Segal–Cover score
A Segal–Cover score is an attempt to measure the "perceived qualifications and ideology" of nominees to the United States Supreme Court. The scores are created by analyzing pre-confirmation newspaper editorials regarding the nominations from The New York Times, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, and The Wall Street Journal. Each nominee receives two scores that range from 0 to 1 based on the average score of all articles from these sources:
- Qualifications: 0 means unqualified and 1 means extremely qualified
- Qualification scores are based on the characterization of each editorial as positive, neutral, or negative toward the nominee. Positive articles are coded as 1, neutral articles as 0.5, and negative articles as 0.[1]
- Ideology: 0 means most conservative, and 1 means most liberal.
- Ideology scores are based on each editorial's characterization of the nominee as liberal, moderate, conservative, or not applicable. Articles characterizing the nominee as liberal are coded as 1, moderate as .5, conservative as 0; articles deemed not applicable are omitted from the ideology score.[1]
The Segal–Cover scoring was introduced by Jeffrey Segal and Albert Cover (both of Stony Brook University) in their 1989 article "Ideological Values and the Votes of U.S. Supreme Court Justices".[2][3] The scores have been updated by Segal to cover all nominees from Hugo Black in 1937 to Brett Kavanaugh in 2018.[4]
Segal and Cover found that the scores are strongly correlated with the subsequent votes of the justices. Because the scores are based on perceptions before the nominee takes a seat on the Court, they also provide "reliable measures of the ideological values of Supreme Court justices that are independent of the votes they later cast."[2] In a 1995 paper revisiting the Segal-Cover score, Segal and his coauthors concluded that the ideology score was significantly more accurate for justices who served during and after the Warren Court and cautioned that researchers analyzing the ideology of earlier justices should supplement the ideology scores of earlier judges with other methodologies and that "Scholars should be sensitive to changes in the legal, political, and social environments (which generate the newspaper reactions on which the scores are based) and use appropriate diagnostic tools to tease out their potential effects."[3]
The Segal–Cover perceived qualifications and ideology scores for all nominees to the Court between 1937 and 2018:
| Nom. Order | Nominee | Chief Justice | Senate Vote | Ideology Score | Qualifications Score | Nominator (Party) | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hugo Black | 67 – 18 | 0.875 | 0.160 | Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) | 1937 | |
| 2 | Stanley F. Reed | Voice Vote | 0.725 | 0.875 | Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) | 1938 | |
| 3 | Felix Frankfurter | Voice Vote | 0.665 | 0.965 | Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) | 1939 | |
| 4 | William O. Douglas | 62 – 4 | 0.730 | 0.820 | Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) | 1939 | |
| 5 | Frank Murphy | Voice Vote | 1.000 | 0.650 | Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) | 1940 | |
| 6 | Harlan F. Stone | CJ | Voice Vote | 0.300 | 1.000 | Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) | 1941 |
| 7 | James F. Byrnes | Voice Vote | 0.330 | 0.800 | Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) | 1941 | |
| 8 | Robert H. Jackson | Voice Vote | 1.000 | 0.915 | Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) | 1941 | |
| 9 | Wiley B. Rutledge | Voice Vote | 1.000 | 1.000 | Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) | 1943 | |
| 10 | Harold H. Burton | Voice Vote | 0.280 | 0.930 | Harry S. Truman (Democrat) | 1945 | |
| 11 | Fred M. Vinson | CJ | Voice Vote | 0.750 | 0.785 | Harry S. Truman (Democrat) | 1946 |
| 12 | Tom C. Clark | 73 – 8 | 0.500 | 0.125 | Harry S. Truman (Democrat) | 1949 | |
| 13 | Sherman Minton | 48 – 16 | 0.720 | 0.355 | Harry S. Truman (Democrat) | 1949 | |
| 14 | Earl Warren | CJ | Voice Vote | 0.750 | 0.855 | Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican) | 1953 |
| 15 | John M. Harlan II | 71 – 11 | 0.875 | 0.750 | Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican) | 1955 | |
