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Rhina ancylostoma

January 01, 1970

"Shark ray" redirects here. For the species from the East Atlantic, see false shark ray.

Rhina ancylostoma, also known as the bowmouth guitarfish, shark ray or mud skate, is a species of ray and a member of the family Rhinidae. Its evolutionary affinities are not fully resolved, though it may be related to true guitarfishes and skates.[citation needed] This rare species occurs widely in the tropical coastal waters of the western Indo-Pacific, at depths of up to 90 m (300 ft). Highly distinctive in appearance, Rhina ancylostoma has a wide and thick body with a rounded snout and large shark-like dorsal and tail fins. Its mouth forms a W-shaped undulating line, and there are multiple thorny ridges over its head and back. It has a dorsal color pattern of many white spots over a bluish gray to brown background, with a pair of prominent black markings over the pectoral fins. This large species can reach a length of 2.7 m (8.9 ft) and weight of 135 kg (298 lb).[citation needed]

Rhina ancylostoma
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Superorder: Batoidea
Order: Rhinopristiformes
Family: Rhinidae
J. P. Müller and Henle, 1841
Genus: Rhina
Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801
Species:
R. ancylostoma
Binomial name
Rhina ancylostoma
Range of Rhina ancylostoma[3]
Synonyms

Rhina cyclostomus Swainson, 1839

Usually found near the sea floor, the bowmouth guitarfish prefers sandy or muddy areas near underwater structures. It is a strong-swimming predator of bony fishes, crustaceans, and molluscs. This species gives live birth to litters of two to eleven pups, which are nourished during gestation by yolk. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed Rhina ancylostoma as Critically Endangered because it is widely caught by artisanal and commercial fisheries for its valuable fins and meat. It is viewed as a nuisance by trawlers, however, because its bulk and thorny skin cause it to damage netted catches. Habitat degradation and destruction pose an additional, significant challenge to this ray's survival. The bowmouth guitarfish adapts well to captivity and is displayed in public aquariums.

Taxonomy and phylogeny edit

German naturalists Marcus Elieser Bloch and Johann Gottlob Schneider described Rhina ancylostoma in their 1801 Systema Ichthyologiae. Their account was based on a 51 cm (20 in) long specimen, now lost, collected off the Coromandel Coast of India. The genus name Rhina comes from the Greek rhinos ("snout"); the specific epithet ancylostoma is derived from the Greek ankylos ("curved" or "crooked") and stoma ("mouth").[4][5] Although Block and Schneider wrote the epithet as ancylostomus and that form appears in some literature, most modern sources regard the correct form to be ancylostoma.[6] Other common names for this species include shark ray, mud skate, shortnose mud skate, bow-mouthed angel fish, and bow-mouthed angel shark.[7]

The evolutionary relationships between Rhina ancylostoma and other rays are debated. Morphological evidence generally points to a close relationship between Rhina, Rhynchobatus and Rhynchorhina, which are a group of rays known as the wedgefishes that also have large, shark-like fins. Morphological analyses have tended to place these two genera basally among rays, though some have them as basal to just the guitarfishes (Rhinobatidae) and skates (Rajidae) while others have them basal to all other rays except sawfishes (Pristidae).[8][9][10] A 2012 study based on mitochondrial DNA upheld Rhina and Rhynchobatus as sister taxa related to the guitarfishes, but also unexpectedly found that they formed a clade with the sawfishes rather than the skates.[11] Following the description of Rhynchorhina in 2016, a study of mtDNA found that it is part of the same group and their phylogenetic relationship is ((Rhynchobatus+Rhynchorhina)+Rhina).[12]

In terms of classification, Bloch and Schneider originally placed the bowmouth guitarfish in the order Abdominales, a now-obsolete grouping of fishes defined by the positioning of their pelvic fins directly behind the pectoral fins.[4] Modern sources have included it variously in the order Rajiformes, Rhinobatiformes, Rhiniformes, or the newly proposed Rhinopristiformes.[9][11] The placement of the bowmouth guitarfish in the family Rhinidae originates from the group "Rhinae", consisting of Rhina and Rhynchobatus, in Johannes Müller and Jakob Henle's 1841 Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen.[13] Later authors have also assigned this species to the family Rhinobatidae or Rhynchobatidae.[9][14] Joseph Nelson, in the 2006 fourth edition of Fishes of the World, placed this species as the sole member of Rhinidae in the order Rajiformes, which is supported by morphological but not molecular data.[10][15] More recent authorities have placed it in Rhinidae together with Rhynchobatus and Rhynchorhina, reflecting both genetic data and the morphologically intermediate position of Rhynchobatus between Rhina and Rhynchorhina.[12][16]

Description edit

 
The rounded head, humpbacked profile, and large fins of Rhina ancylostoma give it a unique appearance.

