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Second Army (United Kingdom)

April 20, 2023

The British Second Army was a field army active during the First and Second World Wars. During the First World War the army was active on the Western Front throughout most of the war and later active in Italy. During the Second World War the army was the main British contribution to the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 and advance across Europe.

Second Army
2nd Army formation badge WWI (left) and WWII (right).
ActiveFirst World War
1914–1918
Second World War
1943–45
Country United Kingdom
Allegiance United Kingdom, British Army
Branch British Army
TypeField army
SizeField Army
EngagementsFirst World War
Second World War
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Horace Smith-Dorrien
Herbert Plumer
Miles Dempsey

First World War

The Second Army was part of the British Army formed on 26 December 1914, when the British Expeditionary Force was split in two due to becoming too big to control its subordinate formations.[1] The army controlled both III Corps and IV Corps. Second Army spent most of the war positioned around the Ypres salient, but was redeployed to Italy as part of the Italian Expeditionary Force between November 1917 and March 1918.[1]

In 1919 it was reconstituted as the British Army of the Rhine.[2]

Commanders

Second World War

France, 1944

The formation was commanded by Lieutenant-General Miles Dempsey and served under the 21st Army Group. Two of its formations, I Corps (also containing Canadian units) and XXX Corps took part in Operation Neptune, the 6 June D-Day landings that commenced Operation Overlord, with its remaining units coming ashore during the remainder of Overlord's Normandy campaign. The third corps to land, VIII Corps, entered the line during late June to add its weight to the assault; in particular for the launching of Operation Epsom. The main British objective during the early stages of the campaign was to capture the French city of Caen, the so-called Battle for Caen. However, due to various factors the city was not captured until mid-July during Operation Atlantic, conducted by Canadian troops under the command of Second Army.

By the end of July, American forces had broken out of Normandy. As they swept east, the German Seventh Army was pinned by the Second Army and trapped in pockets around Falaise. The German formation was subsequently annihilated during the battle of the Falaise pocket. The Second Army then commenced a dash across France in parallel with the Americans on its right, and the Canadians on its left. During the interim, I Corps was transferred from Second Army's control, and assigned to the First Canadian Army. Due to the heavy casualties sustained by the army during the Normandy campaign, the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division was disbanded in August 1944 to make up for the infantry deficit.

Belgium and the Netherlands

Second Army entered Belgium quickly, and cleared much of the country. Its captures included the capital Brussels and the port city of Antwerp.

Second Army's highest profile operation in 1944, apart from Operation Overlord, was providing the main force for Operation Market Garden. During the operation, American (82nd and 101st), British (1st) and Polish (1st Polish Parachute Brigade) airborne troops, outside the control of Second Army, were landed to capture vital bridges over several rivers in the east of the Netherlands, in order to allow Second Army's XXX Corps to cross the Rhine and advance into Germany, relieving the parachute troops en route. However, the single road XXX Corps had to traverse caused enormous logistical difficulties and, combined with German counterattacks, the operation failed resulting in the loss of much of the 1st Airborne Division during the Battle of Arnhem.

Second Army spent the rest of 1944 exploiting the salient in the German line that it had created during Operation Market Garden, to advance on the Rhine and Meuse rivers in the Netherlands. The final part of this advance took place in mid-January 1945, with the clearing of the Roermond Triangle (codename Operation Blackcock) by XII and VIII Corps. This enabled the completion of the advance on the River Roer.

During February, 1945, Second Army entered a holding phase. Whilst it pinned down the German forces facing it, the Canadian First Army and US Ninth Army made a pincer movement from north and south (Operations Veritable and Grenade) which pierced the Siegfried Line in that area and cleared the remaining German forces west of the Rhine in conjunction with further American offensives in the south of the Rhineland.

Germany, 1945

Second Army crossed the Rhine on 23 March in an attack codenamed Operation Plunder. It then headed across the North German Plain towards Osnabrück, with the First Canadian Army on its left wheeling to clear the north of the Netherlands and the area of Lower Saxony west of Oldenburg. The US Ninth Army on its right turned south-east towards Lippstadt to trap the German Army Group B, under General Walther Model, in an enormous pocket in the Ruhr. With Army Group B trapped, the last major German formation in the west had been neutralized.

Second Army reached the Weser on 4 April, the Elbe on 19 April, the shore of the Baltic Sea at Lübeck on 2 May. On 3 May, Hamburg capitulated. By 7 May the Soviet Army had met up with the British forces. Shortly thereafter, the Second World War in Europe came to an end with the surrender of the government of Karl Dönitz, who had succeeded Adolf Hitler after his suicide.

Commanders

Order of battle

Operation Overlord

Operation Market Garden

  • VIII Corps
  • XII Corps
  • XXX Corps

See also

Second Army landing zones during Operation Overlord

Notes

  1. ^ a b The British Armies of 1914-1918
  2. ^ Edmonds (1987)
  3. ^ a b Orders of Battle

References

  • Edmonds, James (1987). The Occupation of the Rhineland, 1918–1929. HMSO. ISBN 0-11-290454-8.

