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Sooty mangabey

April 26, 2024

The sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys) is an Old World monkey found in forests from Senegal in a margin along the coast down to the Ivory Coast.[1]

Sooty mangabey [1]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Cercopithecidae
Genus: Cercocebus
Species:
C. atys
Binomial name
Cercocebus atys
(Audebert, 1797)

Habitat and ecology edit

The sooty mangabey is native to tropical West Africa, being found in Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Ivory Coast.[2] Sooty mangabeys inhabit both old growth and secondary forests as well as in flooded, dry, swamp, mangrove, and gallery forests. Sooty mangabeys are terrestrial omnivores, typically spending around 75% of their overall time on the ground (~85% of travel time and ~71% of foraging time).[3] In their foraging behaviors, sooty mangabeys typically consume fruits (~20% of diet), invertebrates (~13% of diet), and nuts and seeds (>55% of diet).[4] In acquiring nuts, sooty mangabeys have been observed scavenging the remains of coula and panda nuts cracked by chimpanzees and red river hogs, potentially using either the sound of cracking nuts or social networks to identify sites of remnants.[5]

Taxonomy edit

Until 2016, Cercocebus atys was considered a single species with two subspecies of this mangabey: Cercocebus atys atys (now Cercocebus atys) and Cercocebus atys lunulatus.[6] After assessment by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 2016, Cercocebus atys lunulatus was declared a separate species (Cercocebus lunulatus).[7] Both Cercocebus atys and Cercocebus lunulatus were formerly considered subspecies of the widespread Cercocebus torquatus.[1]

  • Cercocebus atys atys, now Cercocebus atys, is commonly known as the sooty mangabey and is situated west of the Sassandra River in the Ivory Coast up to Senegal.[2]
  • Cercocebus atys lunulatus, now Cercocebus lunulatus, is commonly known as the white-crowned,[8] white-naped,[9] or white-collared mangabey (leading to confusion with the collared mangabey).[7] This now distinct species is considered to have a geographic range east of the Sassandra River to the west of the Volta River in Ghana; Cercocebus lunulatus is also recorded as inhabiting forests in southwestern Burkina Faso and northeastern Ivory Coast. Cercocebus lunulatus is considered Endangered by the IUCN.[7]

Appearance edit

Sooty mangabeys are gray-colored primates with a lighter-colored chest and stomach. Their faces are typically grayish pink, with darker fur along the forehead and ears;[1] given their diet of hard seeds and nuts, sooty mangabeys are observed to have strong molars.[10][4] Sooty mangabeys also show sexual dimorphism; males typically weigh about 10–11 kg (22–24 lb), while females are typically smaller at about 5–6 kg (11–13 lb).[4]

Behavior edit

Social organization edit

Sooty mangabeys typically live and forage in large, multi-male, multi-female groups of 70–120 individuals.[11][12] Sooty mangabeys form linear dominance hierarchies within sexes and form coalitions; within these hierarchies, higher-ranking females typically are found to spend less time foraging as opposed to feeding than their lower-ranking counterparts and were more centrally located within groups.[13][14] Similarly, higher-ranking males were found to be more centrally located within the group, and be better fed and rested.[14] And in captivity, higher-ranking males sired more offspring, indicating that higher male rank is generally predictive of greater reproductive success.[15] Overall, however, females are found to be located in a more central spatial position within the group and better fed and rested than males, independent of ranking.[14]

Dominance rankings are not static; turnover of the dominant, alpha male has been recorded.[16] Furthermore, the dominance rank of children is not influenced by the dominance ranking of either parent, and juveniles typically challenge higher ranking adults starting around three or four years of age.[17] Typically, males will outrank all of the females by age five or six.[17]

Communication edit

Sooty mangabeys are typically predated upon by leopards, eagles, chimpanzees, vipers, and humans.[18] As a result of these selective pressures, sooty mangabeys have evolved acoustically distinct alarm calls for different predator types.[12] These calls are not vocalized specifically in favor of kin or cooperation partners[19] and in fact are used by other monkey species to avoid potential predators.[20]

Sooty mangabeys also produce other vocalizations within their varied repertoire for a wide variety of social interactions.[21] Sooty mangabeys are recorded most frequently producing grunts (typically in the context of foraging, socially embracing, or, between males, for asserting dominance), twitters (typically produced by adult females during foraging and social interactions such as grooming), and screams (emitted during agonistic interactions, typically by juveniles and adult females).[18] Other notable vocalizations include copulation calls mainly emitted by females during intercourse and "whoop gobbles"—low frequency, extended calls emitted by males at a high volume during the morning, with a nearby group, or with sightings or attacks of predators.[18]

