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Short-toed snake eagle

October 23, 2023

The short-toed snake eagle (Circaetus gallicus), also known as the short-toed eagle, is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as kites, buzzards and harriers. The genus name Circaetus is from the Ancient Greek kirkos, a type of hawk, and aetos, "eagle". The specific gallicus means "of Gallia".[2]

Short-toed snake eagle
In flight with prey - Trentino-South-Tyrol, Italy
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Circaetus
Species:
C. gallicus
Binomial name
Circaetus gallicus
(Gmelin, JF, 1788)
Subspecies
  • C. g. gallicus - (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
  • C. g. sacerdotis - Ng, N, Christidis, Olsen, Norman & Rheindt, 2017
Range of C. gallicus
  Breeding
  Resident
  Passage
  Non-breeding

Taxonomy Edit

The short-toed snake eagle was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the falcons, eagles and their relatives in the genus Falco and coined the binomial name Falco gallicus.[3] Gmelin based his description on the "Jean le Blanc" that had been described by the English ornithologist John Latham and the French ornithologists Mathurin Jacques Brisson and the Comte de Buffon.[4][5][6][7] The short-toed snake eagle is now placed in the genus Circaetus that was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot.[8][9] The genus name is from the Ancient Greek kirkos, a type of hawk, and aetos, "eagle". The specific epithet gallicus is Latin for "Gaul" ie France.[10]

Two subspecies are recognised:[9]

  • C. g. gallicus (Gmelin, JF, 1788) – southwest Europe to central Asia, northwest China and India
  • C. g. sacerdotis Ng, NSR, Christidis, Olsen, Norman & Rheindt, 2017 – east Java, Bali, and Lombok to Timor (Lesser Sunda Islands)[11]

Description Edit

These are relatively large snake eagles. Adults are 59 to 70 cm (23 to 28 in) long with a 162 to 195 cm (5 ft 4 in to 6 ft 5 in) wingspan and weigh 1.2–2.3 kg (2.6–5.1 lb), an average weight for the species is about 1.7 kg (3.7 lb).[12][13][14] They can be recognised in the field by their predominantly white underside, the upper parts being greyish brown. The chin, throat and upper breast are a pale, earthy brown. The tail has 3 or 4 bars. Additional indications are an owl-like rounded head, brightly yellow eyes and lightly barred under wing.

The short-toed snake eagle spends more time on the wing than do most members of its genus. It favours soaring over hill slopes and hilltops on updraughts, and it does much of its hunting from this position at heights of up to 500 m (1,600 ft). When quartering open country it frequently hovers like a kestrel.[15] When it soars it does so on flattish wings.

Distribution and habitat Edit

This is an Old World species found throughout the Mediterranean basin, into Russia and the Middle East, and parts of Western Asia, and in the Indian Subcontinent and also further east in some Indonesian islands.

Those present on the northern edge of the Mediterranean and other parts of Europe migrate mainly to sub-Saharan Africa north of the equator, leaving in September/October and returning in April/May.[16] In the Middle and Far East the populations are resident. In Europe, it is most numerous in Spain where it is fairly common but elsewhere it is rare in many parts of its range. A bird on the Isles of Scilly, Britain, in October 1999 was the first confirmed record for that country.

The short-toed snake eagle is found in open cultivated plains, arid stony deciduous scrub areas and foothills and semi-desert areas.[17] It requires trees for nesting and open habitats, such as cultivations and grasslands for foraging.[18]

Behaviour Edit

Its prey is mostly reptiles, mainly snakes, but also some lizards.[19] Sometimes they become entangled with larger snakes and battle on the ground.[20] Occasionally, they prey on small mammals up to the size of a rabbit, and rarely birds and large insects.

This eagle is generally very silent. On occasions, it emits a variety of musical whistling notes. When breeding, it lays only one egg. It can live up to 17 years.

The short-toed snake eagle has suffered a steep decline in numbers and range in Europe and is now rare and still decreasing in several countries due to changes in agriculture and land use. It needs protection.[citation needed] In the middle and far eastern part of its range, this species is not yet threatened.

