Shaybanids

For the Shaybanids who ruled Shirvan, see Yazidids.

The Shibanids or Shaybanids (Uzbek: Шайбонийлар, Shayboniylar^[1], Persian: دودمان شیبانیان) or more accurately the Abu'l-Khayrid-Shibanids^[2] were a dynasty, of Turko-Mongol origin,^[3] in Central Asia who ruled over most of modern-day Kazakhstan, much of Uzbekistan, and parts of southern Russia (including Siberia) in the 15th century.^[4] They were the patrilineal descendants of Shiban, the fifth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan.^[5] Until the mid-14th century, they acknowledged the authority of the descendants of Shiban's brothers Batu Khan and Orda Khan, such as Öz Beg Khan. The Shaybanids originally led the gray horde southeast of the Urals (also known as the Uzbegs, after the Uzbeks), and converted to Islam in 1282. At its height, the Khanate included parts of modern-day Afghanistan and other parts of Central Asia.

Shaybanids
1500 MOGHULISTAN PHAGMODRUPAS CHAM- PA SIBIR KHANATE CRIMEAN KHANATE LITHUANIA GRAND DUCHY KHAZAN KHANATE ASTRA- KHAN MUSCOVY NOGAIS KAZAKH KHANATE MING DYNASTY FOUR OIRATS NORTHERN YUAN WHITE SHEEP TURKS VIJAYA- NAGARA SHAYBA- NIDS TIMURID EMPIRE DELHI SULTANATE Tungus AVA LAN XANG OTTOMAN EMPIRE MAMLUK SULTANATE JO- SEON MALACCA ◁ ▷ The Shaybanids and main contemporary polities c. 1500
The trellis-walled yurt of Muhammad Shaybani Khan.
Parent family	Borjigin
Country	Uzbek Khanate Khanate of Sibir Khanate of Bukhara
Current region	Southern Russia Middle Asia
Place of origin	Golden horde
Founded	c. 1428
Founder	Abu'l-Khayr Khan
Final ruler	Pir Muhammad Khan
Titles	Khan
Traditions	Sunni Islam
Dissolution	c. 1599

As the lineages of Batu and Orda died out in the course of the great civil wars of the 14th century, the Shaybanids under Abu'l-Khayr Khan declared themselves the only legitimate successors to Jochi and put forward claims to the whole of his enormous ulus, which included parts of Siberia and Kazakhstan. Their rivals were the Tukay-Timurid dynasty, which claimed descent from Jochi's thirteenth son by a concubine. Several decades of strife left the Tuqay-Timurids in control of the Great Horde and its successor states in Europe, namely the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Crimea.

Shaybanid dynasty

 

Muhammad Shaybani.

Under Abu'l-Khayr Khan (who led the Shaybanids from 1428 to 1468), the dynasty began consolidating disparate Ozbeg (Uzbek) tribes, first in the area around Tyumen and the Tura River and then down into the Syr Darya region. His grandson Muhammad Shaybani (ruled 1500–10), who gave his name to the Shaybanid dynasty, conquered Samarkand, Herat,^[5] Balkh^[5] and Bukhara,^[5] thus ending the Timurid dynasty and establishing the short-lived Shaybanid Empire.^[6] After his death at the hands of Shah Ismail I, he was followed successively by an uncle, a cousin, and a brother, whose Shaybanid descendants would rule the Khanate of Bukhara from 1505 until 1598 and the Khanate of Khwarezm (Khiva) from 1511 until 1695.

