Savadkuh County
Savadkuh County (Persian: شهرستان سوادكوه), also Romanized as Ŝahrestāne Sawādkuh, Savadkooh, and Savadkouh, is in Mazandaran province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Pol-e Sefid.[4]
Savadkuh County Persian: شهرستان سوادكوه | |
|---|---|
County | |
Kangelo, Savadkuh | |
Location of Savadkuh County in Mazandaran province (bottom, yellow) | |
Location of Mazandaran province in Iran | |
| Coordinates: 36°06′N 52°56′E / 36.100°N 52.933°E[1] | |
| Country | Iran |
| Province | Mazandaran |
| Capital | Pol-e Sefid |
| Districts | Central, Zirab |
| Area | |
| • Total | 2,078.00 km2 (802.32 sq mi) |
| Population (2016)[3] | |
| • Total | 43,913 |
| • Density | 21/km2 (55/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+3:30 (IRST) |
| Savadkuh County can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "9207257" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". | |
At the 2006 census, the county's population was 66,430 in 17,918 households.[5] The following census in 2011 counted 64,378 people in 19,506 households.[6] At the 2016 census, Savadkuh County's population was 43,913 in 14,956 households,[3] by which time Shirgah District had been separated from the county in the establishment of North Savadkuh County.[7]
Covering an area of 2,441 square kilometres (942 sq mi), Savadkuh is at the centre of Mazandaran Province. It is limited northwestward by North Savadkuh County, westward by Babol County, eastward by Sari County, southward by the Alborz mountain range and Tehran province, and southeast by Semnan province. The main part of this county is located in a valley, in the central Alborz region, where the Tâlâr river passes through it.
The tallest summit of Savadkuh, is Khero-Naru, with a height of 3,620 metres (11,880 ft). The most important rivers flowing in this city are Tâlâr and Babol-rud, which originate from the Alborz mountain range standing southeast and southwest of Savadkuh. These rivers irrigate the farmlands in Babol, Babolsar and Qaemŝahr. Including two areas of mountain in the north and foothill in the south, the mountainous area has a temperate and humid climate, and the weather in the south is dry and cold.
Savadkuh is the birthplace of Reza Shah Pahlavi, the founder of the Pahlavi dynasty
History edit
Darius I, the great Achaemenid Persian monarch in his famous inscription in Behistun, mentions Pâtišvâreš as one of the territories under his rule. This Old Persian form subsequently became Middle Persian Pateŝxârgar and, following the Arab conquest, Perso-Arabic Faršavâdjar. The Greek historiographer Strabo records this name as Prâxovâtrâs.
In his inscription at Ka'ba-ye Zartosht, the second Sassanid Persian monarch Shapur I, refers to the region as Pâdešxâr. In the Book of Deeds of Ardashir, Son of Babag, it is Patešxâr again. Ibn Isfandiyar and Mir Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi – the old geographers of Mazandaran – give its name as Patešxârgar as a large area in present-day Mazandaran, including Azerbaijan, Gilan, Tabaristan, Kumesh and Damghan.
Mohammad Hassan Khan (Etemad Saltaneh's Tadvin Fi Ahval Jebal Shervin, History of Savadkuh) mentions it as the old name of the ancient area of Savâdkuh. They believe that the word "Savad" was distorted and changed to Faršavât. Savadkuh enjoyed great importance in the history of Tabaristan and even in Iran.
Its tall mountains were the feudal seats of the Bavand dynasty, with which the Karan-Vands were allied. They defended the area against the invasions of the Amawid and Abbasids and tried to preserve their Zoroastrian religion and culture. The existence of numerous fortresses and military fortifications that date to the 8th–10th centuries vindicate this claim. In addition, Lajim tower with its 10th century brick-face inscription in Pahlavi script demonstrates the attention of the Savâdkuhs to the script, language and customs of their ancestors. The population of this region composed many poems, describing the heroic efforts and bravery of their notables.
Administrative divisions edit
The population history and structural changes of Savadkuh County's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table. The latest census shows two districts, four rural districts, and three cities.[3]
| Administrative Divisions | 2006[5] | 2011[6] | 2016[3] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Central District | 42,679 | 40,969 | 22,537 |
| Kaseliyan RD | 3,872 | 4,064 | |
| Rastupey RD | 7,084 | 7,557 | 7,529 |
| Sorkhkola RD | 520 | 552 | |
| Valupey RD | 3,538 | 4,535 | 5,521 |
| Alasht (city) | 976 | 874 | 1,193 |
| Pol-e Sefid (city) | 8,473 | 7,708 | 8,294 |
| Zirab (city) | 18,216 | 15,679 | |
| Shirgah District1 | 23,751 | 23,409 | |
| Lafur RD | 4,826 | 4,493 | |
| Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah RD | 10,396 | 10,787 | |
| Shirgah (city) | 8,529 | 8,129 | |
| Zirab District | 21,376 | ||
| Kaseliyan RD | 4,217 | ||
| Sorkhkola RD | 968 | ||
| Zirab (city) | 16,191 | ||
| Total | 66,430 | 64,378 | 43,913 |
| RD: Rural District 1Became a part of North Savadkuh County[7] | |||
Human geography edit
Having 250 seasonal and permanent villages, the language spoken in Savadkuh is Mazandarani. Its native inhabitants are Shiite Muslims.