Historical material Edit

In his description of the species, Buffon says that he kept one of these eagles in captivity and observed its behavior. The captive bird ate mice and frogs, and he states that the Jean-de-blanc was well known by French farmers for raiding poultry.[21]

Gallery Edit

  •  

    Characteristic white underside

  •  

    In Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary, India

  •  

    Swallowing prey while flying

  •  

    Yellow eyes

  •  

    Detail of the feathers

  •  

    With a rat

  • Hovering

  •  

    Short-toed snake eagle in its nest, Rollapadu wildlife sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India

  •  

    The short toes that give the name

  •  

    In flight in Kuwait

  •  

    Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden

  •  

    Short-toed snake eagle. Saswad,Pune,India.

References Edit

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Circaetus gallicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22734216A95078150. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22734216A95078150.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 108, 170. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  3. ^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 259.
  4. ^ Latham, John (1785). A General Synopsis of Birds. Vol. 1, Part 1. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. p. 39, No. 17.
  5. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. p. 443. The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
  6. ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1770). "Jean-Le-Blanc". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. p. 124; Plate 4.
  7. ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Le Jean-le-Blanc". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 5. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 413.
  8. ^ Vieillot, Louis Jean Pierre (1816). Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire (in French). Paris: Deterville/self. p. 23.
  9. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  10. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 108, 170. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  11. ^ Ng, N.S.R.; Christidis, L.; Olsen, J.; Norman, J.; Rheindt, F.E. (2017). "A new subspecies of Short-toed Snake-eagle from Wallacea determined from morphological and DNA comparison". Zootaxa. 4358 (2): 365–374. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4358.2.9.
  12. ^ del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1994). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
  13. ^ Borrow, N. (2020). Field Guide to Birds of Western Africa. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  14. ^ Klem, D. (1997). A field guide to birds of Armenia. American University of Armenia.
  15. ^ Bakaloudis, D.E. (2010). "Hunting strategies and foraging performance of the short-toed eagle in the Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli National Park, north-east Greece". Journal of Zoology. 281: 168–174. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00691.x.
  16. ^ Bakaloudis, D.E.; C. Vlachos; G. Holloway (2005). "Nest spacing and breeding performance in Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus in northeast Greece". Bird Study. 52 (3): 330–338. doi:10.1080/00063650509461407.
  17. ^ Bakaloudis, D.E.; C. Vlachos; G.J. Holloway (1998). "Habitat use by short-toed eagles Circaetus gallicus and their reptilian prey during the breeding season in Dadia Forest (north-eastern Greece)". Journal of Applied Ecology. 35 (6): 821–828. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.1998.tb00001.x.
  18. ^ Bakaloudis, D.E. (2009). "Implications for conservation of foraging sites selected by Short-toed Eagles (Circaetus gallicus) in Greece". Ornis Fennica. 86: 89–96.
  19. ^ Bakaloudis D.E.; C.G. Vlachos (2011). "Feeding habits and provisioning rate of breeding short-toed eagles Circaetus gallicus in northeastern Greece". Journal of Biological Research. 16: 166–176.
  20. ^ Jerdon, T.C. (1862). The Birds of India. Vol. 1. Military Orphan Press. p. 77.
  21. ^ "The White John". The natural history of birds from the French of the Count de Buffon. Vol. 1. Translated by Anonymous. London. 1793. pp. 86–95.

External links Edit

  • Short-toed-Eagle.net
  • Ageing and sexing (PDF; 3.3 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
  • BirdLife species factsheet for Circaetus gallicus
  • "Circaetus gallicus". Avibase.  
  • "Short-toed Snake-eagle media". Internet Bird Collection.
  • Short-toed snake eagle photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
  • Audio recordings of Short-toed Snake Eagle on Xeno-canto.

