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Saulė

February 16, 2024

Saulė (Lithuanian: Saulė, Latvian: Saule) is a solar goddess, the common Baltic solar deity in the Lithuanian and Latvian mythologies. The noun Saulė/Saule in the Lithuanian and Latvian languages is also the conventional name for the Sun and originates from the Proto-Baltic name *Sauliā > *Saulē.[1]

Saulė
Sun
Idol of the Saulė used for peasant rituals in early 20th century from Palūšė, Ignalina District
ConsortMėnuo/Mēness
OffspringŽemyna
Indraja
Sėlija
Žiezdrė
Vaivora
Equivalents
Greek equivalentHelios
Roman equivalentSol
Etruscan equivalentUsil
Hinduism equivalentSurya
Indo-European equivalentSehul

Representation edit

Saulė is one of the most powerful deities, the goddess of the sun itself, responsible for all life on Earth. She is the patroness of the unfortunate, especially orphans. The Lithuanian and Latvian words for "the world" (pasaulis and pasaule) are translated as "[a place] under the Sun".

Saulė is mentioned in one of the earliest written sources on Lithuanian mythology. According to the Slavic translation of the Chronicle by John Malalas (1261), a smith named Teliavelis made the Sun and threw it into the sky.[2] Missionary Jerome of Prague (ca. 1369–1440) spent three years attempting to Christianize Lithuania and later recounted a myth about the kidnapped Saulė. She was held in a tower by a powerful king and rescued by the zodiac using a giant sledgehammer. Jerome swore that he personally witnessed the hammer, venerated by the locals.[3]

Family edit

 
A circa 1912 painting by Janis Rozentāls depicting the daughters of Saule (Saules meitas)

Saulė and Mėnuo/Mēness (the Moon) were wife and husband. Mėnuo fell in love with Aušrinė (the morning star or Venus). For his infidelity, Perkūnas (thunder god) punished Mėnuo. There are different accounts of the punishment. One version has it that Mėnuo was cut into two pieces, but he did not learn from his mistakes and thus the punishment is repeated every month. Another version claims that Mėnuo and Saulė divorced, but both wanted to see their daughter Žemyna (earth).[4] That is why the Sun shines during the day, while the Moon visits at night. A third version claims that the face of Mėnuo was disfigured by either Dievas (the supreme god) or Saulė.[5]

In other myths, Aušrinė is depicted as a daughter and servant of Saulė. Aušrinė lights the fire for Saulė and makes her ready for another day's journey across the sky. Vakarinė (the evening star) makes the bed for Saulė in the evening. In the Lithuanian mythology, Saulė was mother of other planets: Indraja (Jupiter), Sėlija (Saturn), Žiezdrė (Mars), Vaivora (Mercury).[5]

Feasts edit

Saulė's feast was celebrated during the summer solstice. Lithuanian Rasos (turned into Saint Jonas' Festival by Christianity) and Latvian Līgo (turned into Jāņi) involve making wreaths, looking for the magical fern flower, burning bonfires, dancing around and leaping over the fire, and greeting the Sun when it rises at around 4 am next morning.[6] It is the most joyous traditional holiday. The winter solstice is celebrated as the return of Saulė. Christianity absorbed Lithuanian Kūčios and Latvian Ziemassvētki into Christmas. Other celebrations took place around the equinoxes.[5]

Mythology edit

Colors edit

In Latvian folk songs, Saule and her daughter(s) are dressed of shawls woven with gold thread and Saule wears shoes of gold.[7] She is also depicted in a silver, gold or silk costume and wearing a sparkling crown.[8]

She is sometimes portrayed as waking up "red" (sārta) or "in a red tree" during the morning.[9] Saule is also said to own golden tools and garments: slippers, scarf, belt, and a golden boat she uses as her means of transportation.[10] Other accounts ascribe her golden rings, golden ribbons, golden tassels, and even a golden crown.[11]

Saule is also described as being dressed in clothes woven with "threads of red, gold, silver and white".[12] In the Lithuanian tradition, the sun is also described as a "golden wheel" or a "golden circle" that rolls down the mountain at sunset.[13] Also in Latvian riddles and songs, Saule is associated with the color red as if to indicate the "fiery aspect" of the sun: the setting and the rising sun are equated with a rose wreath and a rose in bloom due to their circular shapes.[14][11][15][a]