Rhina ancylostoma is a heavily built fish growing to 2.7 m (8.9 ft) long and 135 kg (298 lb) in weight.[3][7] The head is short, wide, and flattened with an evenly rounded snout; the front portion of the head, including the medium-sized eyes and large spiracles, is clearly distinct from the body. The long nostrils are transversely oriented and have well-developed skin flaps on their anterior margins. The lower jaw has three protruding lobes that fit into corresponding depressions in the upper jaw.[3][17] There are around 47 upper and 50 lower tooth rows arranged in winding bands; the teeth are low and blunt with ridges on the crown. The five pairs of ventral gill slits are positioned close to the lateral margins of the head.[3][18]

The body is deepest in front of the two tall and falcate (sickle-shaped) dorsal fins. The first dorsal fin is about a third larger than the second and originates over the pelvic fin origins. The second dorsal fin is located midway between the first dorsal and the caudal fin. The broad and triangular pectoral fins have a deep indentation where their leading margins meet the head. The pelvic fins are much smaller than the pectoral fins, and the anal fin is absent. The tail is much longer than the body and ends in a large, crescent-shaped caudal fin; the lower caudal fin lobe is more than half the length of the upper.[3][14][17]

The entire dorsal surface has a grainy texture from a dense covering of tiny dermal denticles. A thick ridge is present along the midline of the back, which bears a band of sharp, robust thorns. There are also a pair of thorn-bearing ridges in front of the eyes, a second pair running from above the eyes to behind the spiracles, and a third pair on the "shoulders". This species is bluish to brownish gray above, lightening towards the margins of the head and over the pectoral fins. There are prominent white spots scattered over the body and fins, a white-edged black marking above each pectoral fin, and two dark transverse bands atop the head between the eyes. The underside is light gray to white. Young rays are more vividly colored than adults, which are browner with fainter patterning and proportionately smaller spots.[3]

Distribution and habitat edit

While uncommon, Rhina ancylostoma is widely distributed in the coastal tropical waters of the western Indo-Pacific. In the Indian Ocean, it is found from KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa to the Red Sea (including the Seychelles), across the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia (including the Maldives), to Shark Bay in Western Australia. Its Pacific range extends northward to Korea and southern Japan, eastward to New Guinea, and southward to New South Wales.[3][17] Found between 3 and 90 m (10 and 300 ft) deep, this ray spends most of its time near the sea floor but can occasionally be seen swimming in midwater. It favors sandy or muddy habitats, and can also be found in the vicinity of rocky and coral reefs and shipwrecks.[3][19]

Biology and ecology edit

 
The tiger shark preys on Rhina ancylostoma.

Rhina ancylostoma is a strong swimmer that propels itself with its tail like a shark. It is more active at night and is not known to be territorial.[20] This species feeds mainly on demersal bony fishes such as croakers and crustaceans such as crabs and shrimp; bivalves and cephalopods are also consumed. Its bands of flattened teeth allow it to crush hard-shelled prey.[14][21] Curiously, two Rhina ancylostoma examined in a 2011 stable isotope study were found to have fed on pelagic rather than demersal animals, in contrast to previous observations.[22]

The tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) is known to prey on Rhina ancylostoma.[23] The ray is protected by the thorns on its head and back, and it may ram perceived threats.[7] Parasites documented from this species include the tapeworms Carpobothrium rhinei,[24] Dollfusiella michiae,[25] Nybelinia southwelli,[26] Stoibocephalum arafurense,[27] and Tylocephalum carnpanulatum,[28] the leech Pontobdella macrothela,[29] the trematode Melogonimus rhodanometra,[30] the monogeneans Branchotenthes robinoverstreeti[31] and Monocotyle ancylostomae,[32] and the copepods Nesippus vespa,[33] Pandarus cranchii, and P. smithii.[34] There is a record of a Rhina ancylostoma being cleaned by bluestreak cleaner wrasses (Labroides dimidiatus).[19]

Reproduction in Rhina ancylostoma is viviparous, with the developing embryos sustained to term by yolk. Adult females have two ovaries and two uterine horns.[35] The litter size varies between two and eleven pups, and newborns measure 45–51 cm (18–20 in) long.[19][36][37] Sexual maturity is attained at lengths of 1.5–1.8 m (4.9–5.9 ft) for males and over 1.8 m (5.9 ft) in females. Females grow larger than males.[3][21]

Human interactions edit

 
"Sweet Pea", a female bowmouth guitarfish at the Newport Aquarium.