Another state ruled by the Shaybanids was the Khanate of Sibir, seizing the throne in 1563. Its last khan, Kuchum, was deposed by the Russians in 1598. He escaped to Bukhara, but his sons and grandsons were taken by the Tsar to Moscow, where they eventually assumed the surname of Sibirsky.^[7]

Shaybanid Architecture

As the Shaybanids set out to make Bukhara the cultural and architectural capital of their dynasty, countless building ventures transformed the city under their rule. Bukhara’s grand mosque, the Kalan Mosque, was built in 1121 C.E. However, under the Shaybanids in the early 16th century, it was entirely reconstructed with the addition of stone columns, arches, and 288 vaults. The mosque was part of a religious complex that also consisted of a five-domed palace and a mosque. In 1530, under the rule of Ubaydullah, the Mir Arab Madrasa was added to the complex, in honor of a Sheikh known as Mir Arab. Opposite the Kalan Mosque, the Mir Arab Madrasa stood tall with two-story classrooms surrounding a central courtyard. The interior of much of the complex was decorated with plaster-carved ceilings and extensive colorful tilework. However, much of the tilework and wall inscriptions have not survived.^[8] In the second part of the 16th century, a north-south major roadway and an east-west passage were built throughout the city of Bukhara. In the years between 1562 and 1587, the north-south artery of the city housed the Charsu market development, which included three covered markets: The Goldsmiths’ Dome, the Hatsellers’ Dome, and the Moneychangers’ Dome.^[9] These markets, called taks for their multiple domes, were all less than 500m away from each other.^[10] Moreover, all around these covered markets were caravanserais and large madrasas that accommodated hundreds of people and students.^[11] Together, this created a lively central environment that supported the trade of an abundance of goods.

In the late 16th century, during his reign as khan, Abdullah bin Iskander built two major structures, the Mohair Khan Madrasa and the Abdullah II Madrasa, together called the Kosh Madrasa. The Modari Khan Madrasa, a tribute to Abdullah ll’s mother, was built first, in 1567. Then, between 1588 and 1590, Abdullah Khan ll built another madrasa, the Abdullah ll Madrasa in his own honour.^[12] The decoration of the Abdullah Khan Madrasa consists of a complex glazed tile pattern with geometric stars, shapes, and borders.^[13] The madrasa also features various inscriptions containing the name of the ruler. The inscriptions were written in Arabic script with extended vertical lines.^[14] The large madrasa was built to serve as a theological school.^[14]

Another of the most significant monuments built by Abdullah Khan (1157–98 C.E.) was the Sarrafan Baths’. The Sarrafan Baths’ consisted of a central octagonal bath with rooms on all sides. The different rooms were multi-purpose, allowing for a range of activities from simple relaxation to business meetings, conversation, and games.^[15] There are differences between the layout of the men’s and women’s bath quarters. Men had separate rooms for worship and the rooms were intricately decorated with tile work. The women’s bath was less decorated and lacked any separate stalls.^[16]

