Saltine cracker
A saltine or soda cracker is a thin, usually square, cracker, made from white flour, sometimes yeast (although many are yeast free), and baking soda, with most varieties lightly sprinkled with coarse salt. It has perforations over its surface, as well as a distinctively dry and crisp texture.
| Alternative names | Soda cracker |
|---|---|
| Type | Cracker |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Created by | Frank L. Sommer |
| Main ingredients | Flour, yeast, and baking soda |
| 42 (depending on brand) kcal | |
| |
Some familiar brand names of saltine crackers in the Americas are Christie's Premium Plus (Canada), Nabisco's Premium (U.S.), Sunshine Biscuits' Krispy (U.S.), Keebler's Zesta (U.S.) (both owned by Kellogg's), Molinos Modernos' Hatuey (Dominican Republic) and Noel's Saltín (Colombia). Unsalted tops as well as whole grain saltines can also be found.
History edit
Soda crackers were described in The Young House-keeper by William Alcott in 1838.[1]
In 1876, F. L. Sommer & Company of St. Joseph, Missouri started using baking soda as a leavening agent (causing air bubbles) in its wafer thin cracker. Initially called the Premium Soda Cracker and later "Saltines" because of the baking salt component, the invention quickly became popular and Sommer's business quadrupled within four years. That company merged with other companies to form American Biscuit Company in 1890 and then after further mergers became part of National Biscuit Company (Nabisco) in 1898.[2][3][4]
In the early 20th century, various companies in the United States began selling soda crackers in Puerto Rico and referred to them as "Export Soda". Rovira Biscuit Corp. of Puerto Rico also started selling their soda crackers with the same name. The term "Export Soda" became a generic term in Puerto Rico for these crackers. In 1975, Keebler Co. was refused a trademark for the term because it was "merely descriptive".[5]
In the United States, Nabisco lost trademark protection after the term "saltine" began to be used generically to refer to similar crackers; it appeared in the 1907 Merriam Webster Dictionary defined as "a thin crisp cracker usually sprinkled with salt."[6] In Australia, Arnott's Biscuits Holdings still holds a trademark on the name "Saltine".[7][8]
They were made in the United Kingdom by Huntley and Palmers, and in Australia and New Zealand under the brand name Arnott's Salada.[citation needed]
Uses edit
Saltines are commonly dipped or crumbled in soups, chilis, stews, and eaten with, or crumbled into, salads. Typically they are sold in boxes containing two to four stacks of crackers, each wrapped in a sleeve of waxed paper or plastic. In restaurants, they are sometimes found in small wrapped plastic packets of two crackers, which generally accompany soup or salad. Cracker meal, a type of coarse to semi-fine flour made of crushed saltine crackers, may be used as toppings for various dishes; breading for fried or baked poultry, fish or red meats; or as a thickener for meatloaf, soups, stews, sauces, and chilis. [9][10]
As a home remedy, saltines are consumed by many people in order to ease nausea, diarrhea (see bland diet), and to settle an upset stomach.[11]
Saltine crackers have also been frequently included in military field rations (Meal, Ready-to-Eat, or MRE) in the United States.[12][13]
Baking process edit
Saltines have been compared to hardtack, a simple unleavened cracker or biscuit made from flour, water, and sometimes salt. However, unlike hardtack, saltines include yeast as a leavening agent, which causes the bread to rise. Soda crackers are allowed to rise for twenty to thirty hours, then alkaline soda is added to neutralize the excessive acidity produced by the action of the yeast. The dough is allowed to rest for three to four more hours, to relax the gluten, before being rolled in layers and then baked.[14]
Flat saltine crackers have perforations on their surfaces. During baking, the outer layer of the dough hardens first, restricting out-gassing of evolved gasses. The perforations connect the top surface to the bottom surface to prevent the cracker from pillowing as a result of these evolved gasses.[citation needed]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Alcott, William Andrus (1838). The Young House-keeper: Or, Thoughts on Food and Cookery. G. W. Light.
soda crackers.
- ^ "Soggy Cracker House Needs Some Help". St. Joseph News-Press. 15 April 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
- ^ "Biographical Sketch of F. L. Sommer, St. Joseph, Buchanan County, MO". USGenWeb Archives. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
- ^ "Michigan State University Libraries - Special Collections - Little Cookbooks: The Alan and Shirley Brocker Sliker Culinary Ephemera Collection". Lib.msu.edu. Retrieved 2012-09-26.
- ^ "KEEBLER CO. v. ROVIRA BISCUIT CORP".
- ^ "Nabisco Premium Saltines The Snack That Takes You Back" (PDF). SaigeFalyn. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
- ^ "Trade Mark Details - Full - Trade Mark : 214303". ipaustralia.gov.au. Retrieved 2013-10-29.
- ^ "Trade Mark Details - Full - Trade Mark : 98208". ipaustralia.gov.au. Retrieved 2013-10-29.
- ^ Keys, Jeff (2006). Vintage Restaurant: Handcrafted Cuisine from a Sun Valley Favorite. Gibbs Smith. p. 224. ISBN 9781586857714. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
- ^ Souris, Millicent (2012-06-01). How to Build a Better Pie: Sweet and Savory Recipes for Flaky Crusts, Toppers, and the Things in Between. Quarry Books. p. 192. ISBN 9781610583961.
- ^ Green, Joey (2013-07-09). Joey Green's Magic Health Remedies: 1,363 Quick-and-Easy Cures Using Brand-Name Products. Potter/Ten Speed/Harmony/Rodale. p. 480. ISBN 9781609619503.
- ^ Wesley Thatcher, Harold (1944). "The Development of Special Rations for the Army". Q.M.C. Historical Studies (6). Office of the Quarter-master General, General Administrative, Services Division, Historical Section: 132. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
- ^ Reber Cecil, Sam; Woodruff, Jasper Guy (1962). "Long-term Storage of Military Rations". Surveys of Progress on Military Subsistence Problems. 2. Department of the Army, Quartermaster Research and Engineering Command, Quartermaster Food and Container Institute for the Armed Forces: 231. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
- ^ bakerpacific (2015-08-19). "Crackers ……………………………". baking process and engineering. Retrieved 2023-04-16.