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Salvelinus

January 09, 2024

"Charr" redirects here. For other uses, see Charr (disambiguation).

Salvelinus is a genus of salmonid fish often called char[2] or charr; some species are called "trout". Salvelinus is a member of the subfamily Salmoninae within the family Salmonidae. The genus has a northern circumpolar distribution, and most of its members are typically cold-water fish that primarily inhabit fresh waters. Many species also migrate to the sea.

Salvelinus
Temporal range: Late Miocene - present[1]
Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus alpinus
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Salmoniformes
Family: Salmonidae
Subfamily: Salmoninae
Genus: Salvelinus
J. Richardson, 1836
Type species
Salvelinus umbla
Subgenera
  • Baione DeKay, 1842
  • Cristovomer Walbaum, 1792
  • Salvelinus J. Richardson, 1836

Most char may be identified by light-cream, pink, or red spots over a darker body. Scales tend to be small, with 115–200 along the lateral line. The pectoral, pelvic, anal, and the lower aspect of caudal fins are trimmed in snow white or cream leading edges.

Many members of this genus are popular sport fish, and a few, such as lake trout (S. namaycush) and arctic char (S. alpinus) are objects of commercial fisheries and/or aquaculture. Occasionally such fish escape and become invasive species.

Deepwater char are small species of char living below 80 m in the deep areas of certain lakes. They are highly sensitive to changes in the quality of the water and one species, Salvelinus neocomensis, was driven to extinction in the twentieth century.[3]

Etymology edit

The origin of the name "char" or "charr" is unknown, but was perhaps from Celtic, such as the Irish word ceara meaning "fiery red" (found in some Celtic personal names), likely for the bright red belly of the Arctic char; or perhaps borrowed from Middle Low German schar meaning "flounder, dab"; or from Proto-Germanic *skardaz or *skeraną meaning "to cut or shear", possibly referring to its sherd-like shape.[4]

Taxonomy edit

There are currently three subgenera in the genus Salvelinus: Baione, Cristovomer, and Salvelinus sensu stricto. Baione, the most basal clade in the genus, contains the brook trout (S. fontinalis), and the presumably extinct silver trout (S. agassizii). Cristovomer contains only the lake trout (S. namaycush). All other species are in the subgenus Salvelinus. If the long-finned char (Salvethymus svetovidovi) is considered a member of the genus Salvelinus, it would be classified in the subgenus Salvethymus, adding a fourth subgenus.[5][6]

Species diversity edit

Video of young Arctic charr being released into Llyn Padarn, Wales in 2020.

As with other salmonid genera, the delimitation of species in Salvelinus is controversial. FishBase in 2015 listed 54 species or subspecies in this genus, many of which have very narrow local distributions. Fourteen localised species are listed from the British Isles alone, although these traditionally, and still by the national conservation and fisheries authorities, are all considered to represent the widespread Arctic charr (S. alpinus). Twenty species are listed from the Asian part of Russia, including several localised taxa from in each of the Kamchatka, Chukotka and Taimyr peninsulas. One of these is the long-finned char, which phylogenetically is part of the Salvelinus group but has been so far classified into its own monotypic genus Salvethymus.[7]

The Arctic char (S. alpinus) is the most broadly distributed Salvelinus species. It has a circumpolar distribution, and it is considered the most northern of all freshwater fishes. In North America, five relatively well defined species are present, which, apart from the Arctic char, comprise the brook trout (S. fontinalis), bull trout (S. confluentus), Dolly Varden trout (S. malma) and lake trout (S. namaycush).

