America PDF Quaternary International Quaternary in South America recent research initiatives 317 73 79 Bibcode 2013QuInt 317 73D doi 10 1016 j quaint 2013 06 031 a b Lucas Spencer G Taxonomy and evolution of the Plio Pleistocene proboscidean Stegomastodon in North America OCLC 798103439 Larramendi A 2016 Shoulder height body mass and shape of proboscideans PDF Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61 doi 10 4202 app 00136 2014 S2CID 2092950 Alberdi Maria Teresa Juarez Woo Javier Polaco Oscar J Arroyo Cabrales Joaquin 2009 02 01 Description of the most complete skeleton of Stegomastodon Mammalia Gomphotheriidae recorded for the Mexican Late Pleistocene Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen 251 2 239 255 doi 10 1127 0077 7749 2009 0251 0239 Mothe Dimila Avilla Leonardo S Cozzuol Mario Winck Gisele R 25 October 2012 Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres Mammalia Proboscidea Gomphotheriidae from the South American lowlands Quaternary International 276 277 2 7 Bibcode 2012QuInt 276 2M doi 10 1016 j quaint 2011 05 018 Labarca Rafael Alberdi Maria Teresa Prado Jose Luis Mansilla P Mourgues F A 2016 Nuevas evidencias acerca de la presencia de Stegomastodon platensis Ameghino 1888 Proboscidea Gomphotheriidae en el Pleistoceno tardio de Chile central Estudios Geologicos 72 e046 doi 10 3989 egeol 42199 385 Mothe Dimila dos Santos Avilla Leonardo Asevedo Lidiane Borges Silva Leon Rosas Mariane Labarca Encina Rafael Souberlich Ricardo Soibelzon Esteban Roman Carrion Jose Luis Rios Sergio D Rincon Ascanio D de Oliveira Gina Cardoso Lopes Renato Pereira 2 July 2017 Sixty years after The mastodonts of Brazil The state of the art of South American proboscideans Proboscidea Gomphotheriidae Quaternary International 443 52 64 Bibcode 2017QuInt 443 52M doi 10 1016 j quaint 2016 08 028 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Stegomastodon amp oldid 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