When approaching other females with infants, females will use grunts and twitters to signal benign intent.[22] This often leads to unreciprocated grooming from the approaching female—mothers, upon receiving grooming, will allow for the grooming female to handle their infants.[23]

Sexual and reproductive behavior edit

Female sooty mangabeys have sexual swellings that are maximally tumescent near ovulation and typically have a gestation length of ~160–170 days;[24] while typically, higher ranking males would be able to identify estrous females and monopolize mating opportunities, it is suggested that dominant males cannot entirely control access to estrous females,[15] perhaps because swellings allow females to precipitate paternity confusion through polygynandry.[25] However, despite these potential counterstrategies against infanticide through paternity confusion, cases of infanticide have been recorded, usually shortly after a change in alpha males or with the introduction of new, immigrant males.[26][27]

In captivity, recently deposed alpha males have been observed carrying their infants (likely for protection) in the presence of newly ascended alpha males, typically following aggression by the new alpha male towards the infant.[16] In habituated sooty mangabeys, immigrant males new to the group have been found to attack infants, who would be defend by their mothers.[27] In this context, resident adult males who had mated with the mother (and potentially fathered the infant) were found to defend the mother and infant from the attacking immigrant male.[27]

Females have thus developed behavioral counter-strategies to protect against attacks and infanticide. Females were found to mate with resident males during previous mating seasons and remain in close proximity to these resident males after birth.[27] In addition, females have been found to respond differently to the vocalizations of members of their own group (as opposed to non-group members), suggesting an ability to recognize infanticide threats from strangers.[28]

Disease edit

Sooty mangabeys are naturally infected with a strain of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), known as SIVsmm. Due to extensive human-mangabey contact in sub-Saharan Africa, SIVsmm has jumped from this species into humans on many occasions, resulting in HIV-2 virus.[29][30] Because sooty mangabeys, as natural hosts of SIV, do not get sick from SIV, much research has been performed on the species for potential genetic resistance or immunological mechanisms.[31] The HIV-1 strain by contrast came from the common chimpanzee strain of SIV.[32][33]

Sooty mangabeys can also contract leprosy, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae.[34] It is one of several species in which naturally acquired leprosy has been reported, the others being humans, the nine-banded armadillo, the common chimpanzee, and the crab-eating macaque; murine leprosy has also been reported in rats and mice, caused by Mycobacerium lepraemurium.[34]