Throughout its range, the bowmouth guitarfish is caught incidentally or intentionally by artisanal and commercial fisheries using trawls, gillnets, and line gear.[1] The fins are extremely valuable due to their use in shark fin soup, and are often the only parts of the fish kept and brought to market. However, the meat may also be sold fresh or dried and salted, and it is highly sought after in India.[7][21] When caught as bycatch in trawls, Rhina ancylostoma is considered a nuisance because its strength and rough skin make it difficult to handle, and as the heavy ray thrashes in the net it can damage the rest of the catch.[3] In Thailand, the enlarged thorns of this species are used to make bracelets.[38]

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed Rhina ancylostoma as Critically endangered in 2019, delisted from the vulnerable category, along with many other guitarfish species. It is threatened by fishing and by habitat destruction and degradation, particularly from blast fishing, coral bleaching, and siltation. Its numbers are known to have declined substantially in Indonesian waters, where it is one of the large rays targeted by a mostly unregulated gillnet fishery. The IUCN has given this species a regional assessment of Near Threatened in Australian waters, where it is not a targeted species but is taken as bycatch in bottom trawls. The installation of turtle excluder devices on some Australian trawlers has benefited this species.[1] Since it is rare and faces many conservation threats, the bowmouth guitarfish has been called "the panda of the aquatic world".[39]

It is a popular subject of public aquariums and fares relatively well, with one individual having lived for seven years in captivity.[3][19] In 2007, the Newport Aquarium in Kentucky initiated the world's first captive breeding program for this species.[39] Newport Aquarium announced in January 2014 that the female, "Sweet Pea", had become pregnant and given birth to seven pups.[40] By February 2014, all seven pups had died.[41] On January 7, 2016, Sweet Pea gave birth to nine shark pups[42] which were eating on their own and still gaining weight by February 10, 2016.[43] Newport Aquarium later announced that the pups would be moved into a coral reef exhibit where they can be viewed by the public starting on June 24.[44] The species also bred at the S.E.A. Aquarium in Singapore in 2015.[45]