Khans of Shaybanid dynasty of Khanate of Bukhara

Titular Name	Personal Name	Reign
They were the descendants of Shiban, fifth son of Jochi ruling in Western Siberia. Later a major faction split and made a dash for Transoxiana and adopted the name Uzbek (Ozbeg) after their famous Khan, Uzbeg Khan. The faction that remained behind in Siberia created the Khanate of Sibir and lasted until the 16th century.
Khan خان	Abul-Khayr Khan ibn Dawlat Shaykh ibn Ibrahim Khan ابو الخیر خان ابن دولت شیخ ابن ابراهیم خان	1428 – 1468 C.E.
Khan خان Shaykh Hayder -	Shah Budagh Khan ibn Abul-Khayr Khan شاه بداغ خان ابن ابو الخیر خان	1468 C.E.
Khan خان Abul-Fath ابو الفتح	Muhammad Shayabak Khan ibn Shah Budagh Khan ibn Abul-Khayr Khan محمد شایبک خان ابن شاہ بداغ خان ابن ابو الخیر خان	1500 – 1510 C.E.
Khan خان	Kochkunju Muhammad bin Abul-Khayr Khan کچھکنجو محمد بن ابو الخیر خان	1512 – 1531 C.E.
Khan خان Muzaffar-al-Din مظفر الدین	Abu Sa'id bin Kochkunju ابو سعید بن کچھکنجو	1531 – 1534 C.E.
Khan خان Abul Ghazi ابو الغازی	Ubaydullah bin Mahmud bin Shah Budagh عبید الله بن محمود بن شاه بداغ	1534 – 1539 C.E.
Khan خان	Abdullah bin Kochkunju عبد الله بن کچھکنجو	1539 – 1540 C.E.
Khan خان	Abdal-Latif bin Kochkunju عبد اللطیف بن کچھکنجو	1540 – 1552 C.E.
Khan خان	Nawruz Ahmed bin Sunjuq bin Abul-Khayr Khan نوروز احمد بن سنجق بن ابو الخیر خان	1552 – 1556 C.E.
Khan خان	Pir Muhammad Khan bin Jani Beg پیر محمد خان بن جانی بیگ	1556 – 1561 C.E.
Khan خان	Iskander bin Jani Beg اسکندر بن جانی بیگ	1561 – 1583 C.E.
Khan خان Buzurg Khan بزرگ خان Abdullah Khan Uzbek عبد الله خان ازبک	Abdullah Khan bin Iskander عبد الله خان بن اسکندر	1583 – 1598 C.E.
Khan خان	Abdul-Mo'min bin Abdullah Khan عبد المومن بن عبد الله خان	1598 C.E.
Khan خان	Pir Muhammad Khan bin Sulayman Khan bin Jani Beg پیر محمد خان بن سلیمان خان بن جانی بیگ	1598 – 1599 C.E.
Khanate of Bukhara taken over by a new dynasty called the Janids also known as Toqay-Temurids or Ashtarkhanids (descendants of Khans of Astrakhan).

• • Blue Row Signifies progenitor chief.
    • Khans of significance highlighted in Bold.

Family Tree

Shaybanid Dynasty

Golden Horde (Before Islamization)   Golden Horde (After Islamization)   White Horde   Uzbek Khanate   Bukhara Khanate   Khiva Khanate Jochi r. 1225–1227 Shiban Bahadur Jochi-Buqa Bada-Qul Ming-Timur Khayr-Pulad r. 1361–1367 r. 1362–1364 Ibrahim Arab-Shah r. 1374–1380 r. 1377–1380 Dawlat-Shaykh Tughluq-Hajji Abu'l-Khayr r. 1428–1428 r. 1428–1468 Timur-Shaykh Shaykh-Haydar r. 1468–1471 Shah-Budaq Khwaja-Muhammad Kuchkunch r. 1512–1530 Suyunch r. 1511–1512 Yadigar r. 1468–1468 Shaybani r. 1501–1510 Mahmud-Sultan Jani-Beg Abu Sa'id r. 1530–1533 Abdullah I r. 1539–1540 Abdul-Latif r. 1540–1550 Nawruz-Ahmad r. 1552–1556 Barka Abulaq Aminaq Muhammad-Timur Ubaydullah I r. 1533–1539 Pir-Muhammad I r. 1557–1561 Iskandar r. 1561–1583 Sulayman-Sultan Baba-Sultan r. 1556–1582 Ilbars I r. 1511–1518 Balbars Hasan-Quli r. 1519–1524 Sufiyan r. 1524–1535 Buchugha r. 1535–1535 Awanish r. 1535–1538 Qal r. 1540–1547 Aqatay r. 1547–1557 Yar-Muhammad I r. 1550–1552 Abdul-Aziz r. 1540–1550 Muhammad-Rahim Abdullah II r. 1557–1561,  1583–1598 Pir-Muhammad II r. 1599–1599 Sultan-Ghazi Sultan-Hajji r. 1518–1519 Dust-Muhammad r. 1557–1558 Hajji-Muhammad I r. 1558–1594,  1598–1602 Burhan-Sultan r. 1552–1557 Abdul-Mu'min r. 1598–1599 Arab-Muhammad r. 1602–1621 Habash r. 1621–1623 Ilbars II r. 1621–1623 Isfandiyar r. 1623–1643 Abu'l-Ghazi I r. 1643–1664 Chuchaq r. 1695–1697 Vali r. 1697–1698 Anusha-Muhammad r. 1664–1686 Shah-Niyaz r. 1698–1702 Musa r. 1703–1704 Khudadad r. 1686–1689 Muhammad-Arang r. 1689–1695 Yadigar-Muhammad r. 1704–1714 Shah-Bakht r. 1702–1703 Sayyid-Ali r. 1703–1703 Ilbars III r. 1728–1740 Shah-Timur r. 1721–1736 Esim r. 1714–1715 Abu'l-Ghazi II r. 1742–1746 Shir-Ghazi r. 1715–1728

