Nitrogen pentahydride, also known as ammonium hydride is a hypothetical compound with the chemical formula NH5. There are two theoretical structures of nitrogen pentahydride. One structure is trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry type NH5 molecule. Its nitrogen atom and hydrogen atoms are covalently bounded, and its symmetry group is D3h.[1] Another predicted structure of nitrogen pentahydride is an ionic compound, composed of an ammonium ion and a hydride ion (NH4+H−). Until now, no one has synthesized this substance, or proved its existence, and related experiments have not directly observed nitrogen pentahydride. It is only speculated that it may be a reactive intermediate based on reaction products. Theoretical calculations show this molecule is thermodynamically unstable.[4] The reason might be similar to the instability of nitrogen pentafluoride,[5] so the possibility of its existence is low. However, nitrogen pentahydride might exist in special conditions or high pressure. Nitrogen pentahydride was considered for use as a solid rocket fuel for research in 1966.[6]
Nitrogen pentahydride
A possible structure of nitrogen pentahydride according to theory calculations[1]
Some studies believe that nitrogen pentahydride may exist in the formation of other metal atoms crystal lattice, such as mercury[7][8] and lithium. There are also related studies to explore the possibility of a substitution reaction with ammonium halide.[9] There are also attempts to react ammonium and deuterium to produce the pentahydride, however some experiments show that it may only be a reactive intermediate, which will immediately decompose into ammonia and hydrogen,[10][1] and the same is true for experiments using deuterium.[2][1] However, all the studies above are only theoretical calculations, the existence of nitrogen pentahydride has not been observed, and this substance has not been shown to exist.
An experimental attempted to do a displacement reaction between ammonium trifluoroacetate and lithium hydride in the molten state, in order to study the possibility of the existence of nitrogen pentahydride:[10]
CF3COONH4 + LiH → CF3COOLi + [NH4H]
In the reaction between ammonium trifluoroacetate and lithium deuteride, the product ammonia contains 85% of ordinary ammonia and 15% of monodeuterated ammonia. The product hydrogen contains 66% of hydrogen deuteride, 21% of hydrogen gas and 13% of deuterium gas. In the product collected using tetradeuterated ammonium trifluoroacetate and lithium hydride, ammonia contains ND3, NHD2 and NH2D, while hydrogen contains 68% of hydrogen deuteride, 18% of hydrogen gas and 14% of deuterium gas. Therefore, it is speculated that the reaction may have two routes: one is to directly decompose into ammonia and hydrogen, the other is to first generate ammonium deuteride reactive intermediates, partly by forming deuterium anions and hydrogen cations to form deuterated hydrogen and ammonia and by the formation of hydride ions or deuterium cations to decompose into hydrogen or deuterium gas.[1]
But it immediately decomposed into hydrogen and ammonia, and it was impossible to prove its existence. Experiments with deuterium still get the same results:[2]
[NH4H] → NH3 + H2
Structureedit
Possible structures of covalently bounded nitrogen pentahydride[1]
Several papers have conducted theoretical calculations on nitrogen pentahydride, and believe that nitrogen pentahydride is unlikely to form ionic crystals of hydride and ammonium ions. However, it is possible that hydrogen is connected to one of the hydrogen atoms of ammonium.[1] It may also be similar to nitrogen pentafluoride, forming a three-center two-electron bond similar to carbonium ions, or those five hydrogen atoms are arranged in a triangular bipyramid structure around the nitrogen atom.[1]
Related compoundsedit
A compound that is similar to nitrogen pentahydride is the theoretical nitrogen pentafluoride. Its structure is assumed to be tetrafluoroammonium fluoride (NF4+F−).[11] Similarly to nitrogen pentahydride, it is a compound of nitrogen and five of the same atom, but nitrogen pentafluoride is also a hypothetical compound, still never synthesized and only theoretical research exist.[12] Other pnictogen pentahydrides are theoretically more stable, such as phosphorus pentahydride (PH4H) which is more stable than nitrogen pentahydride but still unstable to decomposition to phosphine and hydrogen gas. Its organic derivatives (phosphoranes) are more stable, such as stable pentaphenylphosphorus (Ph5P).[13] Other heavier pnictogen pentahydrides are more likely to exist, such as the theoretical arsenic pentahydride.[14][better source needed]
Referencesedit
^ abcdefghijOlah, G.A.; Prakash, G.K.S. (2003). . World Scientific Series in 20th Century Chemistry. p. 759. ISBN9789814498548. Archived from the original on November 25, 2021.