| 16 | William J. Brennan, Jr. | Voice Vote | 1.000 | 1.000 | Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican) | 1956 | |
| 17 | Charles E. Whittaker | Voice Vote | 0.500 | 1.000 | Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican) | 1957 | |
| 18 | Potter Stewart | 70 – 17 | 0.750 | 1.000 | Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican) | 1958 | |
| 19 | Byron White | Voice Vote | 0.500 | 0.500 | John F. Kennedy (Democrat) | 1962 | |
| 20 | Arthur J. Goldberg | Voice Vote | 0.750 | 0.915 | Lyndon B. Johnson (Democrat) | 1965 | |
| 21 | Abe Fortas | Voice Vote | 1.000 | 1.000 | Lyndon B. Johnson (Democrat) | 1965 | |
| 22 | Thurgood Marshall | 69 – 11 | 1.000 | 0.835 | Lyndon B. Johnson (Democrat) | 1967 | |
| 23 | Abe Fortas | CJ | 45 – 43 * | 0.845 | 0.635 | Lyndon B. Johnson (Democrat) | 1968 |
| 24 | Warren E. Burger | CJ | 74 – 3 | 0.115 | 0.960 | Richard M. Nixon (Republican) | 1969 |
| 25 | Clement Haynsworth, Jr. | 45 – 55 | 0.160 | 0.335 | Richard M. Nixon (Republican) | 1969 | |
| 26 | G. Harrold Carswell | 45 – 51 | 0.040 | 0.111 | Richard M. Nixon (Republican) | 1969 | |
| 27 | Harry A. Blackmun | 94 – 0 | 0.115 | 0.970 | Richard M. Nixon (Republican) | 1970 | |
| 28 | Lewis F. Powell, Jr. | 89 – 1 | 0.165 | 1.000 | Richard M. Nixon (Republican) | 1972 | |
| 29 | William Rehnquist | 68 – 26 | 0.045 | 0.885 | Richard M. Nixon (Republican) | 1972 | |
| 30 | John Paul Stevens | 98 – 0 | 0.250 | 0.960 | Gerald Ford (Republican) | 1975 | |
| 31 | Sandra Day O'Connor | 99 – 0 | 0.415 | 1.000 | Ronald Reagan (Republican) | 1981 | |
| 32 | William Rehnquist | CJ | 65 – 33 | 0.045 | 0.400 | Ronald Reagan (Republican) | 1986 |
| 33 | Antonin Scalia | 98 – 0 | 0.000 | 1.000 | Ronald Reagan (Republican) | 1986 | |
| 34 | Robert H. Bork | 42 – 58 | 0.095 | 0.790 | Ronald Reagan (Republican) | 1987 | |
| 35 | Douglas Ginsburg | Withdrawn | 0.000 | 0.320 | Ronald Reagan (Republican) | 1987 | |
| 36 | Anthony Kennedy | 97 – 0 | 0.365 | 0.890 | Ronald Reagan (Republican) | 1988 | |
| 37 | David Souter | 90 – 9 | 0.325 | 0.765 | George H. W. Bush (Republican) | 1990 | |
| 38 | Clarence Thomas | 52 – 48 | 0.160 | 0.415 | George H. W. Bush (Republican) | 1991 | |
| 39 | Ruth Bader Ginsburg | 96 – 3 | 0.680 | 1.000 | Bill Clinton (Democrat) | 1993 | |
| 40 | Stephen G. Breyer | 87 – 9 | 0.475 | 0.545 | Bill Clinton (Democrat) | 1994 | |
| 41 | John G. Roberts | CJ | 78 – 22 | 0.120 | 0.970 | George W. Bush (Republican) | 2005 |
| 42 | Harriet E. Miers | Withdrawn | 0.270 | 0.360 | George W. Bush (Republican) | 2005 | |
| 43 | Samuel Alito | 58 – 42 | 0.100 | 0.810 | George W. Bush (Republican) | 2006 | |
| 44 | Sonia Sotomayor | 68 – 31 | 0.780 | 0.810 | Barack Obama (Democrat) | 2009 | |
| 45 | Elena Kagan | 63 – 37 | 0.730 | 0.730 | Barack Obama (Democrat) | 2010 | |
| 46 | Neil Gorsuch | 54 – 45 | 0.110 | 0.930 | Donald Trump (Republican) | 2017 | |
| 47 | Brett Kavanaugh | 50 – 48 | 0.070 | 0.400 | Donald Trump (Republican) | 2018 | |
| 48 | Amy Coney Barrett | 52 – 48 | ? | ? | Donald Trump (Republican) | 2020 | |
| 49 | Ketanji Brown Jackson | 53– 47 | ? | ? | Joe Biden(Democrat) | 2022 |
* The vote on Fortas for the Chief Justice position was on cloture and failed to receive the necessary two-thirds majority.
- A highlighted row indicates that the Justice is currently serving on the Court.
- A Senate vote in red text indicates that the nomination was blocked.
See also
References
- ^ a b Riley, Chad (2015). Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD). The University of Texas at Arlington.
- ^ a b Segal, Jeffrey A.; Cover, Albert D. (June 1989). "Ideological Values and the Votes of U.S. Supreme Court Justices". The American Political Science Review. 83 (2): 557–565. doi:10.2307/1962405. JSTOR 1962405.
- ^ a b Segal, Jeffrey A.; Epstein, Lee; Cameron, Charles M.; Spaeth, Harold J. (August 1995). "Ideological Values and the Votes of U.S. Supreme Court Justices Revisited". The Journal of Politics. 57 (3): 812–823. doi:10.2307/2960194. JSTOR 2960194. S2CID 145385646.
- ^ Epstein, Lee; Walker, Thomas G.; Staudt, Nancy; Hendrickson, Scott; Roberts, Jason (February 11, 2019). "The U.S. Supreme Court Justices Database". Retrieved May 14, 2019.