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Silesauridae

April 13, 2024

Silesauridae is an extinct family of Triassic dinosauriforms. It is most commonly considered to be a clade of non-dinosaur dinosauriforms, and the sister group of dinosaurs.[1][2][3][4][5] Some studies have instead suggested that most or all silesaurids comprised an early diverging clade or a paraphyletic grade within ornithischian dinosaurs.[6][7][8][9] Silesaurids have a consistent general body plan, with a fairly long neck and legs and possibly quadrupedal habits, but most silesaurids are heavily fragmentary nonetheless. Furthermore, they occupied a variety of ecological niches, with early silesaurids (such as Lewisuchus)[10] being carnivorous and later taxa (such as Kwanasaurus)[11] having adaptations for specialized herbivory. As indicated by the contents of referred coprolites, Silesaurus may have been insectivorous, feeding selectively on small beetles and other arthropods.[12]

Silesaurids
Temporal range: ?Middle Triassic – Late Triassic, ?245–203 Ma
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Archosauria
Clade: Avemetatarsalia
Clade: Ornithodira
Clade: Dinosauromorpha
Clade: Dinosauriformes
Clade: Dracohors
Family: †Silesauridae
Langer et al., 2010
Subgroups

Classification edit

Silesauridae is typically considered the sister group to Dinosauria. The group was named in 2010 by Max C. Langer et al. They defined it as a branch-based clade of all archosaurs closer to Silesaurus opolensis than to either Heterodontosaurus tucki or Marasuchus lilloensis.[13] At around the same time, Sterling J. Nesbitt et al. (2010) independently named Silesauridae as a node-based clade consisting of Lewisuchus, Silesaurus, their last common ancestor and all their descendants.[1] Currently, both definitions encompass the same group of animals. Nesbitt et al. noted that the earlier definition by Langer et al. did not include a diagnosis, and so was not sufficient to create a ranked family-level name according to the ICZN. Therefore, the family Silesauridae is attributed to Nesbitt et al. (2010) while the clade Silesauridae is attributed to Langer et al. (2010).[3]

The fossils range in age from the Anisian to the Norian stages of the Triassic, about 245 to 203 million years ago.[1][13] The cladogram below follows the phylogenetic analysis of basal ornithodirans conducted by Christian Kammerer, Sterling Nesbitt and Neil Shubin (2012) with clade terminology from Cau (2018) and Martz and Small (2019).[3][5][14]

A large phylogenetic analysis of early dinosaurs and dinosauromorphs carried out by Matthew Baron, David Norman and Paul Barrett (2017) and published in the journal Nature recovered Silesauridae as a monophyletic sister group to Dinosauria. The study also recovered the taxon Agnosphitys within the clade Silesauridae, close to Lewisuchus and its synonymous taxon Pseudolagosuchus.[4]