^ abcMerlet, P. and Koschel, D. and Hack, W. and Haubold, R. and Ohms-Bredemann, U. and Heinrich-Sterzel, C. and Wagner, J. and Keller-Rudek, H. and Schi{\"o}berg, D. and Strametz, C. (2013). N Nitrogen: Compounds with Noble Gases and Hydrogen. Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry - 8th edition. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 278. ISBN9783662063330. from the original on 2017-08-16.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Hisham, Mohamed W. M. and Benson, Sidney W. (1988). "Thermochemistry of inorganic solids. 8. Empirical relations among the enthalpies of formation of different anionic compounds". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 92 (21): 6107–6112. doi:10.1021/j100332a052.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Ewig, Carl S.; Van Wazer, John R. (1989). "Ab initio studies of molecular structures and energetics. 3. Pentacoordinated nitrogen NFnH5-n compounds". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 111 (12): 4172–4178. doi:10.1021/ja00194a005.
^Sterrett, K. F.; Caron, A. P. (1966). . Northrop Space Labs. Archived from the original on 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
^Bard, A.J. and Inzelt, G. and Scholz, F. (2012). Electrochemical Dictionary. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN9783642295508. LCCN 2012945766. from the original on 2017-08-16.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Gladyshev, VP; Kovaleva, SV; Khramtsova, NA (2001). "Determination of ammonium by stripping voltammetry". Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 56 (5). Springer: 443–448. doi:10.1023/A:1016627003444. S2CID 195095419.
^Olah, George A.; Donovan, Daniel J.; Shen, Jacob; Klopman, Gilles (1975). "Onium ions. XVI. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange accompanying the cleavage of ammonium (tetradeuterioammonium) trifluoroacetate by lithium deuteride (hydride) indicating SN2 like nucleophilic displacement at quaternary nitrogen through pentacoordinated ammonium hydride". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 97 (12): 3559–3561. doi:10.1021/ja00845a069.
^ abOlah, G. A,; Donovan, D. J.;Shen, J.; Klopman, G.(J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97 [1975] 3559/61).
^Goetschel, C. T.; V. A. Campanile; R. M. Curtis; K. R. Loos; C. D. Wagner; J. N. Wilson (July 1972). "Preparation and properties of perfluoroammonium tetrafluoroborate, NF4+BF4-, and possible synthesis of nitrogen pentafluoride". Inorganic Chemistry. 11 (7): 1696–1701. doi:10.1021/ic50113a051.
^Lewars, Errol G. (2008-11-03). Modeling marvels: computational anticipation of novel molecules. Springer. pp. 53–67. ISBN9781402069734. from the original on 2015-02-12.