Movements edit

Saulė is portrayed dancing in her gilded shoes on a silver hill and her fellow Baltic goddess Aušrinė is said to dance on a stone for the people on the first day of summer.[17][18] In Lithuania, the Sun (identified as female) rides a car towards her husband, the Moon, "dancing and emitting fiery sparks" on the way.[19]

Dwelling edit

In a myth from Lithuania, a man named Joseph becomes fascinated with Aušrinė appearing in the sky and goes on a quest to find the "second sun", who is actually a maiden that lives on an island in the sea and has the same hair like the Sun.[17] In the Baltic folklore, Saulė is said to live in a silver gated castle at the end of the sea,[20] located somewhere in the east,[21] or to go to an island in the middle of the sea for her nocturnal rest.[22] In folksongs, Saule sinks into the bottom of a lake to sleep at night, in a silver cradle "in the white seafoam".[23][b]

Vehicle edit

Saulė also drives a carriage with copper wheels,[25] a "gleaming copper chariot"[26] or a golden chariot[27] pulled by untiring horses or a "pretty little sleigh" (kamaņiņa) made of fish-bones.[28][29] Saulė is also described as driving her shining car on the way to her husband, the Moon.[19] In other accounts, she is said to sail the seas on a silver[30] or a golden boat,[26] which, according to legend, is what her chariot transforms into for her night travels.[21][31] In a Latvian folksong, Saule hangs her sparkling crown on a tree in the evening and enters a golden boat to sail away.[8]

Horses edit

Saulė's horses are also mentioned in several pieces of Baltic folklore. Her horses are said to be of white color;[21] in other accounts they amount to three steeds of golden, silver and diamond colors.[19] In Latvian dainas (folk songs), her horses are described as yellow, of a golden or a fiery color.[31] The sun's steeds are also portrayed as having hooves and bridles of gold in the dainas, and as golden beings themselves or of a bay colour, "reflect[ing] the hues of the bright or the twilight sky".[32] When she begins her nocturnal journey through the World Sea, her chariot changes into a boat and "the Sun swims her horses",[30] which signifies that "she stops to wash her horses in the sea".[33]

Scholarship points that the expressions geltoni žirgeliai or dzelteni kumeliņi ('golden' or 'yellow horses'), which appear in Latvian dainas, seem to be a recurrent poetic motif.[11]

Other depictions edit

According to studies by professor Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga and ethnologue Nijolė Laurinkienė [lt], Saule is also depicted in folksongs as a "mother" (Lithuanian motinėlė, Latvian māmuliņa)[31] who comforts orphans, which is the reason why the sun takes time to rise.[34] In other folksongs, the personified female Sun is also associated with the color "white" (Latv balt-), such as the imagery of a white shirt, the expression "mīļā, balte" ("Sun, dear, white"), and the description of the trajectory of the sun (red as it rises, white as it journeys on its way).[35]

See also edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saulė.

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ According to Lithuanian scholar Daiva Vaitkeviciene, Wilhelm Mannhardt's treatise on Latvian solar myths identified other metaphors for the Sun, such as "a golden apple", "a rose bush", and "red berries".[16]
  2. ^ The Otherworld in Latvian mythology is named Viņsaule 'The Other Sun', a place where the sun goes at night and also the abode of the dead.[24]