A 2022 study by Norman and colleagues instead found silesaurs to be a paraphyletic group on the branch leading to traditional Ornithischia. The cladogram below is based on their study.[15] This topology is almost identical to the one recovered by Müller & Garcia (2020)[9] in their first iteration of the same dataset.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Nesbitt, S.J.; Sidor, C.A.; Irmis, R.B.; Angielczyk, K.D.; Smith, R.M.H.; Tsuji, L.M.A. (2010). "Ecologically distinct dinosaurian sister group shows early diversification of Ornithodira". Nature. 464 (7285): 95–98. Bibcode:2010Natur.464...95N. doi:10.1038/nature08718. PMID 20203608. S2CID 4344048.
  2. ^ Nesbitt, S.J. (2011). "The early evolution of archosaurs: relationships and the origin of major clades". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 352: 1–292. doi:10.1206/352.1. hdl:2246/6112. S2CID 83493714.
  3. ^ a b c Kammerer, C. F.; Nesbitt, S. J.; Shubin, N. H. (2012). "The First Silesaurid Dinosauriform from the Late Triassic of Morocco" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 57 (2): 277. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0015.
  4. ^ a b Baron, M.G.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M. (2017). "A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution". Nature. 543 (7646): 501–506. Bibcode:2017Natur.543..501B. doi:10.1038/nature21700. PMID 28332513. S2CID 205254710.
  5. ^ a b Andrea Cau (2018). "The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process" (PDF). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 57 (1): 1–25. doi:10.4435/BSPI.2018.01.
  6. ^ Ferigolo, Jorge; Langer, Max C. (1 January 2007). "A Late Triassic dinosauriform from south Brazil and the origin of the ornithischian predentary bone". Historical Biology. 19 (1): 23–33. doi:10.1080/08912960600845767. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 85819339.
  7. ^ Langer, Max C.; Ferigolo, Jorge (1 January 2013). "The Late Triassic dinosauromorph Sacisaurus agudoensis (Caturrita Formation; Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil): anatomy and affinities". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 379 (1): 353–392. Bibcode:2013GSLSP.379..353L. doi:10.1144/SP379.16. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 131414332.
  8. ^ Cabreira, S.F.; Kellner, A.W.A.; Dias-da-Silva, S.; da Silva, L.R.; Bronzati, M.; de Almeida Marsola, J.C.; Müller, R.T.; de Souza Bittencourt, J.; Batista, B.J.; Raugust, T.; Carrilho, R.; Brodt, A.; Langer, M.C. (2016). "A Unique Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage Reveals Dinosaur Ancestral Anatomy and Diet". Current Biology. 26 (22): 3090–3095. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.040. PMID 27839975.
  9. ^ a b Müller, Rodrigo Temp; Garcia, Maurício Silva (26 August 2020). "A paraphyletic 'Silesauridae' as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs". Biology Letters. 16 (8): 20200417. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0417. PMC 7480155. PMID 32842895.
  10. ^ Ezcurra, Martín D.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Fiorelli, Lucas E.; Desojo, Julia B. (24 August 2019). "New specimen sheds light on the anatomy and taxonomy of the early Late Triassic dinosauriforms from the Chañares Formation, NW Argentina". The Anatomical Record. 303 (5): 1393–1438. doi:10.1002/ar.24243. hdl:11336/129047. ISSN 1932-8494. PMID 31444989.
  11. ^ Martz, Jeffrey W.; Small, Bryan J. (3 September 2019). "Non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs from the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic) of the Eagle Basin, northern Colorado: Dromomeron romeri (Lagerpetidae) and a new taxon, Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (Silesauridae)". PeerJ. 7: e7551. doi:10.7717/peerj.7551. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6730537. PMID 31534843.
  12. ^ Martin Qvarnström; Joel Vikberg Wernström; Rafał Piechowski; Mateusz Tałanda; Per E. Ahlberg; Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki (2019). "Beetle-bearing coprolites possibly reveal the diet of a Late Triassic dinosauriform". Royal Society Open Science. 6 (3): Article ID 181042. Bibcode:2019RSOS....681042Q. doi:10.1098/rsos.181042. PMC 6458417. PMID 31031991.
  13. ^ a b Langer, M.C.; Ezcurra, M.D.; Bittencourt, J.S.; Novas, F.E. (2010). "The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs". Biological Reviews. 85 (1): 55–110. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00094.x. hdl:11336/103412. PMID 19895605. S2CID 34530296.
  14. ^ Martz, J.W.; Small, B.J. (2019). "Non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs from the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic) of the Eagle Basin, northern Colorado: Dromomeron romeri (Lagerpetidae) and a new taxon, Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (Silesauridae)". PeerJ. 7: e7551. doi:10.7717/peerj.7551. PMC 6730537. PMID 31534843.
  15. ^ Norman, David B; Baron, Matthew G; Garcia, Mauricio S; Müller, Rodrigo Temp (2022). "Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 196 (4): 1273–1309. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac062.