References edit

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  5. ^ Paepke, H.J. (2000). Bloch's Fish Collection in the Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin: An Illustrated Catalog and Historical Account. Koeltz Scientific Books. pp. 122–123. ISBN 3-904144-16-2.
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  22. ^ Borrell, A.; Cardona, L.; Kumarran, R.P.; Aguilar, A. (2011). "Trophic ecology of elasmobranchs caught off Gujarat, India, as inferred from stable isotopes". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 68 (3): 547–554. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsq170.
  23. ^ Simpfendorfer, C.A.; Goodreid, A.B.; McAuley, R.B. (2001). "Size, sex and geographic variation in the diet of the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier, from Western Australian waters". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 61: 37–46. doi:10.1023/A:1011021710183. S2CID 39996373.
  24. ^ Sarada, S.; Lakshmi, C.V.; Rao, K.H. (1995). "Studies on a new species Carpobothrium rhinei (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from Rhina ancylostomus from Waltair coast". Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology. 15 (2): 127–129.
  25. ^ Campbell, R.A.; Beveridge, I. (2009). "Oncomegas aetobatidis sp nov (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha), a re-description of O. australiensis Toth, Campbell & Schmidt, 1992 and new records of trypanorhynch cestodes from Australian elasmobranch fishes". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 133: 18–29. doi:10.1080/03721426.2009.10887107. S2CID 85869638.
  26. ^ Palm, H.W.; Walter, T. (1999). "Nybelinia southwelli sp. nov. (Cestoda, Trypanorhyncha) with the re-description of N. perideraeus (Shipley & Hornell, 1906) and synonymy of N. herdmani (Shipley & Hornell, 1906) with Kotorella pronosoma (Stossich, 1901)". Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Zoology Series. 65 (2): 123–131.
  27. ^ Cielocha, J.J.; Jensen, K. (2013). "Stoibocephalum n. gen. (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) from the sharkray, Rhina ancylostoma Bloch & Schneider (Elasmobranchii: Rhinopristiformes), from northern Australia". Zootaxa. 3626 (4): 558–568. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3626.4.9. PMID 26176156.
  28. ^ Butler, S.A. (1987). "Taxonomy of Some Tetraphyllidean Cestodes From Elasmobranch Fishes". Australian Journal of Zoology. 35 (4): 343–371. doi:10.1071/ZO9870343.
  29. ^ de Silva, P.H.D.H. (1963). "The occurrence of Pontobdella (Pontobdellina) macrothela Schmarda and Pontobdella aculeata Harding in the Wadge Bank". Spolia Zeylanica. 30 (1): 35–39.
  30. ^ Bray, R.A.; Brockerhoff, A.; Cribb, T.H. (January 1995). "Melogonimus rhodanometra n. g., n. sp. (Digenea: Ptychogonimidae) from the elasmobranch Rhina ancylostoma Bloch & Schneider (Rhinobatidae) from the southeastern coastal waters of Queensland, Australia". Systematic Parasitology. 30 (1): 11–18. doi:10.1007/BF00009239. S2CID 45422870.
  31. ^ Bullard, S.A.; Dippenaar, S.M. (June 2003). "Branchotenthes robinoverstreeti n. gen. and n. sp. (Monogenea: Hexabothriidae) from Gill Filaments of the Bowmouth Guitarfish, Rhina ancylostoma (Rhynchobatidae), in the Indian Ocean". The Journal of Parasitology. 89 (3): 595–601. doi:10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0595:BRNGAN]2.0.CO;2. PMID 12880262. S2CID 21951837.
  32. ^ Zhang, J.Y.; Yang, T.B.; Liu, L.; Ding, X.J. (2003). "A list of monogeneans from Chinese marine fishes". Systematic Parasitology. 54 (2): 111–130. doi:10.1023/A:1022581523683. PMID 12652065. S2CID 31003794.
  33. ^ Dippenaar, S.M.; Mathibela, R.B.; Bloomer, P. (2010). "Cytochrome oxidase I sequences reveal possible cryptic diversity in the cosmopolitan symbiotic copepod Nesippus orientalis Heller, 1868 (Pandaridae: Siphonostomatoida) on elasmobranch hosts from the KwaZulu-Natal coast of South Africa". Experimental Parasitology. 125 (1): 42–50. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2009.08.017. hdl:2263/11615. PMID 19723521.
  34. ^ Izawa, K. (2010). "Redescription of eight species of parasitic copepods (Siphonostomatoida, Pandaridae) infecting Japanese elasmobranchs". Crustaceana. 83 (3): 313–341. doi:10.1163/001121609X12591347509329.
  35. ^ Purushottama, G. B.; Thomas, Sujitha; Kizhakudan, Shoba Joe; Zacharia, P. U. (2022). "Catch composition, reproductive biology and diet of the bowmouth guitarfish Rhina ancylostomus Bloch and Schneider, 1801 (Batoidea: Rhinidae) in the eastern Arabian Sea, India". Indian J. Fish. 69 (3): 1-6.
  36. ^ Devadoss, P.; Batcha, H. (1995). "Some observations on the rare bow-mouth guitar fish Rhina ancylostoma". Indian Council of Agricultural Research Marine Fisheries Information Service Technical and Extension Series. 138: 10–11.
  37. ^ Last, P.R.; White, W.T.; Caire, J.N.; Dharmadi; Fahmi; Jensen, K.; Lim, A.P.F.; Manjaji-Matsumoto, B.M.; Naylor, G.J.P.; Pogonoski, J.J.; Stevens, J.D.; Yearsley, G.K. (2010). Sharks and Rays of Borneo. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-1-921605-59-8.
  38. ^ Fowler, S.L.; Reed, T.M.; Dipper, F.A., eds. (2002). Elasmobranch Biodiversity, Conservation and Management: Proceedings of the International Seminar and Workshop, Sabah, Malaysia, July 1997. IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group. p. 112. ISBN 2-8317-0650-5.
  39. ^ a b "Newport Aquarium Launches World's First Shark Ray Breeding Program, Adds Rare Male Shark Ray". UnderwaterTimes. February 1, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
  40. ^ "Newport Aquarium's Sweet Pea, the First Documented Shark Ray to Breed in Captivity, Gives Birth to Seven Pups". Aquarium Works. Newport Aquarium. January 29, 2014. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
  41. ^ "Newport Aquarium says shark ray pups died". WKRC-TV. 26 February 2014. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  42. ^ "Newport Aquarium shark ray gives birth to nine pups". FOX19NOW. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  43. ^ "Shark Ray Pups Reach Milestones". aquariumworks.org. 10 February 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  44. ^ Ferrell, Nikki (23 June 2016). "Rare shark ray pups to move to exhibit at Newport Aquarium". Retrieved 2016-06-25.
  45. ^ "S.E.A. Aquarium successfully breeds shark ray pup, a vulnerable species". The Straits Times. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.