References edit

  1. ^ Baltic etymology
  2. ^ Beresnevičius, Gintaras. . Anthology of Lithuanian Ethnoculture. Lithuanian Folk Culture Centre. Archived from the original on 2014-05-12.
  3. ^ Beresnevičius, Gintaras (2004). Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Tyto alba. p. 19. ISBN 9986-16-389-7.
  4. ^ Laurinkienė, Nijolė (2002). "Pasaulio kūrimo motyvai lietuvių pasakojamojoje tautosakoje". Liaudies kultūra (in Lithuanian): 8–15.
  5. ^ a b c Jonas Trikūnas, ed. (1999). Of Gods & Holidays: The Baltic Heritage. Tvermė. pp. 75–77. ISBN 9986-476-27-5.
  6. ^ Jonas Trikūnas, ed. (1999). Of Gods & Holidays: The Baltic Heritage. Tvermė. pp. 120–124. ISBN 9986-476-27-5.
  7. ^ West 2007, pp. 220–221.
  8. ^ a b Enthoven, R. E. (1937). "The Latvians in Their Folk Songs". Folklore. 48 (2): 183–186. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1937.9718685. JSTOR 1257244.
  9. ^ Massetti 2019, pp. 232–233.
  10. ^ Motz, Lotte (1997). The Faces of the Goddess. Oxford University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-19-802503-0.
  11. ^ a b c Laurinkienė, Nijolė (2018). "Saulės bei metalų kultas ir mitologizuotoji kalvystė. Metalų laikotarpio idėjų atšvaitai baltų religijoje ir mitologijoje". Būdas (in Lithuanian): 51–61.
  12. ^ Andrews, Tamra. Dictionary of Nature Myths: Legends of the Earth, Sea, and Sky. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 169. ISBN 0-19-513677-2
  13. ^ Razauskas, Dainius (2012). "Iš baltų mitinio vaizdyno juodraščių: Saulė". Liaudies kultūra (3): 16–41.
  14. ^ Vaitkevičienė, Daiva. Ugnies metaforos: Lietuvių ir latvių mitologijos studija. Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas. 2001. pp. 36-37, 174-175. ISBN 9955-475-13-7
  15. ^ Vaitkevičienė, Daiva (2003). "The Rose and blood: images of fire in Baltic mythology". Cosmos. 19: 21–42.
  16. ^ Vaitkevičienė, Daiva. Ugnies metaforos: Lietuvių ir latvių mitologijos studija. Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas. 2001. p. 22. ISBN 9955-475-13-7
  17. ^ a b Greimas 1992, pp. 64–84.
  18. ^ West 2007, p. 221.
  19. ^ a b c Ralston, William Ralston Shedden. The songs of the Russian people, as illustrative of Slavonic mythology and Russian social life. London: Ellis & Green. 1872. p. 242.
  20. ^ Doniger, Wendy, ed. (2006). Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions. Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 974. ISBN 978-1-59339-266-6.
  21. ^ a b c Straižys, Vytautas; Klimka, Libertas (February 1997). "The Cosmology of the Ancient Balts". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 28 (22): S57–S81. doi:10.1177/002182869702802207. S2CID 117470993.
  22. ^ Priede, Janis (2015). "Development of the Study of Religion in Latvian in the 20th Century". Studying Religions with the Iron Curtain Closed and Opened. Brill. p. 224. ISBN 978-90-04-29278-9.
  23. ^ Vaitkevičienė, Daiva. Ugnies metaforos: Lietuvių ir latvių mitologijos studija. Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas. 2001. pp. 146-149, 154, 184. ISBN 9955-475-13-7
  24. ^ Doniger, Wendy. Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 1999. p. 109. ISBN 0-87779-044-2
  25. ^ Jones, Prudence; Pennick, Nigel (1995). A History of Pagan Europe. Routledge. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-136-14172-0.
  26. ^ a b Dixon-Kennedy, Mike (1998). Encyclopedia of Russian and Slavic myth and legend. p. 252. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-130-4.
  27. ^ Andrews, Tamra. Dictionary of Nature Myths: Legends of the Earth, Sea, and Sky. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 20.
  28. ^ Massetti 2019, p. 234.
  29. ^ Taylor, Bron (2008). Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature. Vol. 1. A & C Black. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-4411-2278-0.
  30. ^ a b Ķencis, Toms (20 September 2011). "The Latvian Mythological Space in Scholarly Time". Archaeologia Baltica. 15: 144–157. doi:10.15181/ab.v15i1.28.
  31. ^ a b c Laurinkienė, Nijolė (2017). "Saulės ratų ir jos laivo mitiniai vaizdiniai: šviesulys paros cikle" [Mythical Images of the Solar Carriage and Ship: the Heavenly Body in the Course of an Astronomical Day]. Tautosakos darbai. 54: 13–25. doi:10.51554/TD.2017.28520. S2CID 253543304.
  32. ^ Chase, George Davis (1900). "Sun Myths in Lithuanian Folksongs". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 31: 189–201. doi:10.2307/282647. JSTOR 282647.
  33. ^ Jones, Prudence; Pennick, Nigel (1995). A History of Pagan Europe. Routledge. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-136-14172-0.
  34. ^ Viķis-Freibergs, Vaira (March 1980). "The orphan in Latvian sun-songs: An analysis of semantic links between two concepts". Journal of Baltic Studies. 11 (1): 49–61. doi:10.1080/01629778000000041.
  35. ^ Vīķis-Freibergs, Vaira (September 1980). "A structural analysis of lexical and contextual semantics-Latvian Balts 'white' in sun-songs". Journal of Baltic Studies. 11 (3): 215–230. doi:10.1080/01629778000000241.