This listing presents the taxa recognised in FishBase grouped by geography:

Circumpolar edit

Europe edit

Central Europe
 
Salvelinus killinensis, Scotland
British Isles

Scotland and adjacent islands:

 
Salvelinus alpinus, Salvelinus colii and Salvelinus grayi, Irish taxa

England and Wales:

Ireland:

Northern Europe

Iceland and Atlantic islands:

Fennoscandia and Northwest Russia:

Asia edit

Arctic drainages
 
Whitespotted char, Salvelinus leucomaenis
Pacific drainages
 
Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis
 
Dolly Varden trout, Salvelinus malma

North America edit

 
Lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush

Atlantic drainages

Pacific & Arctic drainages

Hybrids edit

  • S. alpinus × S. fontinalis – Alsatian char
  • S. namaycush × S. fontinalis – splake, brookinaw
  • S. fontinalis × Salmo trutta – tiger trout
  • S. leucomaensis x O. masou – river mackerel, Kawasaba

References edit

  1. ^ Sepkoski (2002)
  2. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Char" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 855.
  3. ^ Red List - Volume 1: Vertebrates (2009) - General assessment for the vertebrate groups 2013-06-23 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Wright, L. (1996). Sources of London English: Medieval Thames Vocabulary. United Kingdom: Clarendon Press, p. 107
  5. ^ Phillips, RUTH B.; Oakley, TODD H. (1997-01-01), Kocher, Thomas D.; Stepien, Carol A. (eds.), "CHAPTER 10 - Phylogenetic Relationships among the Salmoninae Based on Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Sequences", Molecular Systematics of Fishes, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 145–162, ISBN 978-0-12-417540-2, retrieved 2020-08-05
  6. ^ Śliwińska-Jewsiewicka, A.; Kuciński, M.; Kirtiklis, L.; Dobosz, S.; Ocalewicz, K.; Jankun, Malgorzata (2015). "Chromosomal characteristics and distribution of rDNA sequences in the brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814)". Genetica. 143 (4): 425–432. doi:10.1007/s10709-015-9841-6. ISSN 0016-6707. PMC 4486110. PMID 25958180.
  7. ^ a b Alexander G. Osinov, Anna L. Senchukova, Nikolai S. Mugue, Sergei D. Pavlov, Igor A. Chereshnev (2015) Speciation and genetic divergence of three species of charr from ancient Lake El'gygytgyn (Chukotka) and their phylogenetic relationships with other representatives of the genus Salvelinus Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 116, 63–85.
  • Sepkoski, Jack (2002): Osteichthyes. In: A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: 560. HTML fulltext

External links edit

  •   Media related to Salvelinus at Wikimedia Commons
  • USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Fish Database
  • IUCN Salvelinus umbla

