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Tripleurospermum inodorum

January 01, 1970

Tripleurospermum inodorum, common names scentless false mayweed,[1] scentless mayweed, scentless chamomile, and Baldr's brow, is the type species of Tripleurospermum. This plant is native to Eurasia and North Africa, and introduced to North America, where it is commonly found in fields, fallow land and gardens.[2]

Tripleurospermum inodorum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Tripleurospermum
Species:
T. inodorum
Binomial name
Tripleurospermum inodorum
Synonyms
  • Matricaria inodora L.
  • Matricaria perforata Mérat
  • Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) M.Laínz
  • Tripleurospermum inodorum
  • Matricaria maritima subsp. inodorum
  • Tripleurospermum maritimum subsp. inodorum (L.) Hyl. ex Vaar.

Description edit

 
Cotyledons

The species may grow to be 20–80 cm (8–32 in.) in height. It is usually 1-stemmed, with the stem erect–ascending, branching, glabrous, green. Stems are single, erect, branched in the upper plant, weakly ridged or lined, hairless though sparsely hairy when young.

Leaves are alternate, short-stalked–stalkless. The blade is 2–3 times pinnately lobed (–with leaflets), glabrous, lobes (or leaflets) long, thread-like narrow, sharp-pointed. Leaves are ¾ to 3 inches long, feathery with a few to numerous thread-like branching lobes.[3] The cotyledons are oribicular to oblong, very small, 3 to 5 mm long, and stalkless.[4]

Flowers are single flower-like, usually with a 3–5 cm (1.2–2 in.) capitula, surrounded by involucral bracts. The capitula's ray-florets are white, tongue-like, tip shallowly 3-toothed; disc florets are yellow, tubular, small. Stamens 5. Pistil of 2 fused carpels. Involucral bracts are of different lengths, 1–1.5 mm (0.04–0.06 in.) broad, light brown–white margins. Disc is stacked, full. Capitula is 1–20 borne in a corymbose cluster. It flowers from June–October.[5] Pollen is collected by solitary bees.[6]

The fruit is a flattish, ridged achene, with 2 round–angular oil spots, tip sometimes with small, membranous ring.

Similar species edit

Tripleurospermum maritimum (false mayweed) is morphologically similar to T. inodorum. False mayweed achenes are a similar size, brown colour, and rectangular shape as scentless chamomile. The rib arrangement and the resin glands are also similar to scentless chamomile. False mayweed achenes usually have less space between the ribs, the resin glands cannot be seen from the top of the achene, and the resin glands are often brown and oval rather than round and reddish compared to scentless chamomile.[7]

Taxonomy edit

Historically included the genus Matricaria, Tripleurospermum inodorum has been the subject of some controversy, with many revisions in recent years. The Flora Europaea uses Matricaria perforata for this species. Synonyms/other scientific names include Tripleurospermum perforatum and Tripleurospermum maritimum subsp. inodorum.

W. L. Applequist (2002) has shown that the name Matricaria inodora is not a superfluous new name for M. chamomilla as earlier stated by S. Rauschert (1974). Therefore, the appropriate name under Tripleurospermum is T. inodorum. She also considered its type to belong in T. maritimum and formally recognized it there as subsp. inodorum, on the basis of hybridization with other T. maritimum subspecies (A. Vaarama 1953); on the same basis, however, Hämet-Ahti maintained the species distinction between T. inodorum and T. maritimum, while making T. phaeocephalum a subspecies of the latter.[8]

Tripleurospermum inodorum hybridizes with Cota tinctoria to form the hybrid × Tripleurocota sulfurea.[9]

Ecology edit

T. inodorum grows in fields, fallow land, lawns, wasteland, roadsides, yards, gardens. It is an annual or short-lived perennial.[10] It is native to Eurasia.[11]

Tripleurospermum inodorum has been classified as a noxious weed (class C) in the state of Washington[11] and is considered invasive in other states (it is resistant to some herbicides); it is a weed of cereals in western Canada. According to Canadian regulations, it is classified as Secondary Noxious, Class 3 and Noxious, Class 5 in the Canadian Weed Seeds Order, 2016 under the Seeds Act.[12]

Mythology edit

In Sweden and Norway, it is called Baldr's brow, but in Iceland, it is the close relative sea mayweed (Matricaria maritima) that carries this name.[13] In Gylfaginning, Snorri Sturluson explains that the name Balder's brow comes from the plants' whiteness:

Annarr sonr Óðins er Baldr, ok er frá honum gott at segja. Hann er beztr, ok hann lofa allir. Hann er svá fagr álitum ok bjartr, svá at lýsir af honum, ok eitt gras er svá hvítt, at jafnat er til Baldrs brár. Þat er allra grasa hvítast, ok þar eftir máttu marka fegurð hans bæði á hár ok á líki. Hann er vitrastr ásanna ok fegrst talaðr ok líknsamastr, en sú náttúra fylgir honum, at engi má haldast dómr hans. Hann býr þar, sem heitir Breiðablik. Þat er á himni. Í þeim stað má ekki vera óhreint[.][14]
The second son of Odin is Baldr, and good things are to be said of him. He is best, and all praise him; he is so fair of feature, and so bright, that light shines from him. A certain herb is so white that it is likened to Baldr's brow; of all grasses it is whitest, and by it thou mayest judge his fairness, both in hair and in body. He is the wisest of the Æsir, and the fairest-spoken and most gracious; and that quality attends him, that none may gainsay his judgments. He dwells in the place called Breidablik, which is in heaven; in that place may nothing unclean be[.][15]

References and footnotes edit

  1. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Tripleurospermum perforatum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  2. ^ "Scentless Mayweed". NatureGate.
  3. ^ "Tripleurospermum inodorum (Scentless False Mayweed): Minnesota Wildflowers". www.minnesotawildflowers.info. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  4. ^ "Burke Herbarium Image Collection". biology.burke.washington.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-30.
  5. ^ "Scentless Mayweed, Tripleurospermum inodorum - Flowers - NatureGate". www.luontoportti.com. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  6. ^ Wood, Thomas J.; Holland, John M.; Goulson, Dave (2016). "Providing foraging resources for solitary bees on farmland: current schemes for pollinators benefit a limited suite of species" (PDF). Journal of Applied Ecology. 54: 323–333. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12718.
  7. ^ Government of Canada, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (2014-11-06). "Weed Seed: Tripleurospermum inodorum (Scentless chamomile)". inspection.gc.ca. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  8. ^ "Tripleurospermum inodorum in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  9. ^ "× Tripleurocota sulfurea (P.Fourn.) Starm." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
  10. ^ "Tripleurospermum inodorum (Scentless False Mayweed): Minnesota Wildflowers". www.minnesotawildflowers.info. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  11. ^ a b "Scentless Mayweed". nwcb.wa.gov. Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  12. ^ Government of Canada, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (2014-11-06). "Weed Seed: Tripleurospermum inodorum (Scentless chamomile)". inspection.gc.ca. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  13. ^ Den virtuella floran (in Swedish)
  14. ^ An online edition of the Old Norse text.
  15. ^ Brodeur's translation in English.