Bibliography edit

  • Greimas, Algirdas J. (1992). Of Gods and Men. Studies in Lithuanian Mythology. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32652-4.
  • Laurinkienė, Nijolė (2018). "Saulės bei metalų kultas ir mitologizuotoji kalvystė. Metalų laikotarpio idėjų atšvaitai baltų religijoje ir mitologijoje". Būdas (in Lithuanian): 51–61.
  • Massetti, Laura (2019). "Antimachus's Enigma on Erytheia, the Latvian Sun-goddess and a Red Fish". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 47 (1–2).
  • West, Martin Litchfield (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9.

Further reading edit

  • Mannhardt, W. (1875). "Die lettischen Sonnenmythen. (Fortsetzung)". Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. 7: 209–244. JSTOR 23029093.
  • Sinkevičius, Rokas (2020). "Auksinių šakų ir vainikėlio motyvai latvių mitologinėse dainose apie Saulės dukros vestuves" [Motives of Golden Boughs and Wreath in the Latvian Mythological Songs on the Sun Daughter’s Wedding]. Tautosakos darbai: 60–78.
  • Vikis-Freibergs, Vaira; Freibergs, Imants (1978). "Formulaic Analysis of the Computer-Accessible Corpus of Latvian Sun-Songs". Computers and the Humanities. 12 (4): 329–339. doi:10.1007/BF02400105. JSTOR 30204295. S2CID 170306881.
  • Vaitkevičienė, Daiva; Vaitkevičius, Vykintas (2018). "The Sun, the Moon, and the orientation of Baltic graves: a mythological approach to an archaeological problem". Studia mythologica Slavica: 7–25. doi:10.3986/sms.v21i0.7063. S2CID 198027345.