October 23, 2023
short, toed, snake, eagle, short, toed, snake, eagle, circaetus, gallicus, also, known, short, toed, eagle, medium, sized, bird, prey, family, accipitridae, which, also, includes, many, other, diurnal, raptors, such, kites, buzzards, harriers, genus, name, cir. The short toed snake eagle Circaetus gallicus also known as the short toed eagle is a medium sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as kites buzzards and harriers The genus name Circaetus is from the Ancient Greek kirkos a type of hawk and aetos eagle The specific gallicus means of Gallia 2 Short toed snake eagleIn flight with prey Trentino South Tyrol ItalyConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClade DinosauriaClass AvesOrder AccipitriformesFamily AccipitridaeGenus CircaetusSpecies C gallicusBinomial nameCircaetus gallicus Gmelin JF 1788 SubspeciesC g gallicus Gmelin JF 1788 C g sacerdotis Ng N Christidis Olsen Norman amp Rheindt 2017Range of C gallicus Breeding Resident Passage Non breeding Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behaviour 5 Historical material 6 Gallery 7 References 8 External linksTaxonomy EditThe short toed snake eagle was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus s Systema Naturae He placed it with the falcons eagles and their relatives in the genus Falco and coined the binomial name Falco gallicus 3 Gmelin based his description on the Jean le Blanc that had been described by the English ornithologist John Latham and the French ornithologists Mathurin Jacques Brisson and the Comte de Buffon 4 5 6 7 The short toed snake eagle is now placed in the genus Circaetus that was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot 8 9 The genus name is from the Ancient Greek kirkos a type of hawk and aetos eagle The specific epithet gallicus is Latin for Gaul ie France 10 Two subspecies are recognised 9 C g gallicus Gmelin JF 1788 southwest Europe to central Asia northwest China and India C g sacerdotis Ng NSR Christidis Olsen Norman amp Rheindt 2017 east Java Bali and Lombok to Timor Lesser Sunda Islands 11 Description EditThese are relatively large snake eagles Adults are 59 to 70 cm 23 to 28 in long with a 162 to 195 cm 5 ft 4 in to 6 ft 5 in wingspan and weigh 1 2 2 3 kg 2 6 5 1 lb an average weight for the species is about 1 7 kg 3 7 lb 12 13 14 They can be recognised in the field by their predominantly white underside the upper parts being greyish brown The chin throat and upper breast are a pale earthy brown The tail has 3 or 4 bars Additional indications are an owl like rounded head brightly yellow eyes and lightly barred under wing The short toed snake eagle spends more time on the wing than do most members of its genus It favours soaring over hill slopes and hilltops on updraughts and it does much of its hunting from this position at heights of up to 500 m 1 600 ft When quartering open country it frequently hovers like a kestrel 15 When it soars it does so on flattish wings Distribution and habitat EditThis is an Old World species found throughout the Mediterranean basin into Russia and the Middle East and parts of Western Asia and in the Indian Subcontinent and also further east in some Indonesian islands Those present on the northern edge of the Mediterranean and other parts of Europe migrate mainly to sub Saharan Africa north of the equator leaving in September October and returning in April May 16 In the Middle and Far East the populations are resident In Europe it is most numerous in Spain where it is fairly common but elsewhere it is rare in many parts of its range A bird on the Isles of Scilly Britain in October 1999 was the first confirmed record for that country The short toed snake eagle is found in open cultivated plains arid stony deciduous scrub areas and foothills and semi desert areas 17 It requires trees for nesting and open habitats such as cultivations and grasslands for foraging 18 Behaviour EditIts prey is mostly reptiles mainly snakes but also some lizards 19 Sometimes they become entangled with larger snakes and battle on the ground 20 Occasionally they prey on small mammals up to the size of a rabbit and rarely birds and large insects This eagle is generally very silent On occasions it emits a variety of musical whistling notes When breeding it lays only one egg It can live up to 17 years The short toed snake eagle has suffered a steep decline in numbers and range in Europe and is now rare and still decreasing in several countries due to changes in agriculture and land use It needs protection citation needed In the middle and far eastern part of its range this species is not yet threatened Historical material EditIn his description of the species Buffon says that he kept one of these eagles in