January 01, 1970
rhina, ancylostoma, shark, redirects, here, species, from, east, atlantic, false, shark, also, known, bowmouth, guitarfish, shark, skate, species, member, family, rhinidae, evolutionary, affinities, fully, resolved, though, related, true, guitarfishes, skates,. Shark ray redirects here For the species from the East Atlantic see false shark ray Rhina ancylostoma also known as the bowmouth guitarfish shark ray or mud skate is a species of ray and a member of the family Rhinidae Its evolutionary affinities are not fully resolved though it may be related to true guitarfishes and skates citation needed This rare species occurs widely in the tropical coastal waters of the western Indo Pacific at depths of up to 90 m 300 ft Highly distinctive in appearance Rhina ancylostoma has a wide and thick body with a rounded snout and large shark like dorsal and tail fins Its mouth forms a W shaped undulating line and there are multiple thorny ridges over its head and back It has a dorsal color pattern of many white spots over a bluish gray to brown background with a pair of prominent black markings over the pectoral fins This large species can reach a length of 2 7 m 8 9 ft and weight of 135 kg 298 lb citation needed Rhina ancylostoma Conservation status Critically Endangered IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix II CITES 2 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Chondrichthyes Subclass Elasmobranchii Superorder Batoidea Order Rhinopristiformes Family RhinidaeJ P Muller and Henle 1841 Genus RhinaBloch amp J G Schneider 1801 Species R ancylostoma Binomial name Rhina ancylostomaBloch amp J G Schneider 1801 Range of Rhina ancylostoma 3 Synonyms Rhina cyclostomus Swainson 1839 Usually found near the sea floor the bowmouth guitarfish prefers sandy or muddy areas near underwater structures It is a strong swimming predator of bony fishes crustaceans and molluscs This species gives live birth to litters of two to eleven pups which are nourished during gestation by yolk The International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN has assessed Rhina ancylostoma as Critically Endangered because it is widely caught by artisanal and commercial fisheries for its valuable fins and meat It is viewed as a nuisance by trawlers however because its bulk and thorny skin cause it to damage netted catches Habitat degradation and destruction pose an additional significant challenge to this ray s survival The bowmouth guitarfish adapts well to captivity and is displayed in public aquariums Contents 1 Taxonomy and phylogeny 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Biology and ecology 5 Human interactions 6 ReferencesTaxonomy and phylogeny editGerman naturalists Marcus Elieser Bloch and Johann Gottlob Schneider described Rhina ancylostoma in their 1801 Systema Ichthyologiae Their account was based on a 51 cm 20 in long specimen now lost collected off the Coromandel Coast of India The genus name Rhina comes from the Greek rhinos snout the specific epithet ancylostoma is derived from the Greek ankylos curved or crooked and stoma mouth 4 5 Although Block and Schneider wrote the epithet as ancylostomus and that form appears in some literature most modern sources regard the correct form to be ancylostoma 6 Other common names for this species include shark ray mud skate shortnose mud skate bow mouthed angel fish and bow mouthed angel shark 7 The evolutionary relationships between Rhina ancylostoma and other rays are debated Morphological evidence generally points to a close relationship between Rhina Rhynchobatus and Rhynchorhina which are a group of rays known as the wedgefishes that also have large shark like fins Morphological analyses have tended to place these two genera basally among rays though some have them as basal to just the guitarfishes Rhinobatidae and skates Rajidae while others have them basal to all other rays except sawfishes Pristidae 8 9 10 A 2012 study based on mitochondrial DNA upheld Rhina and Rhynchobatus as sister taxa related to the guitarfishes but also unexpectedly found that they formed a clade with the sawfishes rather than the skates 11 Following the description of Rhynchorhina in 2016 a study of mtDNA found that it is part of the same group and their phylogenetic relationship is Rhynchobatus Rhynchorhina Rhina 12 In terms of classification Bloch and Schneider originally placed the bowmouth guitarfish in the order Abdominales a now obsolete grouping of fishes defined by the positioning of their pelvic fins directly behind the pectoral fins 4 Modern sources have included it variously in the order Rajiformes Rhinobatiformes Rhiniformes or the newly proposed Rhinopristiformes 9 11 The placement of the bowmouth guitarfish in the family Rhinidae originates from the group Rhinae consisting of Rhina and Rhynchobatus in Johannes Muller and Jakob Henle s 1841 Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen 13 Later authors have also assigned this species to the family Rhinobatidae or Rhynchobatidae 9 14 Joseph Nelson in the 2006 fourth edition of Fishes of the World placed this species as the sole member of Rhinidae in the order Rajiformes which is supported by morphological but not molecular data 10 15 More recent authorities have placed it in Rhinidae together