February 16, 2024
saulė, lithuanian, latvian, saule, solar, goddess, common, baltic, solar, deity, lithuanian, latvian, mythologies, noun, saule, lithuanian, latvian, languages, also, conventional, name, originates, from, proto, baltic, name, sauliā, saulē, sunidol, used, peasa. Saule Lithuanian Saule Latvian Saule is a solar goddess the common Baltic solar deity in the Lithuanian and Latvian mythologies The noun Saule Saule in the Lithuanian and Latvian languages is also the conventional name for the Sun and originates from the Proto Baltic name Saulia gt Saule 1 SauleSunIdol of the Saule used for peasant rituals in early 20th century from Paluse Ignalina DistrictConsortMenuo MenessOffspringZemyna Indraja Selija Ziezdre VaivoraEquivalentsGreek equivalentHeliosRoman equivalentSolEtruscan equivalentUsilHinduism equivalentSuryaIndo European equivalentSehul Contents 1 Representation 2 Family 3 Feasts 4 Mythology 4 1 Colors 4 2 Movements 4 3 Dwelling 4 4 Vehicle 4 4 1 Horses 4 5 Other depictions 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further readingRepresentation editSaule is one of the most powerful deities the goddess of the sun itself responsible for all life on Earth She is the patroness of the unfortunate especially orphans The Lithuanian and Latvian words for the world pasaulis and pasaule are translated as a place under the Sun Saule is mentioned in one of the earliest written sources on Lithuanian mythology According to the Slavic translation of the Chronicle by John Malalas 1261 a smith named Teliavelis made the Sun and threw it into the sky 2 Missionary Jerome of Prague ca 1369 1440 spent three years attempting to Christianize Lithuania and later recounted a myth about the kidnapped Saule She was held in a tower by a powerful king and rescued by the zodiac using a giant sledgehammer Jerome swore that he personally witnessed the hammer venerated by the locals 3 Family edit nbsp A circa 1912 painting by Janis Rozentals depicting the daughters of Saule Saules meitas Saule and Menuo Meness the Moon were wife and husband Menuo fell in love with Ausrine the morning star or Venus For his infidelity Perkunas thunder god punished Menuo There are different accounts of the punishment One version has it that Menuo was cut into two pieces but he did not learn from his mistakes and thus the punishment is repeated every month Another version claims that Menuo and Saule divorced but both wanted to see their daughter Zemyna earth 4 That is why the Sun shines during the day while the Moon visits at night A third version claims that the face of Menuo was disfigured by either Dievas the supreme god or Saule 5 In other myths Ausrine is depicted as a daughter and servant of Saule Ausrine lights the fire for Saule and makes her ready for another day s journey across the sky Vakarine the evening star makes the bed for Saule in the evening In the Lithuanian mythology Saule was mother of other planets Indraja Jupiter Selija Saturn Ziezdre Mars Vaivora Mercury 5 Feasts editSaule s feast was celebrated during the summer solstice Lithuanian Rasos turned into Saint Jonas Festival by Christianity and Latvian Ligo turned into Jani involve making wreaths looking for the magical fern flower burning bonfires dancing around and leaping over the fire and greeting the Sun when it rises at around 4 am next morning 6 It is the most joyous traditional holiday The winter solstice is celebrated as the return of Saule Christianity absorbed Lithuanian Kucios and Latvian Ziemassvetki into Christmas Other celebrations took place around the equinoxes 5 Mythology editColors edit In Latvian folk songs Saule and her daughter s are dressed of shawls woven with gold thread and Saule wears shoes of gold 7 She is also depicted in a silver gold or silk costume and wearing a sparkling crown 8 She is sometimes portrayed as waking up red sarta or in a red tree during the morning 9 Saule is also said to own golden tools and garments slippers scarf belt and a golden boat she uses as her means of transportation 10 Other accounts ascribe her golden rings golden ribbons golden tassels and even a golden crown 11 Saule is also described as being dressed in clothes woven with threads of red gold silver and white 12 In the Lithuanian tradition the sun is also described as a golden wheel or a golden circle that rolls down the mountain at sunset 13 Also in Latvian riddles and songs Saule is associated with the color red as if to indicate the fiery aspect of the sun the setting and the rising sun are equated with a rose wreath and a rose in bloom due to their circular shapes 14 11 15 a Movements edit Saule is portrayed dancing in her gilded shoes