Saltasaurines are relatively small sauropods with the general body shape of a small head, long neck, four limbs, and a long tail. They range from the small Ibirania at around 5.7 m (19 ft), to the larger Neuquensaurus at 15 m (49 ft).[1] A currently unnamed fragmentary sauropod from Madagascar may turn out to be a saltasaurine longer than Neuquensaurus. The weight of saltasaurines is very light compared to that of some of the largest dinosaurs. Thomas R. Holtz Jr. found the genera range from around 7,000 to 21,000 kg (15,000 to 46,000 lb), with Saltasaurus and an unnamed genus on both extremes, respectively.[4]
Saltasaurinae is the only known group of sauropods found with armour from almost every species. The most probable reason for the bony studs and plates is that it evolved for defence against theropods like Abelisaurus and Carnotaurus. Saltasaurine armour has led to controversies; in 1929, the paleontologist Friedrich von Huene named the genus Loricosaurus for armour he thought to be from ankylosaurians. These bones were found to have similarities to those later discovered on sauropods like Saltasaurus and Neuquensaurus, and as such, Loricosaurus may be the same as one of the other genera.[4]
Age and distributionedit
Saltasaurines lived in the late Cretaceous, from the early Campanian to the Maastrichtian (about 80–66 million years ago) when they went extinct along with all other non-avian dinosaurs. Saltasaurus is the only named Saltasaurine that lived later in the Maastrichtian than 68 million years ago. Loricosaurus and Neuquensaurus lived around 71 million years ago and the later surviving Jainosaurus lived around 68 million years ago. An unnamed Saltasaurine from Madagascar would have probably survived later, until the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event, around 66 million years ago.[4]
The subfamily Saltasaurinae is known almost completely from the Southern Hemisphere with South American forms. Jainosaurus and Abditosaurus are two of the only definite saltasaurines from outside the Southern Hemisphere and is two of the only ones from outside of South America.[4]
Classificationedit
In a 1992 study on Saltasaurus, Jaime Powell named Saltasaurinae, a new subfamily within Titanosauridae (a family now considered invalid). He found many features uniting the group, consisting of the type genus and Neuquensaurus.[5] This group was later supported and defined by Salgado et al. (1997). They defined the subfamily as "the clade including the most recent common ancestor of Neuquensaurus australis, Saltasaurus loricatus, and all of its descendants". They conducted a phylogeny and found that the subfamily was sister to Alamosaurus and only included Neuquensaurus and Saltasaurus.[6]Paul Sereno defined it in 1998, unaware of Salgado's work and gave it a new definition as a stem clade. His definition was "All saltasaurids more closely related to Saltasaurus than to Opisthocoelicaudia".[7] In 2003, Jeffrey A. Wilson and Paul Upchurch elaborated on this definition to "all Saltasauridae more closely related to Saltasaurus loricatus than to Opisthocoelicaudia skaryzinskii".[8]
Bones of Rocasaurus
Below is a cladogram by Villa et al. (2022), from the description of the European saltasaurine Abditosaurus.[3]
^ abNavarro, Bruno A.; Ghilardi, Aline M.; Aureliano, Tito; Díaz, Verónica Díez; Bandeira, Kamila L. N.; Cattaruzzi, André G. S.; Iori, Fabiano V.; Martine, Ariel M.; Carvalho, Alberto B.; Anelli, Luiz E.; Fernandes, Marcelo A.; Zaher, Hussam (2022-09-15). "A New Nanoid Titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil". Ameghiniana. 59 (5): 317–354. doi:10.5710/AMGH.25.08.2022.3477. ISSN 1851-8044. S2CID 251875979.
^Apesteguía, S.; Soto Luzuriaga, J.E.; Gallina, P.A.; Tamay Granda, J.; Guamán Jaramillo, G.A. (2019). "The first dinosaur remains from the Cretaceous of Ecuador". Cretaceous Research. 108: 104345. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104345. hdl:11336/175377. S2CID 213645743.