with Rhynchobatus and Rhynchorhina reflecting both genetic data and the morphologically intermediate position of Rhynchobatus between Rhina and Rhynchorhina 12 16 Description edit nbsp The rounded head humpbacked profile and large fins of Rhina ancylostoma give it a unique appearance Rhina ancylostoma is a heavily built fish growing to 2 7 m 8 9 ft long and 135 kg 298 lb in weight 3 7 The head is short wide and flattened with an evenly rounded snout the front portion of the head including the medium sized eyes and large spiracles is clearly distinct from the body The long nostrils are transversely oriented and have well developed skin flaps on their anterior margins The lower jaw has three protruding lobes that fit into corresponding depressions in the upper jaw 3 17 There are around 47 upper and 50 lower tooth rows arranged in winding bands the teeth are low and blunt with ridges on the crown The five pairs of ventral gill slits are positioned close to the lateral margins of the head 3 18 The body is deepest in front of the two tall and falcate sickle shaped dorsal fins The first dorsal fin is about a third larger than the second and originates over the pelvic fin origins The second dorsal fin is located midway between the first dorsal and the caudal fin The broad and triangular pectoral fins have a deep indentation where their leading margins meet the head The pelvic fins are much smaller than the pectoral fins and the anal fin is absent The tail is much longer than the body and ends in a large crescent shaped caudal fin the lower caudal fin lobe is more than half the length of the upper 3 14 17 The entire dorsal surface has a grainy texture from a dense covering of tiny dermal denticles A thick ridge is present along the midline of the back which bears a band of sharp robust thorns There are also a pair of thorn bearing ridges in front of the eyes a second pair running from above the eyes to behind the spiracles and a third pair on the shoulders This species is bluish to brownish gray above lightening towards the margins of the head and over the pectoral fins There are prominent white spots scattered over the body and fins a white edged black marking above each pectoral fin and two dark transverse bands atop the head between the eyes The underside is light gray to white Young rays are more vividly colored than adults which are browner with fainter patterning and proportionately smaller spots 3 Distribution and habitat editWhile uncommon Rhina ancylostoma is widely distributed in the coastal tropical waters of the western Indo Pacific In the Indian Ocean it is found from KwaZulu Natal in South Africa to the Red Sea including the Seychelles across the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia including the Maldives to Shark Bay in Western Australia Its Pacific range extends northward to Korea and southern Japan eastward to New Guinea and southward to New South Wales 3 17 Found between 3 and 90 m 10 and 300 ft deep this ray spends most of its time near the sea floor but can occasionally be seen swimming in midwater It favors sandy or muddy habitats and can also be found in the vicinity of rocky and coral reefs and shipwrecks 3 19 Biology and ecology edit nbsp The tiger shark preys on Rhina ancylostoma Rhina ancylostoma is a strong swimmer that propels itself with its tail like a shark It is more active at night and is not known to be territorial 20 This species feeds mainly on demersal bony fishes such as croakers and crustaceans such as crabs and shrimp bivalves and cephalopods are also consumed Its bands of flattened teeth allow it to crush hard shelled prey 14 21 Curiously two Rhina ancylostoma examined in a 2011 stable isotope study were found to have fed on pelagic rather than demersal animals in contrast to previous observations 22 The tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier is known to prey on Rhina ancylostoma 23 The ray is protected by the thorns on its head and back and it may ram perceived threats 7 Parasites documented from this species include the tapeworms Carpobothrium rhinei 24 Dollfusiella michiae 25 Nybelinia southwelli 26 Stoibocephalum arafurense 27 and Tylocephalum carnpanulatum 28 the leech Pontobdella macrothela 29 the trematode Melogonimus rhodanometra 30 the monogeneans Branchotenthes robinoverstreeti 31 and Monocotyle ancylostomae 32 and the copepods Nesippus vespa 33 Pandarus cranchii and P smithii 34 There is a record of a Rhina ancylostoma being cleaned by bluestreak cleaner wrasses Labroides dimidiatus 19 Reproduction in Rhina ancylostoma is viviparous with the developing embryos sustained to term by yolk Adult females have two ovaries and two uterine horns 35 The litter size varies between two and eleven pups and newborns measure 45 51 cm 18 20 in long 19 36 37 Sexual maturity is attained at lengths of 1 5 1 8 m 4 9 5 9 ft for males and over 1 8 m 5 9 ft in females Females grow larger than males 3 21 Human interactions edit nbsp Sweet Pea a female bowmouth guitarfish at the Newport Aquarium Throughout its range the bowmouth guitarfish is caught incidentally or intentionally by artisanal and commercial fisheries using trawls gillnets and line gear 1 The fins are extremely valuable due to their use in shark fin soup and are often the only parts