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Shkumbin

April 13, 2024

The Shkumbin (/ʃkuːmbiːn/; Albanian pronunciation: [ʃkumbin]), also known as Shkembi, is a river in Southern Europe. It is 181.4 km (112.7 mi) long and its drainage basin is 2,444 km2 (944 sq mi). Its average discharge is 61.5 m3/s (2,170 cu ft/s).[4]

Shkumbin
Shkumbin Gorge between Librazhd and Elbasan
Location
CountryAlbania
Physical characteristics
SourceValamara
 • locationKorçë County
 • coordinates40°47′57″N 20°18′14″E / 40.79917°N 20.30389°E / 40.79917; 20.30389
 • elevation2,120 m (6,960 ft)
Mouth18 km (11 mi) west of Rrogozhinë
 • location
Adriatic Sea
 • coordinates
41°2′23″N 19°26′34″E / 41.03972°N 19.44278°E / 41.03972; 19.44278
 • elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Length181.4 km (112.7 mi)[1]
Basin size2,444 km2 (944 sq mi)[2][3]
Discharge 
 • average61.5 m3/s (2,170 cu ft/s)

Etymology edit

It derives from Latin Scampinus (recorded alternatively as Scampis), which replaced the Illyrian name of the river: Genusus (recorded in Latin: Genusus, also Genessus,[5] and in Ancient Greek: Γενούσος). A Slavic intermediation has been rejected. Its inclusion in Latin loanwords into Proto-Albanian and phonetic evolution coincides with the historical existence of a large Roman town (near present-day Elbasan), which gave the river its new name.[6][7]

Overview edit

The river originates in the eastern Valamara Mountains between Maja e Valamarës (2,375 m (7,792 ft)) and Gur i Topit (2,120 m (6,960 ft)) in Southeastern Albania.[8] After descending from the Valamaras, it flows northwards through Proptisht and Qukës with many deep gorges and canyons and passes the Gora Mountains. A significant inflow comes from Gur i Kamjës (1,481 m (4,859 ft)) southwest of Pogradec. Over the course, it flows inside a syncline between the Mokra and Shebenik Mountains in the east and the Polis Mountains in the west. Close to Librazhd the river turns some 50 km (31 mi) westwards of its origin and joins the Rapun stream.[9] At the end, the river crosses the Myzeqe Plain and forms a small delta in Karavasta Lagoon, the direct proximity of the Adriatic Sea.

Human history edit

The ancient name of the river was Genusus and was located in central southern Illyria. At the same time, it was referred as Scampini, as it was identified by the town of Scampa. In classical antiquity, the valley of the Shkumbin was inhabited by several Illyrian peoples. The Parthini lived in the middle valley of the river.[10][11][12] They neighbored to the west the Taulantii who lived in the coastal area including the lower valley of the river, and to the east the Dassaretii who lived in the region of Lake Ohrid, including the upper valley of the river.[12][13] The ancient Via Egnatia followed the river, giving it the role of a strategically important corridor between orient and occident.[14] The Via Egnatia started with two branches, the northern one from Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion, and the southern one from Apollonia. The two branches converged at Ad Quintum, near modern Elbasan, continuing eastwards through the valley of the Shkumbin.[15]

In Roman Imperial times, the line of division between the administrative provinces of Illyricum and Epirus Nova ran from the west somewhere between Scodra and Dyrrachium, to the east somewhere between the north side of the Shkumbin and Lake Ohrid.[16] During this period, the valley of Skumbin constituted roughly the border between the Latin and the Greek-speaking area.[17]

The river is roughly the geographical dividing line between Tosk and Gheg Albanian dialects, with Gheg spoken north of the Shkumbin and Tosk south of it. The dialectal split occurred after Christianisation of the region (4th century AD),[18][19] with the river as the historic dialectal boundary[20] which straddled the Jireček line.[21][22]

 
Hydrographic map of Albania: Shkumbin is shown in the center of the map.
 
Origin of the river at Valamara
 
Shkumbin Valley about 5 km east of Elbasan

See also edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shkumbin.