^^A Guide to Organophosphorus Chemistry Louis D. Quin 2000 John Wiley & Sons ISBN 0-471-31824-8
^"arsorane". CHEBI. from the original on 2017-08-21. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
April 12, 2024
nitrogen, pentahydride, also, known, ammonium, hydride, hypothetical, compound, with, chemical, formula, there, theoretical, structures, nitrogen, pentahydride, structure, trigonal, bipyramidal, molecular, geometry, type, molecule, nitrogen, atom, hydrogen, at. Nitrogen pentahydride also known as ammonium hydride is a hypothetical compound with the chemical formula NH5 There are two theoretical structures of nitrogen pentahydride One structure is trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry type NH5 molecule Its nitrogen atom and hydrogen atoms are covalently bounded and its symmetry group is D3h 1 Another predicted structure of nitrogen pentahydride is an ionic compound composed of an ammonium ion and a hydride ion NH4 H Until now no one has synthesized this substance or proved its existence and related experiments have not directly observed nitrogen pentahydride It is only speculated that it may be a reactive intermediate based on reaction products Theoretical calculations show this molecule is thermodynamically unstable 4 The reason might be similar to the instability of nitrogen pentafluoride 5 so the possibility of its existence is low However nitrogen pentahydride might exist in special conditions or high pressure Nitrogen pentahydride was considered for use as a solid rocket fuel for research in 1966 6 Nitrogen pentahydride A possible structure of nitrogen pentahydride according to theory calculations 1 NamesOther names Ammonium hydrideIdentifiersCAS Number 73655 04 6 Y 2 3 3D model JSmol Interactive imageInteractive imageSMILES NH5 H NH4 PropertiesChemical formula H 5NMolar mass 19 047 g mol 1StructureMolecular shape Trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry covalent 1 Dipole moment 0 D covalent 1 Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa Infobox references Contents 1 Research and attempts 2 Structure 3 Related compounds 4 ReferencesResearch and attempts editSome studies believe that nitrogen pentahydride may exist in the formation of other metal atoms crystal lattice such as mercury 7 8 and lithium There are also related studies to explore the possibility of a substitution reaction with ammonium halide 9 There are also attempts to react ammonium and deuterium to produce the pentahydride however some experiments show that it may only be a reactive intermediate which will immediately decompose into ammonia and hydrogen 10 1 and the same is true for experiments using deuterium 2 1 However all the studies above are only theoretical calculations the existence of nitrogen pentahydride has not been observed and this substance has not been shown to exist An experimental attempted to do a displacement reaction between ammonium trifluoroacetate and lithium hydride in the molten state in order to study the possibility of the existence of nitrogen pentahydride 10 CF3COONH4 LiH CF3COOLi NH4H In the reaction between ammonium trifluoroacetate and lithium deuteride the product ammonia contains 85 of ordinary ammonia and 15 of monodeuterated ammonia The product hydrogen contains 66 of hydrogen deuteride 21 of hydrogen gas and 13 of deuterium gas In the product collected using tetradeuterated ammonium trifluoroacetate and lithium hydride ammonia contains ND3 NHD2 and NH2D while hydrogen contains 68 of hydrogen deuteride 18 of hydrogen gas and 14 of deuterium gas Therefore it is speculated that the reaction may have two routes one is to directly decompose into ammonia and hydrogen the other is to first generate ammonium deuteride reactive intermediates partly by forming deuterium anions and hydrogen cations to form deuterated hydrogen and ammonia and by the formation of hydride ions or deuterium cations to decompose into hydrogen or deuterium gas 1 But it immediately decomposed into hydrogen and ammonia and it was impossible to prove its existence Experiments with deuterium still get the same results 2 NH4H NH3 H2Structure edit nbsp Possible structures of covalently bounded nitrogen pentahydride 1 Several papers have conducted theoretical calculations on nitrogen pentahydride and believe that nitrogen pentahydride is unlikely to form ionic crystals of hydride and ammonium ions