External links edit

  • Silesauridae in the Paleobiology Database

April 13, 2024
silesauridae, extinct, family, triassic, dinosauriforms, most, commonly, considered, clade, dinosaur, dinosauriforms, sister, group, dinosaurs, some, studies, have, instead, suggested, that, most, silesaurids, comprised, early, diverging, clade, paraphyletic, . Silesauridae is an extinct family of Triassic dinosauriforms It is most commonly considered to be a clade of non dinosaur dinosauriforms and the sister group of dinosaurs 1 2 3 4 5 Some studies have instead suggested that most or all silesaurids comprised an early diverging clade or a paraphyletic grade within ornithischian dinosaurs 6 7 8 9 Silesaurids have a consistent general body plan with a fairly long neck and legs and possibly quadrupedal habits but most silesaurids are heavily fragmentary nonetheless Furthermore they occupied a variety of ecological niches with early silesaurids such as Lewisuchus 10 being carnivorous and later taxa such as Kwanasaurus 11 having adaptations for specialized herbivory As indicated by the contents of referred coprolites Silesaurus may have been insectivorous feeding selectively on small beetles and other arthropods 12 SilesauridsTemporal range Middle Triassic Late Triassic 245 203 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClade ArchosauriaClade AvemetatarsaliaClade OrnithodiraClade DinosauromorphaClade DinosauriformesClade DracohorsFamily SilesauridaeLanger et al 2010Subgroups Agnosphitys Amanasaurus Asilisaurus Gamatavus Ignotosaurus Lewisuchus Pisanosaurus Soumyasaurus SulcimentisauriaClassification editSilesauridae is typically considered the sister group to Dinosauria The group was named in 2010 by Max C Langer et al They defined it as a branch based clade of all archosaurs closer to Silesaurus opolensis than to either Heterodontosaurus tucki or Marasuchus lilloensis 13 At around the same time Sterling J Nesbitt et al 2010 independently named Silesauridae as a node based clade consisting of Lewisuchus Silesaurus their last common ancestor and all their descendants 1 Currently both definitions encompass the same group of animals Nesbitt et al noted that the earlier definition by Langer et al did not include a diagnosis and so was not sufficient to create a ranked family level name according to the ICZN Therefore the family Silesauridae is attributed to Nesbitt et al 2010 while the clade Silesauridae is attributed to Langer et al 2010 3 The fossils range in age from the Anisian to the Norian stages of the Triassic about 245 to 203 million years ago 1 13 The cladogram below follows the phylogenetic analysis of basal ornithodirans conducted by Christian Kammerer Sterling Nesbitt and Neil Shubin 2012 with clade terminology from Cau 2018 and Martz and Small 2019 3 5 14 Ornithodira PterosauriaDinosauromorpha Lagerpetidae Lagerpeton chanarensisDromomeron gregoriiDromomeron romeriDinosauriformes Marasuchus lilloensisDracohors DinosauriaSilesauridae LewisuchusAsilisaurus kongweSulcimentisauria Eucoelophysis baldwiniSilesaurus opolensisSacisaurus agudoensisDiodorus scytobrachion A large phylogenetic analysis of early dinosaurs and dinosauromorphs carried out by Matthew Baron David Norman and Paul Barrett 2017 and published in the journal Nature recovered Silesauridae as a monophyletic sister group to Dinosauria The study also recovered the taxon Agnosphitys within the clade Silesauridae close to Lewisuchus and its synonymous taxon Pseudolagosuchus 4 A 2022 study by Norman and colleagues instead found silesaurs to be a paraphyletic group on the branch leading to traditional Ornithischia The cladogram below is based on their study 15 This topology is almost identical to the one recovered by Muller amp Garcia 2020 9 in their first iteration of the same dataset Dinosauria Saurischia HerrerasauridaeDaemonosaurus chauliodusChindesaurus bryansmalliTawa hallaeEodromaeus murphiSauropodomorphaTheropodaOrnithischia Lewisuchus admixtusSoumyasaurus aenigmaticusAsilisaurus kongweSulcimentisauria Diodorus scytobrachionTechnosaurus smalliParapredentata Ignotosaurus fragilisSilesaurus opolensisSacisaurus agudoensisLutungutali sitwensisKwanasaurus williamparkeriEucoelophysis baldwiniPisanosaurus mertiiLaquintasaura venezuelaePrionodontia Thyreophora Scutellosaurus lawleriEmausaurus ernstiScelidosaurus harrisoniiNeornithischia