References edit

  1. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
  2. ^ "The coastline of Albania: morphology, evolution and coastal management issues" (PDF). ciesm.org. p. 8.
  3. ^ "Fishes from Shkumbini River (Central Albania): an ecological view". researchgate.net. p. 1.
  4. ^ Cullaj, A.; Hasko, A.; Miho, A.; Schanz, F.; Brandl, H.; Bachofen, R. (2005). "The quality of Albanian natural waters and the human impact". Environment International. 31 (1): 133–46. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2004.06.008. PMID 15607787.
  5. ^ Fishta, Gjergj; Elsie, Robert (2005-10-04). Robert Elsie. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 459. ISBN 978-1-84511-118-2.
  6. ^ Ismajli 2015, p. 263.
  7. ^ Demiraj 2006, p. 150
  8. ^ University of Tirana. "Albert-Kurti-compressed.pdf" (PDF). doktoratura.unitir.edu.al (in Albanian). Tirana. p. 43.
  9. ^ "KREU I: PASURITË UJORE SHQIPTARE" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 19.
  10. ^ Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E. (1982). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 3, Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans, the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC. p. 629.
  11. ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 93
  12. ^ a b Cabanes 2007, p. 579: "Parthini (Partini, Partheni, Παρθῖνοι/Parthînoi, Παρθεηνᾶται/Partheēnâtai). Illyrian tribe (Str. 7,7,8; App. Ill. 2) near → Dyrrhachium (App. B Civ. 5,320). It is likely that they lived in the Shkumbi valley (in modern Albania) and controlled the important link between → Ionios Kolpos and → Macedonia, equivalent to the later → via Egnatia. Their neighbours to the east were the Dassaretae (Dassaretia) in the region of the modern Ohrid, and to the west the Taulantii (Thuc. 1,24; Diod. Sic. 12,30-40)."
  13. ^ Castiglioni 2010, pp. 88–89: "Le premier de ces deux témoignages est un fermoir de ceinture retrouvé dans un tombeau monumental de la localité albanaise de la basse Selce (Selcë e Poshtme) située dans le district de Pogradec, dans la partie orientale du pays, à quelques kilomètres du lac d'Ohrid et à 1010 m au-dessus du niveau de la mer. Ce centre a bénéficié dans le passé d'un essor économique plus florissant par rapport aux plus modestes agglomérations des alentours, grâce à la position centrale et prédominante qu'il occupe à l'intérieur de la contrée actuellement appelée Mokër, et grâce au contrôle de la route qui conduisait des côtes adriatiques de l'Illyrie à la Macédoine, route qui longeait le cours du fleuve Shkumbin (Genusus) et qui passait autrefois par les Gorges de Çervenake. La ville s'étendait sur les terrasses naturelles de la col-line de Gradishte ou Qyteze, dont la partie ouest descend abruptement vers le cours du fleuve Shkumbin."
  14. ^ University of Tirana. "MALLAKASTRA STUDIM GJEOGRAFIK" (PDF). doktoratura.unitir.edu.al (in Albanian). p. 21.
  15. ^ Stocker 2009, pp. 880–881
  16. ^ Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond. Migrations and invasions in Greece and adjacent areas. Noyes Press, 1976. ISBN 978-0-8155-5047-1. p. 54.
  17. ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 273
  18. ^ Douglas Q. Adams (January 1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. pp. 9, 11. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
  19. ^ Indo-European language and culture: an introduction By Benjamin W. Fortson Edition: 5, illustrated Published by Wiley-Blackwell, 2004 ISBN 1-4051-0316-7, ISBN 978-1-4051-0316-9 (page 392)
  20. ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World By Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie Contributor Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie Edition: illustrated Published by Elsevier,2008 ISBN 0-08-087774-5, ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7 (page 23)
  21. ^ Orel, Vladimir; Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Brill, 1998 ISBN 90 04 11024 0
  22. ^ See also Hamp 1963.

Bibliography edit

  • Cabanes, Pierre (2007). "Parthini". In Hubert, Cancik; Schneider, Helmuth; Salazar, Christine F. (eds.). Brill's New Pauly, Antiquity, Volume 10 (Obl-phe). Vol. 7. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-14215-2.
  • Castiglioni, Maria Paola (2010). Cadmos-serpent en Illyrie: itinéraire d'un héros civilisateur. Edizioni Plus. ISBN 978-88-8492-742-2.
  • Stocker, Sharon R. (2009). Illyrian Apollonia: Toward a New Ktisis and Developmental History of the Colony.
  • Wilkes, John J. (1992). The Illyrians. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-19807-5.
  • Ismajli, Rexhep (2015). Eqrem Basha (ed.). Studime për historinë e shqipes në kontekst ballkanik [Studies on the History of Albanian in the Balkan context] (PDF) (in Albanian). Prishtinë: Kosova Academy of Sciences and Arts, special editions CLII, Section of Linguistics and Literature.
  • Demiraj, Shaban (2006). The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated. Tirana: Academy of Sciences of Albania. ISBN 978-99943-817-1-5.