of the fish kept and brought to market However the meat may also be sold fresh or dried and salted and it is highly sought after in India 7 21 When caught as bycatch in trawls Rhina ancylostoma is considered a nuisance because its strength and rough skin make it difficult to handle and as the heavy ray thrashes in the net it can damage the rest of the catch 3 In Thailand the enlarged thorns of this species are used to make bracelets 38 The International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN has assessed Rhina ancylostoma as Critically endangered in 2019 delisted from the vulnerable category along with many other guitarfish species It is threatened by fishing and by habitat destruction and degradation particularly from blast fishing coral bleaching and siltation Its numbers are known to have declined substantially in Indonesian waters where it is one of the large rays targeted by a mostly unregulated gillnet fishery The IUCN has given this species a regional assessment of Near Threatened in Australian waters where it is not a targeted species but is taken as bycatch in bottom trawls The installation of turtle excluder devices on some Australian trawlers has benefited this species 1 Since it is rare and faces many conservation threats the bowmouth guitarfish has been called the panda of the aquatic world 39 It is a popular subject of public aquariums and fares relatively well with one individual having lived for seven years in captivity 3 19 In 2007 the Newport Aquarium in Kentucky initiated the world s first captive breeding program for this species 39 Newport Aquarium announced in January 2014 that the female Sweet Pea had become pregnant and given birth to seven pups 40 By February 2014 all seven pups had died 41 On January 7 2016 Sweet Pea gave birth to nine shark pups 42 which were eating on their own and still gaining weight by February 10 2016 43 Newport Aquarium later announced that the pups would be moved into a coral reef exhibit where they can be viewed by the public starting on June 24 44 The species also bred at the S E A Aquarium in Singapore in 2015 45 References edit a b c Kyne P M Rigby C L Dharmadi Jabado R W 2019 Rhina ancylostoma IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T41848A124421912 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T41848A124421912 en Retrieved 18 November 2021 Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 2022 01 14 a b c d e f g h i j k Last P R Stevens J D 2009 Sharks and Rays of Australia second ed Harvard University Press pp 299 300 ISBN 978 0 674 03411 2 a b Bloch M E Schneider J G 1801 Systema Ichthyologiae Iconibus CX Ilustratum Berolini p 352 Paepke H J 2000 Bloch s Fish Collection in the Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin An Illustrated Catalog and Historical Account Koeltz Scientific Books pp 122 123 ISBN 3 904144 16 2 Eschmeyer W N ed ancylostomus Rhina Catalog of Fishes Archived from the original on April 20 2021 Retrieved May 14 2013 a b c d Froese R Pauly D eds 2011 Rhina ancylostoma Bowmouth guitarfish FishBase Retrieved May 14 2013 Nishida K 1990 Phylogeny of the suborder Myliobatoidei Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University 37 1 108 a b c McEachran J D N Aschliman 2004 Phylogeny of Batoidea In Carrier L C J A Musick M R Heithaus eds Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives CRC Press pp 79 113 ISBN 0 8493 1514 X a b Aschliman N C Claeson K M McEachran J D 2012 Phylogeny of Batoidea In Carrier J C Musick J A Heithaus M R eds Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives second ed CRC Press pp 57 98 ISBN 978 1439839249 a b Naylor G J Caira J N Jensen K Rosana K A Straube N Lakner C 2012 Elasmobranch phylogeny A mitochondrial estimate based on 595 species In Carrier J C Musick J A Heithaus M R eds The Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives second ed CRC Press pp 31 57 ISBN 978 1 4398 3924 9 a b Seret B Naylor G 2016 Rhynchorhina mauritaniensis a new genus and species of wedgefish from the eastern central Atlantic Elasmobranchii Batoidea Rhinidae Zootaxa 4138 2 291 308 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 4138 2 4 PMID 27470765 Muller J Henle F G J 1841 Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen volume 2 Veit und Comp p 110 a b c Compagno L J V Last P R 1999 Rhinidae In Carpenter K E Niem V H eds FAO Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations pp 1418 1422 ISBN 92 5 104302 7 Nelson J S 2006 Fishes of the World fourth ed John Wiley pp 71 74 ISBN 0 471 25031 7 Last Peter White William de Carvalho Marcelo Seret Bernard Stehmann Matthias Naylor Gavin eds 2016 Rays of the World CSIRO p 76 ISBN 9780643109148 a b c Randall J E Hoover J P 1995 Coastal Fishes of Oman University of Hawaii Press p 42 ISBN 0 8248 1808 3 Smith J L B Smith M M Heemstra P C 2003 Smith s Sea Fishes Struik pp 128 129 ISBN 1 86872 890 0 a b c d Michael S W 1993 Reef Sharks amp Rays of the World Sea Challengers p 71 ISBN 0 930118 18 9 Ferrari A Ferrari A 2002 Sharks Firefly Books p 203 ISBN 1 55209 629 7 a b c Raje S G 2006 Skate fishery and some biological aspects of five species of skates off Mumbai Indian Journal of Fisheries 53 4 431 439 Borrell A Cardona L Kumarran R P Aguilar A 2011 Trophic ecology of elasmobranchs caught