External links edit

  Media related to Tripleurospermum inodorum at Wikimedia Commons

January 01, 1970
tripleurospermum, inodorum, common, names, scentless, false, mayweed, scentless, mayweed, scentless, chamomile, baldr, brow, type, species, tripleurospermum, this, plant, native, eurasia, north, africa, introduced, north, america, where, commonly, found, field. Tripleurospermum inodorum common names scentless false mayweed 1 scentless mayweed scentless chamomile and Baldr s brow is the type species of Tripleurospermum This plant is native to Eurasia and North Africa and introduced to North America where it is commonly found in fields fallow land and gardens 2 Tripleurospermum inodorum Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Asterids Order Asterales Family Asteraceae Genus Tripleurospermum Species T inodorum Binomial name Tripleurospermum inodorum L Sch Bip Synonyms Matricaria inodora L Matricaria perforata Merat Tripleurospermum perforatum Merat M Lainz Tripleurospermum inodorum Matricaria maritima subsp inodorum Tripleurospermum maritimum subsp inodorum L Hyl ex Vaar Contents 1 Description 1 1 Similar species 2 Taxonomy 3 Ecology 4 Mythology 5 References and footnotes 6 External linksDescription edit nbsp Cotyledons The species may grow to be 20 80 cm 8 32 in in height It is usually 1 stemmed with the stem erect ascending branching glabrous green Stems are single erect branched in the upper plant weakly ridged or lined hairless though sparsely hairy when young Leaves are alternate short stalked stalkless The blade is 2 3 times pinnately lobed with leaflets glabrous lobes or leaflets long thread like narrow sharp pointed Leaves are to 3 inches long feathery with a few to numerous thread like branching lobes 3 The cotyledons are oribicular to oblong very small 3 to 5 mm long and stalkless 4 Flowers are single flower like usually with a 3 5 cm 1 2 2 in capitula surrounded by involucral bracts The capitula s ray florets are white tongue like tip shallowly 3 toothed disc florets are yellow tubular small Stamens 5 Pistil of 2 fused carpels Involucral bracts are of different lengths 1 1 5 mm 0 04 0 06 in broad light brown white margins Disc is stacked full Capitula is 1 20 borne in a corymbose cluster It flowers from June October 5 Pollen is collected by solitary bees 6 The fruit is a flattish ridged achene with 2 round angular oil spots tip sometimes with small membranous ring Similar species edit Tripleurospermum maritimum false mayweed is morphologically similar to T inodorum False mayweed achenes are a similar size brown colour and rectangular shape as scentless chamomile The rib arrangement and the resin glands are also similar to scentless chamomile False mayweed achenes usually have less space between the ribs the resin glands cannot be seen from the top of the achene and the resin glands are often brown and oval rather than round and reddish compared to scentless chamomile 7 Taxonomy editHistorically included the genus Matricaria Tripleurospermum inodorum has been the subject of some controversy with many revisions in recent years The Flora Europaea uses Matricaria perforata for this species Synonyms other scientific names include Tripleurospermum perforatum and Tripleurospermum maritimum subsp inodorum W L Applequist 2002 has shown that the name Matricaria inodora is not a superfluous new name for M chamomilla as earlier stated by S Rauschert 1974 Therefore the appropriate name under Tripleurospermum is T inodorum She also considered its type to belong in T maritimum and formally recognized it there as subsp inodorum on the basis of hybridization with other T maritimum subspecies A Vaarama 1953 on the same basis however Hamet Ahti maintained the species distinction between T inodorum and T maritimum while making T phaeocephalum a subspecies of the latter 8 Tripleurospermum inodorum hybridizes with Cota tinctoria to form the hybrid Tripleurocota sulfurea 9 Ecology editT inodorum grows in fields fallow land lawns wasteland roadsides yards gardens It is an annual or short lived perennial 10 It is native to Eurasia 11 Tripleurospermum inodorum has been classified as a noxious weed class C in the state of Washington 11 and is considered invasive in other states it is resistant to some herbicides it is a weed of cereals in western Canada According to Canadian regulations it is classified as Secondary Noxious Class 3 and Noxious Class 5 in the Canadian Weed Seeds Order 2016 under the Seeds Act 12 Mythology editIn Sweden and Norway it is called Baldr s brow but in Iceland it is the close relative sea mayweed Matricaria maritima that carries this name 13 In Gylfaginning Snorri Sturluson explains that the name Balder s brow comes from the plants whiteness Annarr sonr odins er Baldr ok er fra honum gott at segja Hann er beztr ok hann lofa allir Hann er sva fagr alitum ok bjartr sva at lysir af honum ok eitt gras er sva hvitt at jafnat er til Baldrs brar THat er allra grasa hvitast ok thar eftir mattu marka fegurd hans baedi a har ok a liki Hann er vitrastr asanna ok fegrst taladr ok liknsamastr en su nattura fylgir honum at engi ma haldast domr hans Hann byr thar sem heitir Breidablik THat er a himni I theim stad ma ekki vera ohreint 14 The second son of Odin is Baldr and good things are to be said of him He is best and all praise him he is so fair of feature and so bright that light shines from him A certain herb is so white that it is likened to Baldr s brow of all grasses it is whitest and by it thou mayest judge his fairness both in hair and in body He is the wisest of the AEsir and the fairest spoken and most gracious and that quality attends him that none may gainsay his judgments He dwells in the place called Breidablik which is in heaven in that place may nothing unclean be 15 References and footnotes edit USDA NRCS n d Tripleurospermum perforatum The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Retrieved 15 December 2015 Scentless Mayweed NatureGate Tripleurospermum inodorum Scentless False Mayweed Minnesota Wildflowers www minnesotawildflowers info Retrieved 2020 02 03 Burke Herbarium Image Collection biology burke washington edu Retrieved 2020 03 30 Scentless Mayweed Tripleurospermum inodorum Flowers NatureGate www luontoportti com Retrieved 2020 02 03 Wood Thomas J Holland John M Goulson Dave 2016 Providing foraging resources for solitary bees on farmland current schemes for pollinators benefit a limited suite of species PDF Journal of Applied Ecology 54 323 333 doi 10 1111 1365 2664 12718 Government of Canada Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2014 11 06 Weed Seed Tripleurospermum inodorum Scentless chamomile inspection gc ca Retrieved 2020 02 03 Tripleurospermum inodorum in Flora of North America efloras org www efloras org Retrieved 2020 02 03 Tripleurocota sulfurea P Fourn Starm Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 2023 12 05 Tripleurospermum inodorum Scentless False Mayweed Minnesota Wildflowers www minnesotawildflowers info Retrieved 2020 02 03 a b Scentless Mayweed nwcb wa gov Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board Retrieved 27 August 2023 Government of Canada Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2014 11 06 Weed Seed Tripleurospermum inodorum Scentless chamomile inspection gc ca Retrieved 2020 02 03 Den virtuella floran in Swedish An online edition of the Old Norse text Brodeur s translation in English External links edit nbsp Media related to Tripleurospermum inodorum at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tripleurospermum inodorum amp oldid 1188426748, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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