Conservation status edit

The sooty mangabey is believed to be decreasing in numbers as its forest habitat is degraded, with trees being felled for firewood and timber and forest habitats used for agriculture.[35] Furthermore, sooty mangabeys are hunted for meat in some parts of its range, often at rates far exceeding the rate at which Sooty mangabeys can reproductively sustain themselves; this increase in hunting, especially with improved technology and an influx of human populations (and thus hunters), has become an increasing threat to the conservation of sooty mangabeys.[36] The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the conservation status of sooty mangabeys as Vulnerable.[2]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 153. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b c d Koné, I.; McGraw, S.; Gonedelé Bi, S.; Barrie, A. (2020). "Cercocebus atys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T136933A92248451. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136933A92248451.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ McGraw, W. Scott (1998). "Comparative locomotion and habitat use of six monkeys in the Tai Forest, Ivory Coast". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 105 (4): 493–510. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199804)105:4<493::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-P. PMID 9584891.
  4. ^ a b c McGraw, W. Scott; Daegling, David J. (2020). "Diet, feeding behavior, and jaw architecture of Taï monkeys: Congruence and chaos in the realm of functional morphology". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 29 (1): 14–28. doi:10.1002/evan.21799. PMID 31580522. S2CID 203653655.
  5. ^ van Pinxteren, Bryndan O.C.M.; Sirianni, Giulia; Gratton, Paolo; Després-Einspenner, Marie‐Lyne; Egas, Martijn; Kühl, Hjalmar; Lapuente, Juan; Meier, Amelia C.; Janmaat, Karline R.L. (August 2018). "Sooty mangabeys scavenge on nuts cracked by chimpanzees and red river hogs—An investigation of inter-specific interactions around tropical nut trees". American Journal of Primatology. 80 (8): e22895. doi:10.1002/ajp.22895. PMC 6174941. PMID 30024029.
  6. ^ Dempsey, A.; Gonedelé Bi, S.; Matsuda Goodwin, R.; Koffi, A. (2020). "Cercocebus lunulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T4206A92247733. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T4206A92247733.en.
  7. ^ a b c Oates, J. F.; Gippoliti, S. & Groves, C. P. (2016). "Cercocebus lunulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4206A92247225. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4206A92247225.en.
  8. ^ White-crowned Mangabey. Archived 2008-08-28 at archive.today Mangabey Species Survival Plan. Accessed 2008-07-18
  9. ^ McGraw, W. S., Magnuson, L., Kormos, R. and Konstant, W. R. (2005). . In: Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2004–2006, R. A. Mittermeier, C. Valladares-Pádua, A. B. Rylands, A. A. Eudey, T. M. Butynski, J. U. Ganzhorn, R. Kormos, J. M. Aguiar and S. Walker (eds.), p. 18. Report to IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS) and Conservation International (CI), Washington, DC.
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  13. ^ Range, Friederike; Noë, Ronald (2002). "Familiarity and dominance relations among female sooty mangabeys in the Taï National Park". American Journal of Primatology. 56 (3): 137–153. doi:10.1002/ajp.1070. PMID 11857651. S2CID 16845674.
  14. ^ a b c Gba, Bomey Clément; Bene, Jean-Claude Koffi; Bi, Zoro Bertin Gone; Mielke, Alexander; Kone, Inza (2019). "Within-group spatial position and activity budget of wild sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire". International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences. 13 (7): 2991–3008. doi:10.4314/ijbcs.v13i7.2. hdl:10023/24428.
  15. ^ a b Gust, D. A.; McCaster, T.; Gordon, T. P.; Gergits, W. F.; Casna, N. J.; McClure, H. M. (1998). "Paternity in Sooty Mangabeys". International Journal of Primatology. 19 (1): 83–94. doi:10.1023/A:1020358927331. S2CID 11076934.
  16. ^ a b Busse, Curt D.; Gordon, Thomas P. (1984). "Infant carrying by adult male mangabeys (Cercocebus atys)". American Journal of Primatology. 6 (3): 133–141. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350060302. PMID 31986835. S2CID 84554123.
  17. ^ a b Gust, Deborah A. (1995). "Moving up the dominance hierarchy in young sooty mangabeys". Animal Behaviour. 50 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1006/anbe.1995.0216. S2CID 53201467.
  18. ^ a b c Range, Friederike; Fischer, Julia (April 2004). "Vocal Repertoire of Sooty Mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus atys) in the Tai National Park". Ethology. 110 (4): 301–321. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2004.00973.x.
  19. ^ Mielke, Alexander; Crockford, Catherine; Wittig, Roman M. (2019). "Snake alarm calls as a public good in sooty mangabeys". Animal Behaviour. 158: 201–209. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.10.001. PMC 6915763. PMID 31875856.
  20. ^ McGraw, W. Scott; Bshary, Redouan (2002). "Association of Terrestrial Mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) with Arboreal Monkeys: Experimental Evidence for the Effects of Reduced Ground Predator Pressure on Habitat Use". International Journal of Primatology. 23 (2): 311–325. doi:10.1023/A:1013883528244. S2CID 37003870.