Notes

1. Shiban Han divani. Edited Y.Karasoy. Ankara, 1998
2. Kilic-Schubel, N. (2016). Shibanid Empire. In The Encyclopedia of Empire (eds N. Dalziel and J.M. MacKenzie). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe337
3. "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica".
4. Shibanids, R.D. McChesney, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX, ed. C. E. Bosworth, E. Van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs AND G. Lecomte, (Brill, 1986), 428;"SHIBANIDS, a Mongol dynasty of Central Asia, the agnatic descendants of Shiban, the fifth son of Djoci son of Cinggis Khan".
5. Rene Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes, transl. Naomi Walford, (Rutgers University Press, 1970), 478.
6. Svat Soucek, A History of Inner Asia, (Cambridge University Press, 2000), 149.
7. Semenov, Yuri (1963). Siberia: Its Conquest and Development. Hollis and Carter. p. 75.
8. Qizi, Toshmurodova Sarvinoz Quvondiq; Afforovich, Ergashev Ahmad Abdug'; O'g'li, Bengmatov Alibek Qahramon (1970). "Architecture and Fine Arts in the Shaybanid Period". International Journal on Orange Technologies: 114.
9. McChesney, R.D. (1987). "Economic and Social Aspects of the Public Architecture of Bukhara in the 1560's and 1570's". Islamic Art. 2: 226–228.
10. Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila (1997). Islamic Arts. Phaidon. p. 320.
11. McChesney, R.D. (1987). "Economic and Social Aspects of the Public Architecture of Bukhara in the 1560's and 1570's". Islamic Art (2): 229.
12. McChesney, R.D. (1987). "Economic and Social Aspects of the Public Architecture of Bukhara in the 1560's and 1570's". Islamic Art. 2: 223.
13. Makovicky, E (2017). "On the Kond style of Islamic tiling: a study in practical Islamic geometry". Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei. 28: 45. doi:10.1007/s12210-016-0571-1. S2CID 131863130.
14. Shebl, Ebaid (2016). "Two Foundation Inscriptions for 'Abd-Allah Khan in Buildings of Bukhara". Iran. 54 (2): 138–40.
15. Asanova, Galina; Dow, Martin (2001). "The Ṣarrāfān Baths in Bukhara". Iran. 39: 191. doi:10.2307/4300604. JSTOR 4300604.
16. Asanova, Galina; Dow, Martin (2001). "The Ṣarrāfān Baths in Bukhara". Iran. 39: 201. doi:10.2307/4300604. JSTOR 4300604.

References

• Bartold, Vasily (1964) The Shaybanids. Collected Works, vol. 2, part 2. Moscow, 1964.
• Grousset, René (1970) The Empire of the Steppe: a history of central Asia Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ, (translated by Naomi Walford from the French edition, published by Payot in 1970), pp. 478–490 et passim, ISBN 0-8135-0627-1
• Bosworth, C.E. (1996) The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 288–9, ISBN 0-231-10714-5
• Soucek, Svatopluk (2000) A History of Inner Asia Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 149–157, ISBN 0-521-65169-7
• Erkinov A. “The Poetry of the Nomads and Shaybani Rulers of Transition to a Settled Society”. In: Central Asia on Display: Proceedings of the VII. Conference of the European Society for Central Asian Studies (27–30 September 2000). G.Rasuly-Paleczek, J. Katsching (eds). Vienna, 2005. P.145-150.