The farmlands in Savadkuh are limited because of its large forests and mountainous areas. So the farmers use their crops themselves, including rice, wheat, barley and sugar cane. According to geographical features, the economy of this city is based on apiculture and animal husbandry, more than agriculture.
Language edit
The languages spoken in Savadkuh are Mazandarani and Persian, for the major part; and Mazandarani and Persian for the inhabitants of the villages.
Natural attractions edit
The most important natural attractions of Savadkuh are: Ŝur Mast lake, near a village by the same name, Gazu waterfall in Lafur hamlet, waterfalls of Shirga and Gaduk, the mountains of Arfa Kuh, Sangar and Qadamgah, in Rassto Pei hamlet and Shervin mountain in Valu Pei hamlet; and Alasht city.
Historical sites and landmarks edit
Veresk Bridge edit
The Veresk Bridge is a masonry arch bridge in northern Iran. It was constructed mostly by Austrians before World War II by leadership of an engineer named Walter Aigner, constructed during the reign of Reza Shah.[8] It is located in the Veresk district of Savadkuh County, in Mazandaran province.[9][10]
During World War II, it was known as the Pol-e Piroozi ("The bridge of victory").[11] The bridge stands 110 metres (360 ft) tall and its arch measures 66 metres (217 ft) long. The bridge serves the Trans-Iranian Railway network in Northern Iran. The Veresk bridge connects the railway between Tehran and the Caspian Sea region. It is located in Mazandaran Veresk district of Savadkuh, 85 kilometers south of Ghaemshahr and connects two of the mountains in the Abbas Abad region. The bridge is one of the masterpieces of the Danish engineering firm Kampsax, (consisting of Danish, German and Austrian engineers) serving the Trans-Iranian Railway network in Northern Iran.[12] The construction of this bridge included craftsmen of many nationalities, including many Italian. The Master Carpenter for the construction of the lumber concrete forms was Giacomo Di Marco, from the Friuli region of Italy, and detailed in the book he authored. It has been said after finishing the bridge, people had a fear that the train wouldn't be able to pass the narrow bridge and that it would break. As a result, the engineer and his family stood under it when the first train passed the bridge (local accounts claim that Reza Shah had asked them to do so anyway).[13]
Lajim Tower edit
Lajim Tower, also known as Tomb Tower of Lajim,[14] is a tall cylindrical tower in the village of Lajim[15] in the province of Mazandaran, Iran. The tower was built around AD 1022.[14] The Lajim inscriptions includes the first documented example of the word qubba referring to the domed structure of the building.[15] There is no doubt that the Lajim Tower was the mausoleum of an unknown Persian prince of Tabaristan.[15]
Kangelo Castle edit
Kangelo Castle is a historical fortress located in the Savadkuh and in the village of Kangelo. The Kangelo Castle during the time The Sassanian Empire was built. According to historians, the castle of Kangelo was used as a place to worship the mirta.
Espahbod Khorshid Cave edit
This cave is located between the railway station of Pol-e Sefid and Surkh Abad, in the vicinity of Do Ab. It was discovered in the year 1956. The cave has a simple area or hall, with a ceiling 80 m. in width and height, and is considered spectacular in the world. Near this cave is a remnant of a ruined castle and tower, which was once a beautiful structure of stone and mortar. This cave is also known as Dej-e-Afsanehie, and this was most probably the defense center of the House of Ispahbudhan of Mazandaran in the past.
Balu Bridge edit
Located along the Shirgah-Zirab road, near Talar river, it was made of fired bricks and mortar. The main part of this bridge was destroyed because of breaking, and now two herring-bone-shaped arches remained intact. One of them is 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide and 4.75 metres (15.6 ft) high, and another is 4.5 metres (15 ft) wide and 5.50 metres (18.0 ft) high. According to its architectural features, it probably dates back to before the Safavid dynasty.
Urim Rudbar Church edit
This monument was built, following the erection of the northern Iranian railway. It was used for religious ceremonies by foreign personnel. The church consists of a chamber, measuring 4.20 by 5.20 metres (13.8 by 17.1 ft). With a height of 4 metres (13 ft), it houses a prayer niche and four cement candlesticks. The construction was made of stone and cement.
References edit
- ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (30 May 2023). "Savadkuh County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
- ^ Management and Planning Organization of Mazandaran, 2006
- ^ a b c d . AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 02. Archived from the original (Excel) on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). . Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ a b . AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 02. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ^ a b . Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 02. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ a b Rahimi, Mohammadreza (20 April 2012). . DOLAT (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
- ^ Veresk Bridge, the Born of the World War
- ^ Veresk Bridge / SeeIran
- ^ Veresk bridge in Mazandaran / Mehr News Agency
- ^ Veresk Bridge / itto
- ^ Fritz Leonhardt: Brücken. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-421-02590-8; Marcel Prade: Les grands ponts du monde. Deuxième partie, Hors d'Europe. Brissaud à Poitiers, ISBN 2-902170-68-8
- ^ Veresk Bridge Safe auf FinancialTribune.com
- ^ a b Michailidis, Melanie (2003). "Tomb Tower of Lajim". Aga Khan Visual Archive.
- ^ a b c Blair, Sheila (1992). The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana. pp. 88–90.