captivity and observed its behavior The captive bird ate mice and frogs and he states that the Jean de blanc was well known by French farmers for raiding poultry 21 Gallery Edit nbsp Characteristic white underside nbsp In Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary India nbsp Swallowing prey while flying nbsp Yellow eyes nbsp Detail of the feathers nbsp With a rat source source source source source source source Hovering nbsp Short toed snake eagle in its nest Rollapadu wildlife sanctuary Andhra Pradesh India nbsp The short toes that give the name nbsp In flight in Kuwait nbsp Egg Collection Museum Wiesbaden nbsp Short toed snake eagle Saswad Pune India References Edit BirdLife International 2016 Circaetus gallicus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T22734216A95078150 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22734216A95078150 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm pp 108 170 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Gmelin Johann Friedrich 1788 Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis in Latin Vol 1 Part 1 13th ed Lipsiae Leipzig Georg Emanuel Beer p 259 Latham John 1785 A General Synopsis of Birds Vol 1 Part 1 London Printed for Leigh and Sotheby p 39 No 17 Brisson Mathurin Jacques 1760 Ornithologie ou Methode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres Sections Genres Especes amp leurs Varietes in French and Latin Vol 1 Paris Jean Baptiste Bauche p 443 The two stars at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen Buffon Georges Louis Leclerc de 1770 Jean Le Blanc Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux in French Vol 1 Paris De l Imprimerie Royale p 124 Plate 4 Buffon Georges Louis Leclerc de Martinet Francois Nicolas Daubenton Edme Louis Daubenton Louis Jean Marie 1765 1783 Le Jean le Blanc Planches Enluminees D Histoire Naturelle Vol 5 Paris De L Imprimerie Royale Plate 413 Vieillot Louis Jean Pierre 1816 Analyse d une Nouvelle Ornithologie Elementaire in French Paris Deterville self p 23 a b Gill Frank Donsker David Rasmussen Pamela eds August 2022 Hoatzin New World vultures Secretarybird raptors IOC World Bird List Version 12 2 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 4 December 2022 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm p 108 170 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Ng N S R Christidis L Olsen J Norman J Rheindt F E 2017 A new subspecies of Short toed Snake eagle from Wallacea determined from morphological and DNA comparison Zootaxa 4358 2 365 374 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 4358 2 9 del Hoyo J Elliott A Sargatal J eds 1994 Handbook of the Birds of the World Vol 2 New World Vultures to Guineafowl Barcelona Lynx Edicions Borrow N 2020 Field Guide to Birds of Western Africa Bloomsbury Publishing Klem D 1997 A field guide to birds of Armenia American University of Armenia Bakaloudis D E 2010 Hunting strategies and foraging performance of the short toed eagle in the Dadia Lefkimi Soufli National Park north east Greece Journal of Zoology 281 168 174 doi 10 1111 j 1469 7998 2010 00691 x Bakaloudis D E C Vlachos G Holloway 2005 Nest spacing and breeding performance in Short toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus in northeast Greece Bird Study 52 3 330 338 doi 10 1080 00063650509461407 Bakaloudis D E C Vlachos G J Holloway 1998 Habitat use by short toed eagles Circaetus gallicus and their reptilian prey during the breeding season in Dadia Forest north eastern Greece Journal of Applied Ecology 35 6 821 828 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2664 1998 tb00001 x Bakaloudis D E 2009 Implications for conservation of foraging sites selected by Short toed Eagles Circaetus gallicus in Greece Ornis Fennica 86 89 96 Bakaloudis D E C G Vlachos 2011 Feeding habits and provisioning rate of breeding short toed eagles Circaetus gallicus in northeastern Greece Journal of Biological Research 16 166 176 Jerdon T C 1862 The Birds of India Vol 1 Military Orphan Press p 77 The White John The natural history of birds from the French of the Count de Buffon Vol 1 Translated by Anonymous London 1793 pp 86 95 External links EditShort toed Eagle net Ageing and sexing PDF 3 3 MB by Javier Blasco Zumeta amp Gerd Michael Heinze BirdLife species factsheet for Circaetus gallicus Circaetus gallicus Avibase nbsp Short toed Snake eagle media Internet Bird Collection Short toed snake eagle photo gallery at VIREO Drexel University Audio recordings of Short toed Snake Eagle on Xeno canto Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Short toed snake eagle amp oldid 1180709752, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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