  21. ^ Range, Friederike; Fischer, Julia (2004). "Vocal Repertoire of Sooty Mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus atys) in the Taï National Park". Ethology. 110 (4): 301–321. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2004.00973.x.
  22. ^ Fedurek, Pawel; Neumann, Christof; Bouquet, Yaëlle; Mercier, Stéphanie; Magris, Martina; Quintero, Fredy; Zuberbühler, Klaus (2019). "Behavioural patterns of vocal greeting production in four primate species". Royal Society Open Science. 6 (4): 182181. Bibcode:2019RSOS....682181F. doi:10.1098/rsos.182181. PMC 6502363. PMID 31183141.
  23. ^ Fruteau, Cécile; van de Waal, Erica; van Damme, Eric; Noë, Ronald (2011). "Infant access and handling in sooty mangabeys and vervet monkeys". Animal Behaviour. 81 (1): 153–161. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.09.028. S2CID 53180842.
  24. ^ Stevenson, Miranda (1973). "Notes on pregnancy in the Sooty mangabey Cercocebus atys". International Zoo Yearbook. 13 (1): 134–135. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1973.tb02126.x.
  25. ^ Alberts, Susan C.; Fitzpatrick, Courtney L. (2012). "Paternal care and the evolution of exaggerated sexual swellings in primates". Behavioral Ecology. 23 (4): 699–706. doi:10.1093/beheco/ars052. PMC 3999376. PMID 24771988.
  26. ^ Busse, Curt D.; Gordon, Thomas P. (1983). "Attacks on neonates by a male mangabey (Cercocebus atys)". American Journal of Primatology. 5 (4): 345–356. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350050404. PMID 31986853. S2CID 85203894.
  27. ^ a b c d Fruteau, Cécile; Range, Friederike; Noë, Ronald (2010). "Infanticide risk and infant defence in multi-male free-ranging sooty mangabeys, Cercocebus atys". Behavioural Processes. 83 (1): 113–118. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2009.11.004. PMID 19914358. S2CID 22015547.
  28. ^ Range, Friederike (April 2005). "Female sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus atys) respond differently to males depending on the male's residence status-preliminary data". American Journal of Primatology. 65 (4): 327–333. doi:10.1002/ajp.20119. PMID 15834893. S2CID 31320022.
  29. ^ Chen, Z.; Luckay, A.; Sodora, D. L.; Telfer, P.; Reed, P.; Gettie, A.; Kanu, J. M.; Sadek, R. F.; Yee, J.; Ho, D. D.; Zhang, L. (1997). "Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) seroprevalence and characterization of a distinct HIV-2 genetic subtype from the natural range of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected sooty mangabeys". Journal of Virology. 71 (5): 3953–3960. doi:10.1128/JVI.71.5.3953-3960.1997. PMC 191547. PMID 9094672.
  30. ^ Ayouba, Ahidjo; Akoua-Koffi, Chantal; Calvignac-Spencer, Sébastien; Esteban, Amandine; Locatelli, Sabrina; Li, Hui; Li, Yingying; Hahn, Beatrice H.; Delaporte, Eric; Leendertz, Fabian H.; Peeters, Martine (2013-09-24). "Evidence for continuing cross-species transmission of SIVsmm to humans: characterization of a new HIV-2 lineage in rural Côte d'Ivoire". AIDS. 27 (15): 2488–2491. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000432443.22684.50. PMC 3881176. PMID 23939239.
  31. ^ Silvestri, Guido (2005). "Naturally SIV-infected sooty mangabeys: are we closer to understanding why they do not develop AIDS?". Journal of Medical Primatology. 34 (5–6): 243–252. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0684.2005.00122.x. PMID 16128919. S2CID 28272229.
  32. ^ Binhua Ling; Cristian Apetrei; Ivona Pandrea; Ronald S. Veazey; Andrew A. Lackner; Bobby Gormus & Preston A. Marx (August 2004). "Classic AIDS in a Sooty Mangabey after an 18-Year Natural Infection". J. Virol. 78 (16): 8902–8908. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.16.8902-8908.2004. PMC 479084. PMID 15280498.
  33. ^ Lemey, P.; Pybus, O. G.; Wang, B.; Saksena, N. K.; Salemi, M.; Vandamme, A. M. (2003). "Tracing the origin and history of the HIV-2 epidemic". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (11): 6588–6592. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.6588L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0936469100. PMC 164491. PMID 12743376.
  34. ^ a b Rojas-Espinosa O, Løvik M (2001). "Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepraemurium infections in domestic and wild animals". Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz. 20 (1): 219–51. doi:10.20506/rst.20.1.1271. PMID 11288514.
  35. ^ Ferreira da Silva, Maria Joana; Paddock, Christina; Gerini, Federica; Borges, Filipa; Aleixo-Pais, Isa; Costa, Mafalda; Colmonero-Costeira, Ivo; Casanova, Catarina; Lecoq, Miguel; Silva, Cristina; Bruford, Michael W. (2020). "Chasing a ghost: notes on the present distribution and conservation of the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys) in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa". Primates. 61 (3): 357–363. doi:10.1007/s10329-020-00817-2. PMC 7203580. PMID 32318929.
  36. ^ Refisch, Johannes; Koné, Inza (2005). "Impact of Commercial Hunting on Monkey Populations in the Taï region, Côte d'Ivoire1". Biotropica. 37 (1): 136–144. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.03174.x. S2CID 85962024.