April 13, 2024
shkumbin, albanian, pronunciation, ʃkumbin, also, known, shkembi, river, southern, europe, long, drainage, basin, average, discharge, gorge, between, librazhd, elbasanlocationcountryalbaniaphysical, characteristicssourcevalamara, locationkorçë, county, coordin. The Shkumbin ʃ k uː m b iː n Albanian pronunciation ʃkumbin also known as Shkembi is a river in Southern Europe It is 181 4 km 112 7 mi long and its drainage basin is 2 444 km2 944 sq mi Its average discharge is 61 5 m3 s 2 170 cu ft s 4 ShkumbinShkumbin Gorge between Librazhd and ElbasanLocationCountryAlbaniaPhysical characteristicsSourceValamara locationKorce County coordinates40 47 57 N 20 18 14 E 40 79917 N 20 30389 E 40 79917 20 30389 elevation2 120 m 6 960 ft Mouth18 km 11 mi west of Rrogozhine locationAdriatic Sea coordinates41 2 23 N 19 26 34 E 41 03972 N 19 44278 E 41 03972 19 44278 elevation0 m 0 ft Length181 4 km 112 7 mi 1 Basin size2 444 km2 944 sq mi 2 3 Discharge average61 5 m3 s 2 170 cu ft s Contents 1 Etymology 2 Overview 3 Human history 4 See also 5 References 6 BibliographyEtymology editIt derives from Latin Scampinus recorded alternatively as Scampis which replaced the Illyrian name of the river Genusus recorded in Latin Genusus also Genessus 5 and in Ancient Greek Genoysos A Slavic intermediation has been rejected Its inclusion in Latin loanwords into Proto Albanian and phonetic evolution coincides with the historical existence of a large Roman town near present day Elbasan which gave the river its new name 6 7 Overview editThe river originates in the eastern Valamara Mountains between Maja e Valamares 2 375 m 7 792 ft and Gur i Topit 2 120 m 6 960 ft in Southeastern Albania 8 After descending from the Valamaras it flows northwards through Proptisht and Qukes with many deep gorges and canyons and passes the Gora Mountains A significant inflow comes from Gur i Kamjes 1 481 m 4 859 ft southwest of Pogradec Over the course it flows inside a syncline between the Mokra and Shebenik Mountains in the east and the Polis Mountains in the west Close to Librazhd the river turns some 50 km 31 mi westwards of its origin and joins the Rapun stream 9 At the end the river crosses the Myzeqe Plain and forms a small delta in Karavasta Lagoon the direct proximity of the Adriatic Sea Human history editThe ancient name of the river was Genusus and was located in central southern Illyria At the same time it was referred as Scampini as it was identified by the town of Scampa In classical antiquity the valley of the Shkumbin was inhabited by several Illyrian peoples The Parthini lived in the middle valley of the river 10 11 12 They neighbored to the west the Taulantii who lived in the coastal area including the lower valley of the river and to the east the Dassaretii who lived in the region of Lake Ohrid including the upper valley of the river 12 13 The ancient Via Egnatia followed the river giving it the role of a strategically important corridor between orient and occident 14 The Via Egnatia started with two branches the northern one from Epidamnos Dyrrhachion and the southern one from Apollonia The two branches converged at Ad Quintum near modern Elbasan continuing eastwards through the valley of the Shkumbin 15 In Roman Imperial times the line of division between the administrative provinces of Illyricum and Epirus Nova ran from the west somewhere between Scodra and Dyrrachium to the east somewhere between the north side of the Shkumbin and Lake Ohrid 16 During this period the valley of Skumbin constituted roughly the border between the Latin and the Greek speaking area 17 The river is roughly the geographical dividing line between Tosk and Gheg Albanian dialects with Gheg spoken north of the Shkumbin and Tosk south of it The dialectal split occurred after Christianisation of the region 4th century AD 18 19 with the river as the historic dialectal boundary 20 which straddled the Jirecek line 21 22 nbsp Hydrographic map of Albania Shkumbin is shown in the center of the map nbsp Origin of the river at Valamara nbsp Shkumbin Valley about 5 km east of ElbasanSee also edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shkumbin Geography of Albania Central Mountain Range Rivers of AlbaniaReferences edit TREGUES SIPAS QARQEVE INDICATORS BY PREFECTURES PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 24 Retrieved 2012 11 02 