This article is about Malay historical kingdom. For town in Burma, see Pasai, Burma. For settlement in Brunei, see Kampong Pasai. For city in the Philippines, see Pasay.
The Samudera Pasai Sultanate (Malay: كسلطانن سامودرا ڤاساي), also known as Samudera or Pasai or Samudera Darussalam or Pacem, was a Muslim harbour kingdom on the north coast of Sumatra from the 13th to the 16th centuries CE. The kingdom was believed to have been founded by Merah Silu, who later converted to Islam and adopted the name Malik ul Salih, in the year 1267 CE.[1]
Samudera Pasai Sultanate
كسلطانن سامودرا ڤاساي
1267–1521
Map of Pasai, at today's Lhokseumawe of Sumatra, Aceh province.
Based on the local literature Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai, 'Samudera' can be inferred to have come from the word "Semudera" ([səmudəra]), which meant 'a very large ant'.[3] The name was given by Merah Silu when he discovered an ant as large as a cat while hunting at a 'high ground'.[3] Eventually, the place was cleared for the establishment of a new state and 'Semudera' was adopted as its name.[3]
'Samudera' is also theorised to have been derived from Samudra meaning ocean in Sanskrit and Tamil.
The literature also indicates the origin of the name 'Pasai' which came from Si-Pasai, the hunting dog of Sultan Malik al Salleh, who was Merah Silu after his conversion to Islam.[3][4] The legend narrates that Sultan Malik al Salleh, while hunting with the dog, encountered a deer which was not afraid of the dog's barking but instead barked back. He was bewildered by this and thought that this might be a good sign for the place to be established as a new state for his son Sultan Malik Al Tahir.[4] The dog died after the state was established.[4] Sultan Malik al Salleh buried the dog there and he eventually named the place after it.[4]
In the 14th century, the Italian traveller Odoric of Pordenone used the name Sumoltra for Samudra, and subsequent European writers also used similar forms of the name to refer to the Sumatra island itself.[5][6]
History
Pasai exported its culture, and most importantly its language — an early form of Malay written in the Jawi alphabet — to a number of islands. Later, this language became the lingua franca among traders in what is now Indonesia and Malaysia.
Arab and IndianMuslims had traded in Indonesia and China for many centuries. A Muslim tombstone in eastern Java bears a date corresponding to 1082. But substantial evidence of Islam in Indonesia begins only in northern Sumatra at the end of the 13th century. Two small Muslim trading kingdoms existed by that time at Pasai and Peureulak or Perlak. A 1297 royal tomb at Samudra is inscribed entirely in Arabic. By the 15th century several harbour kingdoms developed, all ruled by local Muslim princes, from the north coast of Java and elsewhere to as far east as Ternate and Tidore in Maluku. Marco Polo spent five months here, he had Ferlec, Basma, and Samara (Samudera) mentioned in his travel story. Another famous traveller Ibn Battuta on his way to China stayed 15 days at Samudera.[7]
The establishment of the first Muslim centres in Indonesia was probably a result of commercial circumstances. By the 13th century the collapse of Srivijayan power, drew foreign traders to harbours on the northern Sumatran shores of the Bay of Bengal, safe from the pirate lairs at the southern end of the Strait of Malacca. Northern Sumatra had a hinterland rich in gold and forest produce, and pepper was being cultivated at the beginning of the 15th century. It was accessible to all the merchants of the archipelago who wanted to meet ships from the Indian Ocean.