^ abVilla, B.; Sellés, A.; Moreno-Azanza, M.; Razzolini, N.L.; Gil-Delgado, A.; Canudo, J.I.; Galobart, À (2022). "A titanosaurian sauropod with Gondwanan affinities in the latest Cretaceous of Europe". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 92 (3): 288–296. Bibcode:2022NatEE...6..288V. doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01651-5. PMID 35132183. S2CID 246650381.
^ abcdHoltz, Thomas R. Jr. (2011) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, Winter 2010 Appendix.
^Powell, J.E. (1992). Sanz, J.L.; Buscalioni, A.D. (eds.). "Osteologia de Saltasaurus loricatus (Sauropoda - Titanosauridae) del Cretácico Superior del noroeste Argentino" [Osteology of Saltasaurus loricatus (Sauropoda-Titanosauridae) of the Upper Cretaceous of Northwest Argentina] (PDF). Los Dinosaurios y Su Entorno Biotico: Actas del Segundo Curso de Paleontologia in Cuenca: 165–230.
^Salgado, L.; Coria, R.A.; Calvo, J.O. (1997). (PDF). Ameghiniana. 34 (1): 3–32. ISSN 0002-7014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-09.
^Sereno, P.C. (2005). . TaxonSearch. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
^Wilson, J.A.; Upchurch, P. (2003). "A revision of Titanosaurus Lydekker (Dinosauria-Sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a "Gondwanan" distribution". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 1 (3): 125–160. Bibcode:2003JSPal...1..125W. doi:10.1017/s1477201903001044. S2CID 53997295.
saltasaurinae, subfamily, titanosaurian, sauropods, known, from, late, cretaceous, period, south, america, india, madagascar, saltasaurinestemporal, range, late, cretaceous, preꞒ, life, restoration, saltasaurus, type, species, scientific, classification, domai. Saltasaurinae is a subfamily of titanosaurian sauropods known from the late Cretaceous period of South America India and Madagascar SaltasaurinesTemporal range Late Cretaceous 80 66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Life restoration of Saltasaurus the type species Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Clade Dinosauria Clade Saurischia Clade Sauropodomorpha Clade Sauropoda Clade Macronaria Clade Titanosauria Family Saltasauridae Subfamily SaltasaurinaePowell 1992 Type species Saltasaurus loricatusBonaparte and Powell 1980 Genera 3 Abditosaurus Ibirania 1 Maxakalisaurus Paralititan Yamanasaurus 2 Saltasaurini Contents 1 Description 2 Age and distribution 3 Classification 4 ReferencesDescription edit nbsp Size of Saltasaurus compared to a human Saltasaurines are relatively small sauropods with the general body shape of a small head long neck four limbs and a long tail They range from the small Ibirania at around 5 7 m 19 ft to the larger Neuquensaurus at 15 m 49 ft 1 A currently unnamed fragmentary sauropod from Madagascar may turn out to be a saltasaurine longer than Neuquensaurus The weight of saltasaurines is very light compared to that of some of the largest dinosaurs Thomas R Holtz Jr found the genera range from around 7 000 to 21 000 kg 15 000 to 46 000 lb with Saltasaurus and an unnamed genus on both extremes respectively 4 Saltasaurinae is the only known group of sauropods found with armour from almost every species The most probable reason for the bony studs and plates is that it evolved for defence against theropods like Abelisaurus and Carnotaurus Saltasaurine armour has led to controversies in 1929 the paleontologist Friedrich von Huene named the genus Loricosaurus for armour he thought to be from ankylosaurians These bones were found to have similarities to those later discovered on sauropods like Saltasaurus and Neuquensaurus and as such Loricosaurus may be the same as one of the other genera 4 Age and distribution editSaltasaurines lived in the late Cretaceous from the early Campanian to the Maastrichtian about 80 66 million years ago when they went extinct along with all other non avian dinosaurs Saltasaurus is the only named Saltasaurine that lived later in the Maastrichtian than 68 million years ago Loricosaurus and Neuquensaurus lived around 71 million years ago and the later surviving