The coastline of Albania morphology evolution and coastal management issues PDF ciesm org p 8 Fishes from Shkumbini River Central Albania an ecological view researchgate net p 1 Cullaj A Hasko A Miho A Schanz F Brandl H Bachofen R 2005 The quality of Albanian natural waters and the human impact Environment International 31 1 133 46 doi 10 1016 j envint 2004 06 008 PMID 15607787 Fishta Gjergj Elsie Robert 2005 10 04 Robert Elsie Bloomsbury Academic p 459 ISBN 978 1 84511 118 2 Ismajli 2015 p 263 Demiraj 2006 p 150 University of Tirana Albert Kurti compressed pdf PDF doktoratura unitir edu al in Albanian Tirana p 43 KREU I PASURITE UJORE SHQIPTARE PDF in Albanian p 19 Boardman John Edwards I E S Hammond N G L Sollberger E 1982 The Cambridge Ancient History Vol 3 Part 1 The Prehistory of the Balkans the Middle East and the Aegean World Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC p 629 Wilkes 1992 p 93 a b Cabanes 2007 p 579 Parthini Partini Partheni Par8ῖnoi Parthinoi Par8ehnᾶtai Partheenatai Illyrian tribe Str 7 7 8 App Ill 2 near Dyrrhachium App B Civ 5 320 It is likely that they lived in the Shkumbi valley in modern Albania and controlled the important link between Ionios Kolpos and Macedonia equivalent to the later via Egnatia Their neighbours to the east were the Dassaretae Dassaretia in the region of the modern Ohrid and to the west the Taulantii Thuc 1 24 Diod Sic 12 30 40 Castiglioni 2010 pp 88 89 Le premier de ces deux temoignages est un fermoir de ceinture retrouve dans un tombeau monumental de la localite albanaise de la basse Selce Selce e Poshtme situee dans le district de Pogradec dans la partie orientale du pays a quelques kilometres du lac d Ohrid et a 1010 m au dessus du niveau de la mer Ce centre a beneficie dans le passe d un essor economique plus florissant par rapport aux plus modestes agglomerations des alentours grace a la position centrale et predominante qu il occupe a l interieur de la contree actuellement appelee Moker et grace au controle de la route qui conduisait des cotes adriatiques de l Illyrie a la Macedoine route qui longeait le cours du fleuve Shkumbin Genusus et qui passait autrefois par les Gorges de Cervenake La ville s etendait sur les terrasses naturelles de la col line de Gradishte ou Qyteze dont la partie ouest descend abruptement vers le cours du fleuve Shkumbin University of Tirana MALLAKASTRA STUDIM GJEOGRAFIK PDF doktoratura unitir edu al in Albanian p 21 Stocker 2009 pp 880 881 Nicholas Geoffrey Lempriere Hammond Migrations and invasions in Greece and adjacent areas Noyes Press 1976 ISBN 978 0 8155 5047 1 p 54 Wilkes 1992 p 273 Douglas Q Adams January 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture Taylor amp Francis pp 9 11 ISBN 978 1 884964 98 5 Indo European language and culture an introduction By Benjamin W Fortson Edition 5 illustrated Published by Wiley Blackwell 2004 ISBN 1 4051 0316 7 ISBN 978 1 4051 0316 9 page 392 Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World By Keith Brown Sarah Ogilvie Contributor Keith Brown Sarah Ogilvie Edition illustrated Published by Elsevier 2008 ISBN 0 08 087774 5 ISBN 978 0 08 087774 7 page 23 Orel Vladimir Albanian Etymological Dictionary Brill 1998 ISBN 90 04 11024 0 See also Hamp 1963 Bibliography editCabanes Pierre 2007 Parthini In Hubert Cancik Schneider Helmuth Salazar Christine F eds Brill s New Pauly Antiquity Volume 10 Obl phe Vol 7 Brill ISBN 978 90 04 14215 2 Castiglioni Maria Paola 2010 Cadmos serpent en Illyrie itineraire d un heros civilisateur Edizioni Plus ISBN 978 88 8492 742 2 Stocker Sharon R 2009 Illyrian Apollonia Toward a New Ktisis and Developmental History of the Colony Wilkes John J 1992 The Illyrians Oxford United Kingdom Blackwell Publishing ISBN 0 631 19807 5 Ismajli Rexhep 2015 Eqrem Basha ed Studime per historine e shqipes ne kontekst ballkanik Studies on the History of Albanian in the Balkan context PDF in Albanian Prishtine Kosova Academy of Sciences and Arts special editions CLII Section of Linguistics and Literature Demiraj Shaban 2006 The origin of the Albanians linguistically investigated Tirana Academy of Sciences of Albania ISBN 978 99943 817 1 5 Portal nbsp Geography Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shkumbin amp oldid 1216014137, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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