In the year 1345, Ibn Battuta, a Moroccan traveller visited Samudra Pasai where he notes in his travel log that the ruler of Samudera Pasai was a pious Muslim, who performed his religious duties in utmost zeal. The madh'hab he observed was Imam Al-Shafi‘i. At that time Samudera Pasai was the end of Dar al-Islam for no territory east of this was ruled by a Muslim ruler. He praised the kindness and hospitality demonstrated by the sultan of Samudera Pasai. Here he stayed for about two weeks in the wooden walled town as a guest of the sultan, and then the sultan provided him with supplies and sent him on his way on one of sultan's own junks to China.[9]
The Hongwu Emperor of China's Ming Dynasty listed Samudera in his admonition the Huang-Ming Zuxun as one of 14 countries which the Ming should not launch a military campaign against.[10] By the end of the 14th century, Samudra-Pasai had become a wealthy commercial centre, giving way in the early 15th century to the better protected harbour of Malacca on the south-west coast of the Malay Peninsula. Majapahit attacked and looted the place in the middle of the 14th century.[11]
Pasai's economic and political power depended almost entirely on foreigners. Muslim traders and teachers probably participated in its administration from the beginning and were bound to introduce religious practices that made them feel at home. The first Muslim beachheads in Indonesia, especially Pasai, were to a considerable extent genuine Muslim creations that commanded the loyalty of the local population and encouraged scholarly activities. Similar new harbour kingdoms formed on the northern coast of Java. Tomé Pires, author of the Suma Oriental, writing not long after 1511, stresses the obscure ethnic origins of the founders of Cirebon, Demak, Japara, and Gresik. These Javanese coastal states served commerce with India and China and especially with Malacca, an importer of Javanese rice. The rulers of Malacca, despite their prestigious Srivijayan origin, accepted Islam precisely to attract Muslim and Javanese traders to their port.
The Portuguese occupied Pasai in 1521, 10 years after their conquest of Malacca. Through the Portuguese, the place become known in Europe as Pacem.[12] Later, the Acehnese took control of Pasai.[13]
List of rulers
Malik al-Salih tombstone
These are the list of rulers who ruled the Samudera Pasai Sultanate:-[14]
The discovery of the tomb of Sultan Malik as-Saleh (696 H or 1267 AD), was referred to by historians as a sign that Islam had entered the Archipelago around the 13th century. Although there is an opinion that the possibility of Islam has come earlier than that. The story of the Pasai Kings is indeed full of myths and legends but the description of the story has helped in uncovering the dark side of history of the existence of this kingdom. The kingdom's past glory has inspired its people to re-use the name of the founder of this kingdom for the University of Malikussaleh in Lhokseumawe.
^"Samudra Pasai worthy to be world historical site". Republika Online. 24 March 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
^Ricklefs, M.C. 1991. A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300. 2nd Edition, Stanford: Stanford University Press, p. 15. ISBN0-333-57690-X
^ abcdMead, J. P. (1 January 1914). "A Romanized Version of the Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai". Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (66): 9. JSTOR 41561000.
^ abcdMead, J. P. (1 January 1914). "A Romanized Version of the Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai". Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (66): 17. JSTOR 41561000.
^Sir Henry Yule, ed. (1866). Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Issue 36. pp. 86–87.
^William Marsden (1811). History of Sumatra, containing an account of the government (etc.). pp. 4–10.
^"CONSULATE GENERAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA ISTANBUL TURKEY". Kementerian Luar Negeri Repulik Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 January 2020.
^Justine Vaisutis (January 2007). Indonesia. Lonely Planet. pp. 419–. ISBN978-1-74104-435-5.
^. The Travels of Ibn Battuta A Virtual Tour with the 14th Century Traveler. Berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
^Farmer, Edward L. (1995). Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule. BRILL. p. 120. ISBN978-90-04-10391-7.
^Borschberg, Peter (2003). "Review of O Domínio do Norte Samatra. A história dos sultanatos de Samudera-Pacém e de Achém e das suas relações com os Portugueses (1500-1580) the Dominion of North Sumatra. A History of the Sultanates of Samudera-Pasai and Aceh and Their Relations with the Portuguese (1500-1580)". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 34 (2): 361–363. doi:10.1017/S0022463403210304. ISSN 0022-4634. JSTOR 20072512.
^Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 33, Parts 1–4. Quote: "The Portuguese knew Pasai as Pacem."
^"The development of Islamic in Samudera Pasai Kingdom". Web Sejarah. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
^Taqiyuddin Muhammad (2011). Daulah Shalihiyyah Di Sumatera. CISAH. pp. 115–186.
Further reading
Hall, Kenneth R. (1981). "Trade and statecraft in the Western Archipelago at the dawn of the European age". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 54 (1): 21–47. JSTOR 41492897.
Hall, Kenneth R. (2010). A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500. Plymouth, UK: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN978-0-7425-6761-0.
Hill, A.H. (1963). "The coming of Islam to North Sumatra". Journal of Southeast Asian History. 4 (1): 6–21. doi:10.1017/S0217781100000739. JSTOR 20067418.
February 06, 2023
samudera, pasai, sultanate, this, article, about, malay, historical, kingdom, town, burma, pasai, burma, settlement, brunei, kampong, pasai, city, philippines, pasay, malay, كسلطانن, سامودرا, ڤاساي, also, known, samudera, pasai, samudera, darussalam, pacem, mu. This article is about Malay historical kingdom For town in Burma see Pasai Burma For settlement in Brunei see Kampong Pasai For city in the Philippines see Pasay The Samudera Pasai Sultanate Malay كسلطانن سامودرا ڤاساي also known as Samudera or Pasai or Samudera Darussalam or Pacem was a Muslim harbour kingdom on the north coast of Sumatra from the 13th to the 16th centuries CE The kingdom was believed to have been founded by Merah Silu who later converted to Islam and adopted the name Malik ul Salih in the year 1267 CE 1 Samudera Pasai Sultanateكسلطانن سامودرا ڤاساي1267 1521Map of Pasai at today s Lhokseumawe of Sumatra Aceh province CapitalPasaiCommon languagesOld MalayReligionSunni IslamGovernmentMonarchySultan 1267 1297Malik ul Salih founder 1514 1517Zainal Abidin IV last History Coronation1267 Portuguese invasion1521CurrencyDirham coinsPreceded by Succeeded bySrivijaya Aceh SultanatePortuguese EmpireToday part ofIndonesiaLittle evidence has been left to allow for historical study of the kingdom 2 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 List of rulers 4 Historical heritage 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingEtymology EditBased on the local literature Hikayat Raja raja Pasai Samudera can be inferred to have come from the word Semudera semudera which meant a very large ant 3 The name was given by Merah Silu when he discovered an ant as large as a cat while hunting at a high ground 3 Eventually the place was cleared for the establishment of a new state and Semudera was adopted as its name 3 Samudera is also theorised to have been derived from Samudra meaning ocean in Sanskrit and Tamil The literature also indicates the origin of the name Pasai which came from Si Pasai the hunting dog of Sultan Malik al Salleh who was Merah Silu after his conversion to Islam 3 4 The legend narrates that Sultan Malik al Salleh while hunting with the dog encountered a deer which was not afraid of the dog s barking but instead barked back He was bewildered by this and thought that this might be a good sign for the place to be established as a new state for his son Sultan Malik Al Tahir 4 The dog died after the state was established 4 Sultan Malik al Salleh buried the dog there and he eventually named the place after it 4 In the 14th century the Italian traveller Odoric of Pordenone used the name Sumoltra for Samudra and subsequent European writers also used similar forms of the name to refer to the Sumatra island itself 5 6 History EditPasai exported its culture and most importantly its language an early form of Malay written in the Jawi alphabet to a number of islands Later this language became the lingua franca among traders in what is now Indonesia and Malaysia Arab and Indian Muslims had traded in Indonesia and China for many centuries A Muslim tombstone in eastern Java bears a date corresponding to 1082 But