External links edit

 
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  • Primate Info Net Cercocebus atys Factsheet

April 26, 2024
sooty, mangabey, sooty, mangabey, cercocebus, atys, world, monkey, found, forests, from, senegal, margin, along, coast, down, ivory, coast, conservation, status, vulnerable, iucn, scientific, classification, domain, eukaryota, kingdom, animalia, phylum, chorda. The sooty mangabey Cercocebus atys is an Old World monkey found in forests from Senegal in a margin along the coast down to the Ivory Coast 1 Sooty mangabey 1 Conservation status Vulnerable IUCN 3 1 2 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Suborder Haplorhini Infraorder Simiiformes Family Cercopithecidae Genus Cercocebus Species C atys Binomial name Cercocebus atys Audebert 1797 Contents 1 Habitat and ecology 2 Taxonomy 3 Appearance 4 Behavior 4 1 Social organization 4 2 Communication 4 3 Sexual and reproductive behavior 5 Disease 6 Conservation status 7 References 8 External linksHabitat and ecology editThe sooty mangabey is native to tropical West Africa being found in Guinea Guinea Bissau Liberia Senegal Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast 2 Sooty mangabeys inhabit both old growth and secondary forests as well as in flooded dry swamp mangrove and gallery forests Sooty mangabeys are terrestrial omnivores typically spending around 75 of their overall time on the ground 85 of travel time and 71 of foraging time 3 In their foraging behaviors sooty mangabeys typically consume fruits 20 of diet invertebrates 13 of diet and nuts and seeds gt 55 of diet 4 In acquiring nuts sooty mangabeys have been observed scavenging the remains of coula and panda nuts cracked by chimpanzees and red river hogs potentially using either the sound of cracking nuts or social networks to identify sites of remnants 5 Taxonomy editUntil 2016 Cercocebus atys was considered a single species with two subspecies of this mangabey Cercocebus atys atys now Cercocebus atys and Cercocebus atys lunulatus 6 After assessment by the International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN in 2016 Cercocebus atys lunulatus was declared a separate species Cercocebus lunulatus 7 Both Cercocebus atys and Cercocebus lunulatus were formerly considered subspecies of the widespread Cercocebus torquatus 1 Cercocebus atys atys now Cercocebus atys is commonly known as the sooty mangabey and is situated west of the Sassandra River in the Ivory Coast up to Senegal 2 Cercocebus atys lunulatus now Cercocebus lunulatus is commonly known as the white crowned 8 white naped 9 or white collared mangabey leading to confusion with the collared mangabey 7 This now distinct species is considered to have a geographic range east of the Sassandra River to the west of the Volta River in Ghana Cercocebus lunulatus is also recorded as inhabiting forests in southwestern Burkina Faso and northeastern Ivory Coast Cercocebus lunulatus is considered Endangered by the IUCN 7 Appearance editSooty mangabeys are gray colored primates with a lighter colored chest and stomach Their faces are typically grayish pink with darker fur along the forehead and ears 1 given their diet of hard seeds and nuts sooty mangabeys are observed to have strong molars 10 4 Sooty mangabeys also show sexual dimorphism males typically weigh about 10 11 kg 22 24 lb while females are typically smaller at about 5 6 kg 11 13 lb 4 Behavior editSocial organization edit Sooty mangabeys typically live and forage in large multi male multi female groups of 70 120 individuals 11 12 Sooty mangabeys form linear dominance hierarchies within sexes and form coalitions within these hierarchies higher ranking females typically are found to spend less time foraging as opposed to feeding than their lower ranking counterparts and were more centrally located within groups 13 14 Similarly higher ranking males were found to be more centrally located within the group and be better fed and rested 14 And in captivity higher ranking males sired more offspring indicating that higher male rank is generally predictive of greater reproductive success 15 Overall however females are found to be located in a more central spatial position within the group and better fed and rested than males independent of ranking 14 Dominance rankings are not static turnover of the dominant alpha male has been recorded 16 Furthermore the dominance rank of children is not influenced by the dominance ranking of either parent and juveniles typically challenge higher ranking adults starting around three or four years of age 17 Typically males will outrank all of the females by age five or six 17 Communication edit Sooty mangabeys are typically predated upon by leopards eagles chimpanzees vipers