January 09, 2024
salvelinus, charr, redirects, here, other, uses, charr, disambiguation, genus, salmonid, fish, often, called, char, charr, some, species, called, trout, member, subfamily, salmoninae, within, family, salmonidae, genus, northern, circumpolar, distribution, most. Charr redirects here For other uses see Charr disambiguation Salvelinus is a genus of salmonid fish often called char 2 or charr some species are called trout Salvelinus is a member of the subfamily Salmoninae within the family Salmonidae The genus has a northern circumpolar distribution and most of its members are typically cold water fish that primarily inhabit fresh waters Many species also migrate to the sea SalvelinusTemporal range Late Miocene present 1 Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus alpinusScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ActinopterygiiOrder SalmoniformesFamily SalmonidaeSubfamily SalmoninaeGenus SalvelinusJ Richardson 1836Type speciesSalvelinus umbla Linnaeus 1758 SubgeneraBaione DeKay 1842 Cristovomer Walbaum 1792 Salvelinus J Richardson 1836Most char may be identified by light cream pink or red spots over a darker body Scales tend to be small with 115 200 along the lateral line The pectoral pelvic anal and the lower aspect of caudal fins are trimmed in snow white or cream leading edges Many members of this genus are popular sport fish and a few such as lake trout S namaycush and arctic char S alpinus are objects of commercial fisheries and or aquaculture Occasionally such fish escape and become invasive species Deepwater char are small species of char living below 80 m in the deep areas of certain lakes They are highly sensitive to changes in the quality of the water and one species Salvelinus neocomensis was driven to extinction in the twentieth century 3 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Taxonomy 3 Species diversity 3 1 Circumpolar 3 2 Europe 3 3 Asia 3 4 North America 3 5 Hybrids 4 References 5 External linksEtymology editThe origin of the name char or charr is unknown but was perhaps from Celtic such as the Irish word ceara meaning fiery red found in some Celtic personal names likely for the bright red belly of the Arctic char or perhaps borrowed from Middle Low German schar meaning flounder dab or from Proto Germanic skardaz or skerana meaning to cut or shear possibly referring to its sherd like shape 4 Taxonomy editThere are currently three subgenera in the genus Salvelinus Baione Cristovomer and Salvelinus sensu stricto Baione the most basal clade in the genus contains the brook trout S fontinalis and the presumably extinct silver trout S agassizii Cristovomer contains only the lake trout S namaycush All other species are in the subgenus Salvelinus If the long finned char Salvethymus svetovidovi is considered a member of the genus Salvelinus it would be classified in the subgenus Salvethymus adding a fourth subgenus 5 6 Species diversity edit source source source source source source source Video of young Arctic charr being released into Llyn Padarn Wales in 2020 As with other salmonid genera the delimitation of species in Salvelinus is controversial FishBase in 2015 listed 54 species or subspecies in this genus many of which have very narrow local distributions Fourteen localised species are listed from the British Isles alone although these traditionally and still by the national conservation and fisheries authorities are all considered to represent the widespread Arctic charr S alpinus Twenty species are listed from the Asian part of Russia including several localised taxa from in each of the Kamchatka Chukotka and Taimyr peninsulas One of these is the long finned char which phylogenetically is part of the Salvelinus group but has been so far classified into its own monotypic genus Salvethymus 7 The Arctic char S alpinus is the most broadly distributed Salvelinus species It has a circumpolar distribution and it is considered the most northern of all freshwater fishes In North America five relatively well defined species are present which apart from the Arctic char comprise the brook trout S fontinalis bull trout S confluentus Dolly Varden trout S malma and lake trout S namaycush This listing presents the taxa recognised in FishBase grouped by geography Circumpolar edit Salvelinus alpinus Linnaeus 1758 Arctic char nbsp Europe edit Central EuropeSalvelinus evasus Freyhof amp Kottelat 2005 Salvelinus umbla Linnaeus 1758 lake char Salvelinus neocomensis Freyhof amp Kottelat 2005 Salvelinus profundus Schillinger 1901 nbsp Salvelinus killinensis ScotlandBritish IslesScotland and adjacent islands Salvelinus gracillimus Regan 1909 Salvelinus inframundus Regan 1909 Salvelinus killinensis Gunther 1866 Salvelinus mallochi Regan 1909 Salvelinus maxillaris Regan 