External links

  • Battle of the Roermond Triangle, Jan 1945

April 20, 2023
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The British Second Army was a field army active during the First and Second World Wars During the First World War the army was active on the Western Front throughout most of the war and later active in Italy During the Second World War the army was the main British contribution to the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 and advance across Europe Second Army2nd Army formation badge WWI left and WWII right ActiveFirst World War1914 1918Second World War1943 45Country United KingdomAllegiance United Kingdom British ArmyBranchBritish ArmyTypeField armySizeField ArmyEngagementsFirst World WarSecond World WarCommandersNotablecommandersHorace Smith DorrienHerbert PlumerMiles Dempsey Contents 1 First World War 1 1 Commanders 2 Second World War 2 1 France 1944 2 2 Belgium and the Netherlands 2 3 Germany 1945 2 4 Commanders 2 5 Order of battle 2 5 1 Operation Overlord 2 5 2 Operation Market Garden 3 See also 3 1 Second Army landing zones during Operation Overlord 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksFirst World War EditThe Second Army was part of the British Army formed on 26 December 1914 when the British Expeditionary Force was split in two due to becoming too big to control its subordinate formations 1 The army controlled both III Corps and IV Corps Second Army spent most of the war positioned around the Ypres salient but was redeployed to Italy as part of the Italian Expeditionary Force between November 1917 and March 1918 1 In 1919 it was reconstituted as the British Army of the Rhine 2 Commanders Edit 1914 1915 General Sir Horace Smith Dorrien 1915 1917 General Sir Herbert Plumer 1917 1918 General Sir Henry Rawlinson 1918 General Sir Herbert PlumerSecond World War EditFrance 1944 Edit The formation was commanded by Lieutenant General Miles Dempsey and served under the 21st Army Group Two of its formations I Corps also containing Canadian units and XXX Corps took part in Operation Neptune the 6 June D Day landings that commenced Operation Overlord with its remaining units coming ashore during the remainder of Overlord s Normandy campaign The third corps to land VIII Corps entered the line during late June to add its weight to the assault in particular for the launching of Operation Epsom The main British objective during the early stages of the campaign was to capture the French city of Caen the so called Battle for Caen However due to various factors the city was not captured until mid July during Operation Atlantic conducted by Canadian troops under the command of Second Army By the end of July American forces had broken out of Normandy As they swept east the German Seventh Army was pinned by the Second Army and trapped in pockets around Falaise The German formation was subsequently annihilated during the battle of the Falaise pocket The Second Army then commenced a dash across France in parallel with the Americans on its right and the Canadians on its left During the interim I Corps was transferred from Second Army s control and assigned to the First Canadian Army Due to the heavy casualties sustained by the army during the Normandy campaign the 59th Staffordshire Infantry Division was disbanded in August 1944 to make up for the infantry deficit Belgium and the Netherlands Edit Second Army entered Belgium quickly and cleared much of the country Its captures included the capital Brussels and the port city of Antwerp Second Army s highest profile operation in 1944 apart from Operation Overlord was providing the main force for Operation Market Garden During the operation American 82nd and 101st British 1st and Polish 1st Polish Parachute Brigade airborne troops outside the control of Second Army were landed to capture vital bridges over several rivers in the east of the Netherlands in order to allow Second Army s XXX Corps to cross the Rhine and advance into Germany relieving the parachute troops en route However the single road XXX Corps had to traverse caused enormous logistical difficulties and combined with German counterattacks the operation failed resulting in the loss of much of the 1st Airborne Division during the Battle of Arnhem Second Army spent the rest of 1944 exploiting the salient in the German line that it had created during Operation Market Garden to advance on the Rhine and Meuse rivers in the Netherlands The final part of this advance took place in mid January 1945 with the clearing of the Roermond Triangle codename Operation Blackcock by XII and VIII Corps This enabled the completion of the advance on the River Roer During February 1945 Second Army entered a holding phase Whilst it pinned down the German forces facing it the Canadian First Army and US Ninth Army made a pincer movement from north and south Operations Veritable and Grenade which pierced the Siegfried Line in that area and cleared the remaining German forces west of the Rhine in conjunction with further American offensives in the south of the Rhineland Germany 1945 Edit Second Army crossed the Rhine on 23 March in an attack codenamed Operation Plunder It then headed across the North German Plain towards Osnabruck with the First Canadian Army on its left wheeling to clear the north of the Netherlands and the area of Lower Saxony west of Oldenburg The US Ninth Army on its right turned south east towards Lippstadt to trap the German Army Group B under General Walther Model in an enormous pocket in the Ruhr With Army Group B trapped the last major German formation in the west had been neutralized Second Army reached the Weser on 4 April the Elbe on 19 April the shore of the Baltic Sea at Lubeck on 2 May On 3 May Hamburg capitulated By 7 May the Soviet Army had met up with the British forces Shortly thereafter the Second World War in Europe came to an end with the surrender of the government of Karl Donitz who had succeeded Adolf Hitler after his suicide Commanders Edit July 1943 January 1944 Lieutenant General Kenneth Anderson 3 January 1944 August 1945 Lieutenant General Miles Dempsey 3 Order of battle Edit Operation Overlord Edit I Corps VIII Corps XII Corps XXX CorpsOperation Market Garden Edit VIII Corps XII Corps XXX CorpsSee also Edit World War II portalBattle of Villers Bocage Operation Charnwood Operation Goodwood Operation Perch Operation Windsor Second Battle of the OdonSecond Army landing zones during Operation Overlord Edit Gold Beach Juno Beach First Canadian Army s 3rd Canadian Division and 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade Sword BeachNotes Edit a b The British Armies of 1914 1918 Edmonds 1987 a b Orders of BattleReferences EditEdmonds James 1987 The Occupation of the Rhineland 1918 1929 HMSO ISBN 0 11 290454 8 External links EditBattle of the Roermond Triangle Jan 1945 Timeline of 1945 in Western Europe Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Second Army United Kingdom amp oldid 1133132629, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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