Eocursor parvusLesothosaurus diagnosticusHeterodontosauridaeAgilisaurus louderbackiHexinlusaurus multidens SilesaursReferences edit a b c Nesbitt S J Sidor C A Irmis R B Angielczyk K D Smith R M H Tsuji L M A 2010 Ecologically distinct dinosaurian sister group shows early diversification of Ornithodira Nature 464 7285 95 98 Bibcode 2010Natur 464 95N doi 10 1038 nature08718 PMID 20203608 S2CID 4344048 Nesbitt S J 2011 The early evolution of archosaurs relationships and the origin of major clades Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 352 1 292 doi 10 1206 352 1 hdl 2246 6112 S2CID 83493714 a b c Kammerer C F Nesbitt S J Shubin N H 2012 The First Silesaurid Dinosauriform from the Late Triassic of Morocco PDF Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57 2 277 doi 10 4202 app 2011 0015 a b Baron M G Norman D B Barrett P M 2017 A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution Nature 543 7646 501 506 Bibcode 2017Natur 543 501B doi 10 1038 nature21700 PMID 28332513 S2CID 205254710 a b Andrea Cau 2018 The assembly of the avian body plan a 160 million year long process PDF Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 57 1 1 25 doi 10 4435 BSPI 2018 01 Ferigolo Jorge Langer Max C 1 January 2007 A Late Triassic dinosauriform from south Brazil and the origin of the ornithischian predentary bone Historical Biology 19 1 23 33 doi 10 1080 08912960600845767 ISSN 0891 2963 S2CID 85819339 Langer Max C Ferigolo Jorge 1 January 2013 The Late Triassic dinosauromorph Sacisaurus agudoensis Caturrita Formation Rio Grande do Sul Brazil anatomy and affinities Geological Society London Special Publications 379 1 353 392 Bibcode 2013GSLSP 379 353L doi 10 1144 SP379 16 ISSN 0305 8719 S2CID 131414332 Cabreira S F Kellner A W A Dias da Silva S da Silva L R Bronzati M de Almeida Marsola J C Muller R T de Souza Bittencourt J Batista B J Raugust T Carrilho R Brodt A Langer M C 2016 A Unique Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage Reveals Dinosaur Ancestral Anatomy and Diet Current Biology 26 22 3090 3095 doi 10 1016 j cub 2016 09 040 PMID 27839975 a b Muller Rodrigo Temp Garcia Mauricio Silva 26 August 2020 A paraphyletic Silesauridae as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs Biology Letters 16 8 20200417 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2020 0417 PMC 7480155 PMID 32842895 Ezcurra Martin D Nesbitt Sterling J Fiorelli Lucas E Desojo Julia B 24 August 2019 New specimen sheds light on the anatomy and taxonomy of the early Late Triassic dinosauriforms from the Chanares Formation NW Argentina The Anatomical Record 303 5 1393 1438 doi 10 1002 ar 24243 hdl 11336 129047 ISSN 1932 8494 PMID 31444989 Martz Jeffrey W Small Bryan J 3 September 2019 Non dinosaurian dinosauromorphs from the Chinle Formation Upper Triassic of the Eagle Basin northern Colorado Dromomeron romeri Lagerpetidae and a new taxon Kwanasaurus williamparkeri Silesauridae PeerJ 7 e7551 doi 10 7717 peerj 7551 ISSN 2167 8359 PMC 6730537 PMID 31534843 Martin Qvarnstrom Joel Vikberg Wernstrom Rafal Piechowski Mateusz Talanda Per E Ahlberg Grzegorz Niedzwiedzki 2019 Beetle bearing coprolites possibly reveal the diet of a Late Triassic dinosauriform Royal Society Open Science 6 3 Article ID 181042 Bibcode 2019RSOS 681042Q doi 10 1098 rsos 181042 PMC 6458417 PMID 31031991 a b Langer M C Ezcurra M D Bittencourt J S Novas F E 2010 The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs Biological Reviews 85 1 55 110 doi 10 1111 j 1469 185X 2009 00094 x hdl 11336 103412 PMID 19895605 S2CID 34530296 Martz J W Small B J 2019 Non dinosaurian dinosauromorphs from the Chinle Formation Upper Triassic of the Eagle Basin northern Colorado Dromomeron romeri Lagerpetidae and a new taxon Kwanasaurus williamparkeri Silesauridae PeerJ 7 e7551 doi 10 7717 peerj 7551 PMC 6730537 PMID 31534843 Norman David B Baron Matthew G Garcia Mauricio S Muller Rodrigo Temp 2022 Taxonomic palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia Archosauria Dinosauria Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 4 1273 1309 doi 10 1093 zoolinnean zlac062 External links editSilesauridae in the Paleobiology Database Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Silesauridae amp oldid 1193625893, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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