and humans 18 As a result of these selective pressures sooty mangabeys have evolved acoustically distinct alarm calls for different predator types 12 These calls are not vocalized specifically in favor of kin or cooperation partners 19 and in fact are used by other monkey species to avoid potential predators 20 Sooty mangabeys also produce other vocalizations within their varied repertoire for a wide variety of social interactions 21 Sooty mangabeys are recorded most frequently producing grunts typically in the context of foraging socially embracing or between males for asserting dominance twitters typically produced by adult females during foraging and social interactions such as grooming and screams emitted during agonistic interactions typically by juveniles and adult females 18 Other notable vocalizations include copulation calls mainly emitted by females during intercourse and whoop gobbles low frequency extended calls emitted by males at a high volume during the morning with a nearby group or with sightings or attacks of predators 18 When approaching other females with infants females will use grunts and twitters to signal benign intent 22 This often leads to unreciprocated grooming from the approaching female mothers upon receiving grooming will allow for the grooming female to handle their infants 23 Sexual and reproductive behavior edit Female sooty mangabeys have sexual swellings that are maximally tumescent near ovulation and typically have a gestation length of 160 170 days 24 while typically higher ranking males would be able to identify estrous females and monopolize mating opportunities it is suggested that dominant males cannot entirely control access to estrous females 15 perhaps because swellings allow females to precipitate paternity confusion through polygynandry 25 However despite these potential counterstrategies against infanticide through paternity confusion cases of infanticide have been recorded usually shortly after a change in alpha males or with the introduction of new immigrant males 26 27 In captivity recently deposed alpha males have been observed carrying their infants likely for protection in the presence of newly ascended alpha males typically following aggression by the new alpha male towards the infant 16 In habituated sooty mangabeys immigrant males new to the group have been found to attack infants who would be defend by their mothers 27 In this context resident adult males who had mated with the mother and potentially fathered the infant were found to defend the mother and infant from the attacking immigrant male 27 Females have thus developed behavioral counter strategies to protect against attacks and infanticide Females were found to mate with resident males during previous mating seasons and remain in close proximity to these resident males after birth 27 In addition females have been found to respond differently to the vocalizations of members of their own group as opposed to non group members suggesting an ability to recognize infanticide threats from strangers 28 Disease editSooty mangabeys are naturally infected with a strain of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIV known as SIVsmm Due to extensive human mangabey contact in sub Saharan Africa SIVsmm has jumped from this species into humans on many occasions resulting in HIV 2 virus 29 30 Because sooty mangabeys as natural hosts of SIV do not get sick from SIV much research has been performed on the species for potential genetic resistance or immunological mechanisms 31 The HIV 1 strain by contrast came from the common chimpanzee strain of SIV 32 33 Sooty mangabeys can also contract leprosy caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae 34 It is one of several species in which naturally acquired leprosy has been reported the others being humans the nine banded armadillo the common chimpanzee and the crab eating macaque murine leprosy has also been reported in rats and mice caused by Mycobacerium lepraemurium 34 Conservation status editThe sooty mangabey is believed to be decreasing in numbers as its forest habitat is degraded with trees being felled for firewood and timber and forest habitats used for agriculture 35 Furthermore sooty mangabeys are hunted for meat in some parts of its range often at rates far exceeding the rate at which Sooty mangabeys can reproductively sustain themselves this increase in hunting especially with improved technology and an influx of human populations and thus hunters has become an increasing threat to the conservation of sooty mangabeys 36 The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the conservation status of sooty mangabeys as Vulnerable 2 References edit a b c d Groves C P 2005 Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press p 153 ISBN 0 801 88221 4 OCLC 62265494 a b c d Kone I McGraw S Gonedele Bi S Barrie A 2020 Cercocebus atys IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T136933A92248451 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 2 RLTS T136933A92248451 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 McGraw W Scott 1998 Comparative locomotion and habitat use of six monkeys in the Tai Forest Ivory Coast American Journal of Physical Anthropology 105 4 493 510 doi 10 1002 SICI 1096 8644 199804 105 4 lt 493 AID AJPA7 gt 3 0 CO 2 P PMID 9584891 a b c McGraw W Scott Daegling David J 2020 Diet feeding behavior and jaw architecture of Tai monkeys Congruence and chaos in the realm of functional morphology Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews 29 1 14 28 doi 10 1002 evan 21799 PMID 31580522 S2CID 203653655 van Pinxteren Bryndan O C M Sirianni Giulia Gratton Paolo Despres Einspenner Marie Lyne Egas Martijn Kuhl Hjalmar Lapuente Juan Meier Amelia C Janmaat Karline R L August 2018 Sooty mangabeys scavenge on nuts cracked by chimpanzees and red river hogs An investigation of inter specific interactions around tropical nut trees American Journal of Primatology 80 8 e22895 doi 10 1002 ajp 22895 PMC 6174941 PMID 30024029 Dempsey A Gonedele Bi S Matsuda Goodwin R Koffi A 2020 Cercocebus lunulatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T4206A92247733 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 2 RLTS T4206A92247733 en a b c Oates J F Gippoliti S amp Groves C P 2016 Cercocebus lunulatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T4206A92247225 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 1 RLTS T4206A92247225 en White crowned Mangabey Archived 2008 08 28 at archive today Mangabey Species Survival Plan Accessed 2008 07 18 McGraw W S Magnuson L Kormos R and Konstant W R 2005 White naped Mangabey Cercocebus atys lunulatus Temminck 1853 In Primates in Peril The World s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2004 2006 R A Mittermeier C Valladares Padua A B Rylands A A Eudey T M Butynski J U Ganzhorn R Kormos J M Aguiar and S Walker eds p 18 Report to IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group PSG International Primatological Society IPS and Conservation International CI Washington DC Daegling David J McGraw W Scott Ungar Peter S Pampush James D Vick Anna E Bitty E Anderson 2011 08 26 Hard Object Feeding in Sooty Mangabeys Cercocebus atys and Interpretation of Early Hominin Feeding Ecology PLOS ONE 6 8 e23095 Bibcode 2011PLoSO 623095D doi 10 1371 journal pone 0023095 PMC 3162570 PMID 21887229 Range Friederike Noe Ronald February 2005 Can simple rules account for the pattern of triadic interactions in juvenile and adult female sooty mangabeys Animal Behaviour 69 2 445 452 doi 10 1016 j anbehav 2004 02 025 S2CID 53147754 a b McGraw W Scott 2017 Mangabeys Cercocebus and Lophocebus The International Encyclopedia of Primatology American Cancer Society pp 1 3 doi 10 1002 9781119179313 wbprim0170 ISBN 978 1 119 17931 3 Range Friederike Noe Ronald 2002 Familiarity and dominance relations among female sooty mangabeys in the Tai National Park American Journal of Primatology 56 3 137 153 doi 10 1002 ajp 1070 PMID 11857651 S2CID 16845674 a b c Gba Bomey Clement Bene Jean Claude Koffi Bi Zoro Bertin Gone Mielke Alexander Kone Inza 2019 Within group spatial position and activity budget of wild sooty mangabeys Cercocebus atys in Tai National Park Cote d Ivoire International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 13 7 2991 3008 doi 10 4314 ijbcs v13i7 2 hdl 10023 24428 a b Gust D A McCaster T Gordon T P Gergits W F Casna N J McClure H M 1998 Paternity in Sooty Mangabeys International Journal of Primatology 19 1 83 94 doi 10 1023 A 1020358927331 S2CID 11076934 a b Busse Curt D Gordon Thomas P 1984 Infant carrying by adult male mangabeys Cercocebus atys American Journal of Primatology 6 3 133 141 doi 10 1002 ajp 1350060302 PMID 31986835 S2CID 84554123 a b Gust Deborah A 1995 Moving up the dominance hierarchy in young sooty mangabeys Animal Behaviour 50 1 15 21 doi 10 1006 anbe 1995 0216 S2CID 53201467 a b c Range Friederike Fischer Julia April 2004 Vocal Repertoire of Sooty Mangabeys Cercocebus torquatus atys in the Tai National Park Ethology 110 4 301 321 doi 10 1111 j 1439 0310 2004 00973 x Mielke Alexander Crockford Catherine Wittig Roman M 2019 Snake alarm calls as a public good in sooty mangabeys Animal Behaviour 158 201 209 doi 10 1016 j anbehav 2019 10 001 PMC 6915763 PMID 31875856 McGraw W Scott Bshary Redouan 2002 Association of Terrestrial Mangabeys Cercocebus atys with Arboreal Monkeys Experimental Evidence for the Effects of Reduced Ground Predator Pressure on