1909 Salvelinus struanensis Maitland 1881 Salvelinus youngeri Friend 1965 golden char nbsp Salvelinus alpinus Salvelinus colii and Salvelinus grayi Irish taxaEngland and Wales Salvelinus lonsdalii Regan 1909 Salvelinus perisii Gunther 1865 Salvelinus willughbii Gunther 1862 Ireland Salvelinus colii Gunther 1863 Cole s char Salvelinus fimbriatus Regan 1908 Coomsaharn char Salvelinus grayi Gunther 1862 Gray s char Salvelinus obtusus Regan 1908 blunt snouted Irish charNorthern EuropeIceland and Atlantic islands Salvelinus faroensis Joensen amp Taning 1970 Salvelinus murta Saemundsson 1909 Salvelinus thingvallensis Saemundsson 1909 Salvelinus salvelinoinsularis Lonnberg 1900 Bear Island charFennoscandia and Northwest Russia Salvelinus lepechini J F Gmelin 1789 Asia edit Arctic drainagesSalvelinus andriashevi L S Berg 1948 Chukot char Salvelinus boganidae L S Berg 1926 Boganida char Salvelinus czerskii Dryagin 1932 Cherskii s char Salvelinus drjagini Logashev 1940 Dryagin s char Salvelinus elgyticus Viktorovsky amp Glubokovsky 1981 small mouth char nbsp Whitespotted char Salvelinus leucomaenisSalvelinus alpinus erythrinus Georgi 1775 davatchan Salvelinus jacuticus Borisov 1935 Yakutian char Salvelinus taimyricus Mikhin 1949 Salvelinus taranetzi Kaganowsky 1955 Taranets char Salvelinus tolmachoffi L S Berg 1926 Lake Yessey char Salvethymus svetovidovi Chereshnev amp Skopets 1990 long finned char phylogenetically part of the Salvelinus clade 7 Pacific drainagesSalvelinus albus Glubokovsky 1977 white char Salvelinus curilus Pallas 1814 S malma krascheninnikova Taranetz 1933 southern Dolly Varden Salvelinus gritzenkoi Vasil eva amp Stygar 2000 nbsp Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis nbsp Dolly Varden trout Salvelinus malmaSalvelinus krogiusae Glubokovksy Frolov Efremov Ribnikova amp Katugin 1993 Salvelinus kronocius Viktorovsky 1978 Salvelinus kuznetzovi Taranetz 1933 Salvelinus leucomaenis Pallas 1814 whitespotted char S l leucomaenis Pallas 1814 S l imbrius D S Jordan amp E A McGregor 1925 S l pluvius Hilgendorf 1876 S l japonicus S japonicus Ōshima 1961 kirikuchi char Salvelinus neiva Taranetz 1933 Neiva Salvelinus schmidti Viktorovsky 1978 Salvelinus vasiljevae Safronov amp Zvezdov 2005 Sakhalinian charNorth America edit nbsp Lake trout Salvelinus namaycushAtlantic drainages Salvelinus agassizii Garman 1885 silver trout Salvelinus alpinus Linnaeus 1758 arctic char Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill 1814 brook trout Salvelinus namaycush Walbaum 1792 lake troutPacific amp Arctic drainages Salvelinus confluentus Suckley 1859 bull trout Salvelinus malma Walbaum 1792 Dolly Varden trout Salvelinus anaktuvukensis Morrow 1973 angayukaksurak char S malma Hybrids edit S alpinus S fontinalis Alsatian char S namaycush S fontinalis splake brookinaw S fontinalis Salmo trutta tiger trout S leucomaensis x O masou river mackerel KawasabaReferences edit Sepkoski 2002 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Char Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 5 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 855 Red List Volume 1 Vertebrates 2009 General assessment for the vertebrate groups Archived 2013 06 23 at the Wayback Machine Wright L 1996 Sources of London English Medieval Thames Vocabulary United Kingdom Clarendon Press p 107 Phillips RUTH B Oakley TODD H 1997 01 01 Kocher Thomas D Stepien Carol A eds CHAPTER 10 Phylogenetic Relationships among the Salmoninae Based on Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Molecular Systematics of Fishes San Diego Academic Press pp 145 162 ISBN 978 0 12 417540 2 retrieved 2020 08 05 Sliwinska Jewsiewicka A Kucinski M Kirtiklis L Dobosz S Ocalewicz K Jankun Malgorzata 2015 Chromosomal characteristics and distribution of rDNA sequences in the brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill 1814 Genetica 143 4 425 432 doi 10 1007 s10709 015 9841 6 ISSN 0016 6707 PMC 4486110 PMID 25958180 a b Alexander G Osinov Anna L Senchukova Nikolai S Mugue Sergei D Pavlov Igor A Chereshnev 2015 Speciation and genetic divergence of three species of charr from ancient Lake El gygytgyn Chukotka and their phylogenetic relationships with other representatives of the genus Salvelinus Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 116 63 85 Sepkoski Jack 2002 Osteichthyes In A compendium of fossil marine animal genera Bulletins of American Paleontology 364 560 HTML fulltextExternal links edit nbsp Media related to Salvelinus at Wikimedia Commons USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Fish Database IUCN Salvelinus umbla Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Salvelinus amp oldid 1170475006, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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