However it is possible that hydrogen is connected to one of the hydrogen atoms of ammonium 1 It may also be similar to nitrogen pentafluoride forming a three center two electron bond similar to carbonium ions or those five hydrogen atoms are arranged in a triangular bipyramid structure around the nitrogen atom 1 Related compounds editA compound that is similar to nitrogen pentahydride is the theoretical nitrogen pentafluoride Its structure is assumed to be tetrafluoroammonium fluoride NF4 F 11 Similarly to nitrogen pentahydride it is a compound of nitrogen and five of the same atom but nitrogen pentafluoride is also a hypothetical compound still never synthesized and only theoretical research exist 12 Other pnictogen pentahydrides are theoretically more stable such as phosphorus pentahydride PH4H which is more stable than nitrogen pentahydride but still unstable to decomposition to phosphine and hydrogen gas Its organic derivatives phosphoranes are more stable such as stable pentaphenylphosphorus Ph5P 13 Other heavier pnictogen pentahydrides are more likely to exist such as the theoretical arsenic pentahydride 14 better source needed References edit a b c d e f g h i j Olah G A Prakash G K S 2003 Across Conventional Lines Selected Papers of George A Olah In 2 Volumes World Scientific Series in 20th Century Chemistry p 759 ISBN 9789814498548 Archived from the original on November 25 2021 a b c Merlet P and Koschel D and Hack W and Haubold R and Ohms Bredemann U and Heinrich Sterzel C and Wagner J and Keller Rudek H and Schi o berg D and Strametz C 2013 N Nitrogen Compounds with Noble Gases and Hydrogen Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry 8th edition Springer Berlin Heidelberg p 278 ISBN 9783662063330 Archived from the original on 2017 08 16 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Hisham Mohamed W M and Benson Sidney W 1988 Thermochemistry of inorganic solids 8 Empirical relations among the enthalpies of formation of different anionic compounds The Journal of Physical Chemistry 92 21 6107 6112 doi 10 1021 j100332a052 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Ewig Carl S Van Wazer John R 1989 Ab initio studies of molecular structures and energetics 3 Pentacoordinated nitrogen NFnH5 n compounds Journal of the American Chemical Society 111 12 4172 4178 doi 10 1021 ja00194a005 Kurzydlowski Dominik Zaleski Ejgierd Patryk December 2016 Hexacoordinated nitrogen V stabilized by high pressure Scientific Reports 6 1 36049 Bibcode 2016NatSR 636049K doi 10 1038 srep36049 PMC 5093683 PMID 27808104 Sterrett K F Caron A P 1966 High pressure chemistry of hydrogenous fuels Northrop Space Labs Archived from the original on 2011 08 23 Retrieved 2017 08 21 Bard A J and Inzelt G and Scholz F 2012 Electrochemical Dictionary Springer Berlin Heidelberg ISBN 9783642295508 LCCN 2012945766 Archived from the original on 2017 08 16 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Gladyshev VP Kovaleva SV Khramtsova NA 2001 Determination of ammonium by stripping voltammetry Journal of Analytical Chemistry 56 5 Springer 443 448 doi 10 1023 A 1016627003444 S2CID 195095419 Olah George A Donovan Daniel J Shen Jacob Klopman Gilles 1975 Onium ions XVI Hydrogen deuterium exchange accompanying the cleavage of ammonium tetradeuterioammonium trifluoroacetate by lithium deuteride hydride indicating SN2 like nucleophilic displacement at quaternary nitrogen through pentacoordinated ammonium hydride Journal of the American Chemical Society 97 12 3559 3561 doi 10 1021 ja00845a069 a b Olah G A Donovan D J Shen J Klopman G J Am Chem Soc 97 1975 3559 61 Goetschel C T V A Campanile R M Curtis K R Loos C D Wagner J N Wilson July 1972 Preparation and properties of perfluoroammonium tetrafluoroborate NF4 BF4 and possible synthesis of nitrogen pentafluoride Inorganic Chemistry 11 7 1696 1701 doi 10 1021 ic50113a051 Lewars Errol G 2008 11 03 Modeling marvels computational anticipation of novel molecules Springer pp 53 67 ISBN 9781402069734 Archived from the original on 2015 02 12 A Guide to Organophosphorus Chemistry Louis D Quin 2000 John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 0 471 31824 8 arsorane CHEBI Archived from the original on 2017 08 21 Retrieved 2017 08 21 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nitrogen pentahydride amp oldid 1200793713, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