Habitat Use International Journal of Primatology 23 2 311 325 doi 10 1023 A 1013883528244 S2CID 37003870 Range Friederike Fischer Julia 2004 Vocal Repertoire of Sooty Mangabeys Cercocebus torquatus atys in the Tai National Park Ethology 110 4 301 321 doi 10 1111 j 1439 0310 2004 00973 x Fedurek Pawel Neumann Christof Bouquet Yaelle Mercier Stephanie Magris Martina Quintero Fredy Zuberbuhler Klaus 2019 Behavioural patterns of vocal greeting production in four primate species Royal Society Open Science 6 4 182181 Bibcode 2019RSOS 682181F doi 10 1098 rsos 182181 PMC 6502363 PMID 31183141 Fruteau Cecile van de Waal Erica van Damme Eric Noe Ronald 2011 Infant access and handling in sooty mangabeys and vervet monkeys Animal Behaviour 81 1 153 161 doi 10 1016 j anbehav 2010 09 028 S2CID 53180842 Stevenson Miranda 1973 Notes on pregnancy in the Sooty mangabey Cercocebus atys International Zoo Yearbook 13 1 134 135 doi 10 1111 j 1748 1090 1973 tb02126 x Alberts Susan C Fitzpatrick Courtney L 2012 Paternal care and the evolution of exaggerated sexual swellings in primates Behavioral Ecology 23 4 699 706 doi 10 1093 beheco ars052 PMC 3999376 PMID 24771988 Busse Curt D Gordon Thomas P 1983 Attacks on neonates by a male mangabey Cercocebus atys American Journal of Primatology 5 4 345 356 doi 10 1002 ajp 1350050404 PMID 31986853 S2CID 85203894 a b c d Fruteau Cecile Range Friederike Noe Ronald 2010 Infanticide risk and infant defence in multi male free ranging sooty mangabeys Cercocebus atys Behavioural Processes 83 1 113 118 doi 10 1016 j beproc 2009 11 004 PMID 19914358 S2CID 22015547 Range Friederike April 2005 Female sooty mangabeys Cercocebus torquatus atys respond differently to males depending on the male s residence status preliminary data American Journal of Primatology 65 4 327 333 doi 10 1002 ajp 20119 PMID 15834893 S2CID 31320022 Chen Z Luckay A Sodora D L Telfer P Reed P Gettie A Kanu J M Sadek R F Yee J Ho D D Zhang L 1997 Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 HIV 2 seroprevalence and characterization of a distinct HIV 2 genetic subtype from the natural range of simian immunodeficiency virus infected sooty mangabeys Journal of Virology 71 5 3953 3960 doi 10 1128 JVI 71 5 3953 3960 1997 PMC 191547 PMID 9094672 Ayouba Ahidjo Akoua Koffi Chantal Calvignac Spencer Sebastien Esteban Amandine Locatelli Sabrina Li Hui Li Yingying Hahn Beatrice H Delaporte Eric Leendertz Fabian H Peeters Martine 2013 09 24 Evidence for continuing cross species transmission of SIVsmm to humans characterization of a new HIV 2 lineage in rural Cote d Ivoire AIDS 27 15 2488 2491 doi 10 1097 01 aids 0000432443 22684 50 PMC 3881176 PMID 23939239 Silvestri Guido 2005 Naturally SIV infected sooty mangabeys are we closer to understanding why they do not develop AIDS Journal of Medical Primatology 34 5 6 243 252 doi 10 1111 j 1600 0684 2005 00122 x PMID 16128919 S2CID 28272229 Binhua Ling Cristian Apetrei Ivona Pandrea Ronald S Veazey Andrew A Lackner Bobby Gormus amp Preston A Marx August 2004 Classic AIDS in a Sooty Mangabey after an 18 Year Natural Infection J Virol 78 16 8902 8908 doi 10 1128 JVI 78 16 8902 8908 2004 PMC 479084 PMID 15280498 Lemey P Pybus O G Wang B Saksena N K Salemi M Vandamme A M 2003 Tracing the origin and history of the HIV 2 epidemic Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 11 6588 6592 Bibcode 2003PNAS 100 6588L doi 10 1073 pnas 0936469100 PMC 164491 PMID 12743376 a b Rojas Espinosa O Lovik M 2001 Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepraemurium infections in domestic and wild animals Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz 20 1 219 51 doi 10 20506 rst 20 1 1271 PMID 11288514 Ferreira da Silva Maria Joana Paddock Christina Gerini Federica Borges Filipa Aleixo Pais Isa Costa Mafalda Colmonero Costeira Ivo Casanova Catarina Lecoq Miguel Silva Cristina Bruford Michael W 2020 Chasing a ghost notes on the present distribution and conservation of the sooty mangabey Cercocebus atys in Guinea Bissau West Africa Primates 61 3 357 363 doi 10 1007 s10329 020 00817 2 PMC 7203580 PMID 32318929 Refisch Johannes Kone Inza 2005 Impact of Commercial Hunting on Monkey Populations in the Tai region Cote d Ivoire1 Biotropica 37 1 136 144 doi 10 1111 j 1744 7429 2005 03174 x S2CID 85962024 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cercocebus atys nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Sooty Mangabey Sooty Mangabey Photos and information about the Sooty Mangabey Cercocebus atys ARKive Primate Info Net Cercocebus atys Factsheet Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sooty mangabey amp oldid 1202642385, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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