Jainosaurus lived around 68 million years ago An unnamed Saltasaurine from Madagascar would have probably survived later until the Cretaceous Paleogene extinction event around 66 million years ago 4 The subfamily Saltasaurinae is known almost completely from the Southern Hemisphere with South American forms Jainosaurus and Abditosaurus are two of the only definite saltasaurines from outside the Southern Hemisphere and is two of the only ones from outside of South America 4 Classification editIn a 1992 study on Saltasaurus Jaime Powell named Saltasaurinae a new subfamily within Titanosauridae a family now considered invalid He found many features uniting the group consisting of the type genus and Neuquensaurus 5 This group was later supported and defined by Salgado et al 1997 They defined the subfamily as the clade including the most recent common ancestor of Neuquensaurus australis Saltasaurus loricatus and all of its descendants They conducted a phylogeny and found that the subfamily was sister to Alamosaurus and only included Neuquensaurus and Saltasaurus 6 Paul Sereno defined it in 1998 unaware of Salgado s work and gave it a new definition as a stem clade His definition was All saltasaurids more closely related to Saltasaurus than to Opisthocoelicaudia 7 In 2003 Jeffrey A Wilson and Paul Upchurch elaborated on this definition to all Saltasauridae more closely related to Saltasaurus loricatus than to Opisthocoelicaudia skaryzinskii 8 nbsp Bones of Rocasaurus Below is a cladogram by Villa et al 2022 from the description of the European saltasaurine Abditosaurus 3 Saltasauridae Lognkosauria Opisthocoelicaudiinae Mansourasaurus Paludititan Ampelosaurus Lirainosaurus Opisthocoelicaudia Lohuecotitan Pellegrinisaurus Dreadnoughtus Alamosaurus Baurutitan Saltasaurinae Maxakalisaurus Paralititan Abditosaurus Saltasaurini Neuquensaurus SaltasaurusReferences edit a b Navarro Bruno A Ghilardi Aline M Aureliano Tito Diaz Veronica Diez Bandeira Kamila L N Cattaruzzi Andre G S Iori Fabiano V Martine Ariel M Carvalho Alberto B Anelli Luiz E Fernandes Marcelo A Zaher Hussam 2022 09 15 A New Nanoid Titanosaur Dinosauria Sauropoda from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil Ameghiniana 59 5 317 354 doi 10 5710 AMGH 25 08 2022 3477 ISSN 1851 8044 S2CID 251875979 Apesteguia S Soto Luzuriaga J E Gallina P A Tamay Granda J Guaman Jaramillo G A 2019 The first dinosaur remains from the Cretaceous of Ecuador Cretaceous Research 108 104345 doi 10 1016 j cretres 2019 104345 hdl 11336 175377 S2CID 213645743 a b Villa B Selles A Moreno Azanza M Razzolini N L Gil Delgado A Canudo J I Galobart A 2022 A titanosaurian sauropod with Gondwanan affinities in the latest Cretaceous of Europe Nature Ecology amp Evolution 92 3 288 296 Bibcode 2022NatEE 6 288V doi 10 1038 s41559 021 01651 5 PMID 35132183 S2CID 246650381 a b c d Holtz Thomas R Jr 2011 Dinosaurs The Most Complete Up to date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages Winter 2010 Appendix Powell J E 1992 Sanz J L Buscalioni A D eds Osteologia de Saltasaurus loricatus Sauropoda Titanosauridae del Cretacico Superior del noroeste Argentino Osteology of Saltasaurus loricatus Sauropoda Titanosauridae of the Upper Cretaceous of Northwest Argentina PDF Los Dinosaurios y Su Entorno Biotico Actas del Segundo Curso de Paleontologia in Cuenca 165 230 Salgado L Coria R A Calvo J O 1997 Evolution of titanosaurid sauropods I Phylogenetic Analysis based on the post cranial evidence PDF Ameghiniana 34 1 3 32 ISSN 0002 7014 Archived from the original PDF on 2012 03 09 Sereno P C 2005 Taxon Saltasaurinae TaxonSearch Archived from the original on 2015 04 02 Wilson J A Upchurch P 2003 A revision of Titanosaurus Lydekker Dinosauria Sauropoda the first dinosaur genus with a Gondwanan distribution Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1 3 125 160 Bibcode 2003JSPal 1 125W doi 10 1017 s1477201903001044 S2CID 53997295 Portal nbsp Dinosaurs Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Saltasaurinae amp oldid 1220726683, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