on a silver hill and her fellow Baltic goddess Ausrine is said to dance on a stone for the people on the first day of summer 17 18 In Lithuania the Sun identified as female rides a car towards her husband the Moon dancing and emitting fiery sparks on the way 19 Dwelling edit In a myth from Lithuania a man named Joseph becomes fascinated with Ausrine appearing in the sky and goes on a quest to find the second sun who is actually a maiden that lives on an island in the sea and has the same hair like the Sun 17 In the Baltic folklore Saule is said to live in a silver gated castle at the end of the sea 20 located somewhere in the east 21 or to go to an island in the middle of the sea for her nocturnal rest 22 In folksongs Saule sinks into the bottom of a lake to sleep at night in a silver cradle in the white seafoam 23 b Vehicle edit Saule also drives a carriage with copper wheels 25 a gleaming copper chariot 26 or a golden chariot 27 pulled by untiring horses or a pretty little sleigh kamanina made of fish bones 28 29 Saule is also described as driving her shining car on the way to her husband the Moon 19 In other accounts she is said to sail the seas on a silver 30 or a golden boat 26 which according to legend is what her chariot transforms into for her night travels 21 31 In a Latvian folksong Saule hangs her sparkling crown on a tree in the evening and enters a golden boat to sail away 8 Horses edit Saule s horses are also mentioned in several pieces of Baltic folklore Her horses are said to be of white color 21 in other accounts they amount to three steeds of golden silver and diamond colors 19 In Latvian dainas folk songs her horses are described as yellow of a golden or a fiery color 31 The sun s steeds are also portrayed as having hooves and bridles of gold in the dainas and as golden beings themselves or of a bay colour reflect ing the hues of the bright or the twilight sky 32 When she begins her nocturnal journey through the World Sea her chariot changes into a boat and the Sun swims her horses 30 which signifies that she stops to wash her horses in the sea 33 Scholarship points that the expressions geltoni zirgeliai or dzelteni kumelini golden or yellow horses which appear in Latvian dainas seem to be a recurrent poetic motif 11 Other depictions edit According to studies by professor Vaira Vike Freiberga and ethnologue Nijole Laurinkiene lt Saule is also depicted in folksongs as a mother Lithuanian motinele Latvian mamulina 31 who comforts orphans which is the reason why the sun takes time to rise 34 In other folksongs the personified female Sun is also associated with the color white Latv balt such as the imagery of a white shirt the expression mila balte Sun dear white and the description of the trajectory of the sun red as it rises white as it journeys on its way 35 See also edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saule Proto Indo European mythology Indo European cosmogony Baltic mythology Lithuanian mythology Prussian mythology Latvian mythology List of solar deities List of Lithuanian gods and mythological figuresFootnotes edit According to Lithuanian scholar Daiva Vaitkeviciene Wilhelm Mannhardt s treatise on Latvian solar myths identified other metaphors for the Sun such as a golden apple a rose bush and red berries 16 The Otherworld in Latvian mythology is named Vinsaule The Other Sun a place where the sun goes at night and also the abode of the dead 24 References edit Baltic etymology Beresnevicius Gintaras Lithuanian Religion and Mythology Anthology of Lithuanian Ethnoculture Lithuanian Folk Culture Centre Archived from the original on 2014 05 12 Beresnevicius Gintaras 2004 Lietuviu religija ir mitologija sistemine studija in Lithuanian Vilnius Tyto alba p 19 ISBN 9986 16 389 7 Laurinkiene Nijole 2002 Pasaulio kurimo motyvai lietuviu pasakojamojoje tautosakoje Liaudies kultura in Lithuanian 8 15 a b c Jonas Trikunas ed 1999 Of Gods amp Holidays The Baltic Heritage Tverme pp 75 77 ISBN 9986 476 27 5 Jonas Trikunas ed 1999 Of Gods amp Holidays The Baltic Heritage Tverme pp 120 124 ISBN 9986 476 27 5 West 2007 pp 220 221 a b Enthoven R E 1937 The Latvians in Their Folk Songs Folklore 48 2 183 186 doi 10 1080 0015587X 1937 9718685 JSTOR 1257244 Massetti 2019 pp 232 233 Motz Lotte 1997 The Faces of the Goddess Oxford University Press p 74 ISBN 978 0 19 802503 0 a b c Laurinkiene Nijole 2018 Saules bei metalu kultas ir mitologizuotoji kalvyste Metalu laikotarpio ideju atsvaitai baltu religijoje ir mitologijoje Budas in Lithuanian 51 61 Andrews Tamra Dictionary of Nature Myths Legends of the Earth Sea and Sky Oxford University Press 1998 p 169 ISBN 0 19 513677 2 