off Gujarat India as inferred from stable isotopes ICES Journal of Marine Science 68 3 547 554 doi 10 1093 icesjms fsq170 Simpfendorfer C A Goodreid A B McAuley R B 2001 Size sex and geographic variation in the diet of the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier from Western Australian waters Environmental Biology of Fishes 61 37 46 doi 10 1023 A 1011021710183 S2CID 39996373 Sarada S Lakshmi C V Rao K H 1995 Studies on a new species Carpobothrium rhinei Cestoda Tetraphyllidea from Rhina ancylostomus from Waltair coast Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology 15 2 127 129 Campbell R A Beveridge I 2009 Oncomegas aetobatidis sp nov Cestoda Trypanorhyncha a re description of O australiensis Toth Campbell amp Schmidt 1992 and new records of trypanorhynch cestodes from Australian elasmobranch fishes Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 133 18 29 doi 10 1080 03721426 2009 10887107 S2CID 85869638 Palm H W Walter T 1999 Nybelinia southwelli sp nov Cestoda Trypanorhyncha with the re description of N perideraeus Shipley amp Hornell 1906 and synonymy of N herdmani Shipley amp Hornell 1906 with Kotorella pronosoma Stossich 1901 Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Zoology Series 65 2 123 131 Cielocha J J Jensen K 2013 Stoibocephalum n gen Cestoda Lecanicephalidea from the sharkray Rhina ancylostoma Bloch amp Schneider Elasmobranchii Rhinopristiformes from northern Australia Zootaxa 3626 4 558 568 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3626 4 9 PMID 26176156 Butler S A 1987 Taxonomy of Some Tetraphyllidean Cestodes From Elasmobranch Fishes Australian Journal of Zoology 35 4 343 371 doi 10 1071 ZO9870343 de Silva P H D H 1963 The occurrence of Pontobdella Pontobdellina macrothela Schmarda and Pontobdella aculeata Harding in the Wadge Bank Spolia Zeylanica 30 1 35 39 Bray R A Brockerhoff A Cribb T H January 1995 Melogonimus rhodanometra n g n sp Digenea Ptychogonimidae from the elasmobranch Rhina ancylostoma Bloch amp Schneider Rhinobatidae from the southeastern coastal waters of Queensland Australia Systematic Parasitology 30 1 11 18 doi 10 1007 BF00009239 S2CID 45422870 Bullard S A Dippenaar S M June 2003 Branchotenthes robinoverstreeti n gen and n sp Monogenea Hexabothriidae from Gill Filaments of the Bowmouth Guitarfish Rhina ancylostoma Rhynchobatidae in the Indian Ocean The Journal of Parasitology 89 3 595 601 doi 10 1645 0022 3395 2003 089 0595 BRNGAN 2 0 CO 2 PMID 12880262 S2CID 21951837 Zhang J Y Yang T B Liu L Ding X J 2003 A list of monogeneans from Chinese marine fishes Systematic Parasitology 54 2 111 130 doi 10 1023 A 1022581523683 PMID 12652065 S2CID 31003794 Dippenaar S M Mathibela R B Bloomer P 2010 Cytochrome oxidase I sequences reveal possible cryptic diversity in the cosmopolitan symbiotic copepod Nesippus orientalis Heller 1868 Pandaridae Siphonostomatoida on elasmobranch hosts from the KwaZulu Natal coast of South Africa Experimental Parasitology 125 1 42 50 doi 10 1016 j exppara 2009 08 017 hdl 2263 11615 PMID 19723521 Izawa K 2010 Redescription of eight species of parasitic copepods Siphonostomatoida Pandaridae infecting Japanese elasmobranchs Crustaceana 83 3 313 341 doi 10 1163 001121609X12591347509329 Purushottama G B Thomas Sujitha Kizhakudan Shoba Joe Zacharia P U 2022 Catch composition reproductive biology and diet of the bowmouth guitarfish Rhina ancylostomus Bloch and Schneider 1801 Batoidea Rhinidae in the eastern Arabian Sea India Indian J Fish 69 3 1 6 Devadoss P Batcha H 1995 Some observations on the rare bow mouth guitar fish Rhina ancylostoma Indian Council of Agricultural Research Marine Fisheries Information Service Technical and Extension Series 138 10 11 Last P R White W T Caire J N Dharmadi Fahmi Jensen K Lim A P F Manjaji Matsumoto B M Naylor G J P Pogonoski J J Stevens J D Yearsley G K 2010 Sharks and Rays of Borneo CSIRO Publishing pp 146 147 ISBN 978 1 921605 59 8 Fowler S L Reed T M Dipper F A eds 2002 Elasmobranch Biodiversity Conservation and Management Proceedings of the International Seminar and Workshop Sabah Malaysia July 1997 IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group p 112 ISBN 2 8317 0650 5 a b Newport Aquarium Launches World s First Shark Ray Breeding Program Adds Rare Male Shark Ray UnderwaterTimes February 1 2007 Retrieved January 22 2009 Newport Aquarium s Sweet Pea the First Documented Shark Ray to Breed in Captivity Gives Birth to Seven Pups Aquarium Works Newport Aquarium January 29 2014 Retrieved February 1 2014 Newport Aquarium says shark ray pups died WKRC TV 26 February 2014 Archived from the original on 26 February 2014 Retrieved 26 February 2014 Newport Aquarium shark ray gives birth to nine pups FOX19NOW 7 January 2016 Retrieved 10 February 2016 Shark Ray Pups Reach Milestones aquariumworks org 10 February 2016 Retrieved 10 February 2016 Ferrell Nikki 23 June 2016 Rare shark ray pups to move to exhibit at Newport Aquarium Retrieved 2016 06 25 S E A Aquarium successfully breeds shark ray pup a vulnerable species The Straits Times 5 May 2016 Retrieved 12 August 2016 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rhina ancylostoma amp oldid 1214499168, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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