substantial evidence of Islam in Indonesia begins only in northern Sumatra at the end of the 13th century Two small Muslim trading kingdoms existed by that time at Pasai and Peureulak or Perlak A 1297 royal tomb at Samudra is inscribed entirely in Arabic By the 15th century several harbour kingdoms developed all ruled by local Muslim princes from the north coast of Java and elsewhere to as far east as Ternate and Tidore in Maluku Marco Polo spent five months here he had Ferlec Basma and Samara Samudera mentioned in his travel story Another famous traveller Ibn Battuta on his way to China stayed 15 days at Samudera 7 The establishment of the first Muslim centres in Indonesia was probably a result of commercial circumstances By the 13th century the collapse of Srivijayan power drew foreign traders to harbours on the northern Sumatran shores of the Bay of Bengal safe from the pirate lairs at the southern end of the Strait of Malacca Northern Sumatra had a hinterland rich in gold and forest produce and pepper was being cultivated at the beginning of the 15th century It was accessible to all the merchants of the archipelago who wanted to meet ships from the Indian Ocean Cakra Donya bell was a gift 8 from Zheng He during his voyage to Pasai In the year 1345 Ibn Battuta a Moroccan traveller visited Samudra Pasai where he notes in his travel log that the ruler of Samudera Pasai was a pious Muslim who performed his religious duties in utmost zeal The madh hab he observed was Imam Al Shafi i At that time Samudera Pasai was the end of Dar al Islam for no territory east of this was ruled by a Muslim ruler He praised the kindness and hospitality demonstrated by the sultan of Samudera Pasai Here he stayed for about two weeks in the wooden walled town as a guest of the sultan and then the sultan provided him with supplies and sent him on his way on one of sultan s own junks to China 9 The Hongwu Emperor of China s Ming Dynasty listed Samudera in his admonition the Huang Ming Zuxun as one of 14 countries which the Ming should not launch a military campaign against 10 By the end of the 14th century Samudra Pasai had become a wealthy commercial centre giving way in the early 15th century to the better protected harbour of Malacca on the south west coast of the Malay Peninsula Majapahit attacked and looted the place in the middle of the 14th century 11 Pasai s economic and political power depended almost entirely on foreigners Muslim traders and teachers probably participated in its administration from the beginning and were bound to introduce religious practices that made them feel at home The first Muslim beachheads in Indonesia especially Pasai were to a considerable extent genuine Muslim creations that commanded the loyalty of the local population and encouraged scholarly activities Similar new harbour kingdoms formed on the northern coast of Java Tome Pires author of the Suma Oriental writing not long after 1511 stresses the obscure ethnic origins of the founders of Cirebon Demak Japara and Gresik These Javanese coastal states served commerce with India and China and especially with Malacca an importer of Javanese rice The rulers of Malacca despite their prestigious Srivijayan origin accepted Islam precisely to attract Muslim and Javanese traders to their port The Portuguese occupied Pasai in 1521 10 years after their conquest of Malacca Through the Portuguese the place become known in Europe as Pacem 12 Later the Acehnese took control of Pasai 13 List of rulers Edit Malik al Salih tombstone These are the list of rulers who ruled the Samudera Pasai Sultanate 14 No Period Name of Sultan or Gelar Notes and important historical events1 1267 1297 Sultan Malikussaleh Meurah Silu Founder of Samudra Pasai kingdom2 1297 1326 Sultan Al Malik azh Zhahir I Muhammad I Introduced gold coins3 1326 133 Sultan Ahmad I Attacked the Karang Baru Kingdom Tamiang4 133 1349 Sultan Al Malik azh Zhahir II Visited by Ibnu Batutah5 1349 1406 Sultan Zainal Abidin I Attacked by