Razauskas Dainius 2012 Is baltu mitinio vaizdyno juodrasciu Saule Liaudies kultura 3 16 41 Vaitkeviciene Daiva Ugnies metaforos Lietuviu ir latviu mitologijos studija Vilnius Lietuviu literaturos ir tautosakos institutas 2001 pp 36 37 174 175 ISBN 9955 475 13 7 Vaitkeviciene Daiva 2003 The Rose and blood images of fire in Baltic mythology Cosmos 19 21 42 Vaitkeviciene Daiva Ugnies metaforos Lietuviu ir latviu mitologijos studija Vilnius Lietuviu literaturos ir tautosakos institutas 2001 p 22 ISBN 9955 475 13 7 a b Greimas 1992 pp 64 84 West 2007 p 221 a b c Ralston William Ralston Shedden The songs of the Russian people as illustrative of Slavonic mythology and Russian social life London Ellis amp Green 1872 p 242 Doniger Wendy ed 2006 Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions Encyclopaedia Britannica p 974 ISBN 978 1 59339 266 6 a b c Straizys Vytautas Klimka Libertas February 1997 The Cosmology of the Ancient Balts Journal for the History of Astronomy 28 22 S57 S81 doi 10 1177 002182869702802207 S2CID 117470993 Priede Janis 2015 Development of the Study of Religion in Latvian in the 20th Century Studying Religions with the Iron Curtain Closed and Opened Brill p 224 ISBN 978 90 04 29278 9 Vaitkeviciene Daiva Ugnies metaforos Lietuviu ir latviu mitologijos studija Vilnius Lietuviu literaturos ir tautosakos institutas 2001 pp 146 149 154 184 ISBN 9955 475 13 7 Doniger Wendy Merriam Webster s Encyclopedia of World Religions Springfield Massachusetts Merriam Webster Incorporated 1999 p 109 ISBN 0 87779 044 2 Jones Prudence Pennick Nigel 1995 A History of Pagan Europe Routledge p 174 ISBN 978 1 136 14172 0 a b Dixon Kennedy Mike 1998 Encyclopedia of Russian and Slavic myth and legend p 252 ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 57607 130 4 Andrews Tamra Dictionary of Nature Myths Legends of the Earth Sea and Sky Oxford University Press 1998 p 20 Massetti 2019 p 234 Taylor Bron 2008 Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature Vol 1 A amp C Black p 156 ISBN 978 1 4411 2278 0 a b kencis Toms 20 September 2011 The Latvian Mythological Space in Scholarly Time Archaeologia Baltica 15 144 157 doi 10 15181 ab v15i1 28 a b c Laurinkiene Nijole 2017 Saules ratu ir jos laivo mitiniai vaizdiniai sviesulys paros cikle Mythical Images of the Solar Carriage and Ship the Heavenly Body in the Course of an Astronomical Day Tautosakos darbai 54 13 25 doi 10 51554 TD 2017 28520 S2CID 253543304 Chase George Davis 1900 Sun Myths in Lithuanian Folksongs Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 31 189 201 doi 10 2307 282647 JSTOR 282647 Jones Prudence Pennick Nigel 1995 A History of Pagan Europe Routledge p 175 ISBN 978 1 136 14172 0 Vikis Freibergs Vaira March 1980 The orphan in Latvian sun songs An analysis of semantic links between two concepts Journal of Baltic Studies 11 1 49 61 doi 10 1080 01629778000000041 Vikis Freibergs Vaira September 1980 A structural analysis of lexical and contextual semantics Latvian Balts white in sun songs Journal of Baltic Studies 11 3 215 230 doi 10 1080 01629778000000241 Bibliography editGreimas Algirdas J 1992 Of Gods and Men Studies in Lithuanian Mythology Indiana University Press ISBN 0 253 32652 4 Laurinkiene Nijole 2018 Saules bei metalu kultas ir mitologizuotoji kalvyste Metalu laikotarpio ideju atsvaitai baltu religijoje ir mitologijoje Budas in Lithuanian 51 61 Massetti Laura 2019 Antimachus s Enigma on Erytheia the Latvian Sun goddess and a Red Fish The Journal of Indo European Studies 47 1 2 West Martin Litchfield 2007 Indo European Poetry and Myth Oxford UK Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 928075 9 Further reading editMannhardt W 1875 Die lettischen Sonnenmythen Fortsetzung Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie 7 209 244 JSTOR 23029093 Sinkevicius Rokas 2020 Auksiniu saku ir vainikelio motyvai latviu mitologinese dainose apie Saules dukros vestuves Motives of Golden Boughs and Wreath in the Latvian Mythological Songs on the Sun Daughter s Wedding Tautosakos darbai 60 78 Vikis Freibergs Vaira Freibergs Imants 1978 Formulaic Analysis of the Computer Accessible Corpus of Latvian Sun Songs Computers and the Humanities 12 4 329 339 doi 10 1007 BF02400105 JSTOR 30204295 S2CID 170306881 Vaitkeviciene Daiva Vaitkevicius Vykintas 2018 The Sun the Moon and the orientation of Baltic graves a mythological approach to an archaeological problem Studia mythologica Slavica 7 25 doi 10 3986 sms v21i0 7063 S2CID 198027345 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Saule amp oldid 1203527273, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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