Majapahit6 1406 1428 Ratu Nahrasyiyah Glory period of Samudra Pasai7 1428 1438 Sultan Zainal Abidin II8 1438 1462 Sultan Shalahuddin9 1462 1464 Sultan Ahmad II10 1464 1466 Sultan Abu Zaid Ahmad III11 1466 1466 Sultan Ahmad IV12 1466 1468 Sultan Mahmud13 1468 1474 Sultan Zainal Abidin III Toppled by his brother14 1474 1495 Sultan Muhammad Syah II15 1495 1495 Sultan Al Kamil16 1495 1506 Sultan Adlullah17 1506 1507 Sultan Muhammad Syah III Has two tombs18 1507 1509 Sultan Abdullah19 1509 1514 Sultan Ahmad V Capture of Malacca 1511 20 1514 1517 Sultan Zainal Abidin IVHistorical heritage EditThe discovery of the tomb of Sultan Malik as Saleh 696 H or 1267 AD was referred to by historians as a sign that Islam had entered the Archipelago around the 13th century Although there is an opinion that the possibility of Islam has come earlier than that The story of the Pasai Kings is indeed full of myths and legends but the description of the story has helped in uncovering the dark side of history of the existence of this kingdom The kingdom s past glory has inspired its people to re use the name of the founder of this kingdom for the University of Malikussaleh in Lhokseumawe See also EditMalikussaleh List of Sunni Muslim dynastiesReferences Edit Samudra Pasai worthy to be world historical site Republika Online 24 March 2017 Retrieved 24 January 2020 Ricklefs M C 1991 A History of Modern Indonesia since c 1300 2nd Edition Stanford Stanford University Press p 15 ISBN 0 333 57690 X a b c d Mead J P 1 January 1914 A Romanized Version of the Hikayat Raja Raja Pasai Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 66 9 JSTOR 41561000 a b c d Mead J P 1 January 1914 A Romanized Version of the Hikayat Raja Raja Pasai Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 66 17 JSTOR 41561000 Sir Henry Yule ed 1866 Cathay and the Way Thither Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China Issue 36 pp 86 87 William Marsden 1811 History of Sumatra containing an account of the government etc pp 4 10 CONSULATE GENERAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA ISTANBUL TURKEY Kementerian Luar Negeri Repulik Indonesia in Indonesian Retrieved 24 January 2020 Justine Vaisutis January 2007 Indonesia Lonely Planet pp 419 ISBN 978 1 74104 435 5 Ibn Battuta s Trip Chapter 9 Through the Straits of Malacca to China 1345 1346 The Travels of Ibn Battuta A Virtual Tour with the 14th Century Traveler Berkeley edu Archived from the original on 17 March 2013 Retrieved 14 June 2013 Farmer Edward L 1995 Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule BRILL p 120 ISBN 978 90 04 10391 7 Borschberg Peter 2003 Review of O Dominio do Norte Samatra A historia dos sultanatos de Samudera Pacem e de Achem e das suas relacoes com os Portugueses 1500 1580 the Dominion of North Sumatra A History of the Sultanates of Samudera Pasai and Aceh and Their Relations with the Portuguese 1500 1580 Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 34 2 361 363 doi 10 1017 S0022463403210304 ISSN 0022 4634 JSTOR 20072512 Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Volume 33 Parts 1 4 Quote The Portuguese knew Pasai as Pacem The development of Islamic in Samudera Pasai Kingdom Web Sejarah 20 October 2015 Retrieved 24 January 2020 Taqiyuddin Muhammad 2011 Daulah Shalihiyyah Di Sumatera CISAH pp 115 186 Further reading EditHall Kenneth R 1981 Trade and statecraft in the Western Archipelago at the dawn of the European age Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 54 1 21 47 JSTOR 41492897 Hall Kenneth R 2010 A History of Early Southeast Asia Maritime Trade and Societal Development 100 1500 Plymouth UK Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 0 7425 6761 0 Hill A H 1963 The coming of Islam to North Sumatra Journal of Southeast Asian History 4 1 6 21 doi 10 1017 S0217781100000739 JSTOR 20067418 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Samudera Pasai Sultanate amp oldid 1102823400, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
