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Ryūgū-jō

January 01, 1970

"Dragon Palace" redirects here. Not to be confused with Dragon Palace Temple or Palace of the Dragon Throne.

Ryūgū-jō (竜宮城, 龍宮城, lit. "Dragon palace castle") or Ryūgū (竜宮, 龍宮, lit. "Dragon palace") is the supernatural undersea palace of Ryūjin or Dragon God in Japanese tradition.

It is best known as the place in fairytale where Urashima Tarō was invited after saving a turtle, where he was entertained by the Dragon God's princess Oto-hime and his minions, but when Urashima returned back to land after what he thought was a few days away, centuries had passed.

Overview edit

Ryūgū or Ryūgū-jō is the fabulous mythical residence of the Ryūjin (Dragon God) or Sea God, or the princess Otohime.[1] It is also equated with the "fish-scale palace" (iroko no goto tsukureru miya)" which was the Sea God Watatsumi's palace mentioned in the Kojiki (8th century).[1]

The Ryūgū is well-known as the supernatural place in the fisherman's fairytale Urashima Tarō,[1] and most Japanese now consider it to be a place which supposed to lie under the sea.[2][3] Actually, Ryūgū that appears in other narratives and fairytales (otogi banashi) had been considered to be underwater for a long time,[3] but in the particular case of the Urashima legend, its Dragon Palace was not firmly considered to be underwater until quite late in the modern period.[3]

Urashima edit

Main article: Urashima Tarō

Afloat or undersea edit

In most familiar versions of the Urashima legend nowadays in Japan, the Ryūgū lies undersea,[2][4] but in early and otogizoshi versions,[a] the fisherman traveled to Hōrai (Mount Penglai, the Elysium in Chinese tradition), a floating island.[2] During the Edo era, pictorial depiction of Ryūgū above the waves remained fairly conventional.[7] A work may illustrate Ryūgū above water, yet describe it textually as underwater, as in a burlesque gesaku work of 1782.[8]

In the Meiji era, akahon ehon [ja] or "redbook picture books" of the 1880s,[11] as well as Tsukioka Yoshitoshi's (1886) print are examples of Ryūgū illustrated above water, but they are lacking in textual detail on whether it is a sunken city or not.[13] The akahon illustrations were appropriated by Masayuki Kataoka's English translation (1886), which describes the Dragon Palace as visible "far below" the water, to which the man carried by the reptile "descended".[14][15]

Ryūgū was described as a "Dragon Palace beyond the blue sea", in Basil Hall Chamberlain's translation (1886). Here the "Dragon Palace" is illustrated as a complex of buildings atop an island, with fishes clad in kimono walking about the sandy shore.[16] Chamberlain had freely substituted more ancient text material into his retelling of the Urashima fairytale.[17][18] Chamberlain also interchangeably uses "Sea God's Palace", probably with the archaic god-name Watatsumi in mind.[19][b]

Eventually, the Dragon Palace undersea became the standard in modern tellings of the Urashima tale.[20] A canonical example by the Taisho Era, according to one researcher, was the edition by Mori Rintarō (novelist Mori Ōgai) and others, published 1920–1921, whose illustration shows Urashima and the turtle peeing underneath at the palace.[21]

Palace architecture edit

"The walls of the Palace were of coral, the trees had emeralds for leaves and rubies for berries" (Chamberlain),[22][c] roughly coincides with the inner chambers being fashioned with sangoju kin no tagui (珊樹樹金の類, lit. 'treelike coral, gold, and the like') according to Meiji Era akahon ehon ("red book" editions).[27]

The use of materials such as pearl or crystal on the exterior is given in Brauns' translation (Englished by Lang), alongside the interior hall being illuminated by fish scales.[28]

Masayuki Kataoka's English translation (1886)[14] describes a Dragon's Palace with a crystal dome, which a researcher considers a novel, unfamiliar feature.[d][29] Kataoka's translation, upon comparison, differed greatly from the text of the akahon picture books, though he had blatantly appropriated and reworked their illustrations.[30] Here, there is a long distance from the gatekeeper to the palace proper, and Urashima is guided by a pretty glass ball that rolls of is own accord.[31]

Four seasons on four sides edit

A notable feature of the Dragon Palace according to the "feudal" (otogizōshi) versions is the view to the "four seasons on four sides",[20][17][e] though this has been eschewed in Chamberlain's translation.[f][17]

However, the view to the four seasons is incorporated in Mrs. Ozaki's translation: cherry blossom in bloom to the east (spring), buzzing cicadas to the south (summer), multi-colored maple leaves to the west (autumn), and snow-covered ground to the north (winter).[34] This is presumably based on a text edited by Iwaya Sazanami [ja],[35] probably the text of Nihon mukashibanashi (1896),[36] which corresponds roughly with a version from the Otogizōshi.[32] The four seasons also figure in F. Hadland Davis's synopsis (1912).[37] The usual bird which sings in spring is the bush warbler, not actually a nightingale. More precise translations from the otogizōshi text are given elsewhere.[38]

 
The Spring side of the palace, cherry blossoms on the trees
 
The Summer side of the palace, Urashima and Otohime walking on a bridge
 
The Autumn side of the palace, Urashima and Otohime watching deer
 
The Winter side of the palace, with a light snow on the garden
Japanese watercolor from late 16th or early 17th century

Passage of time edit

Whether in the ancient (Nara Period),[g] feudal period or standard modern versions of Urashima, he believes he has spent 3 years at the otherworld or Dragon Palace,[20] but more than 300 years had elapsed in the ancient and standard modern versions (700 years in the feudal period versions).[20] The Mizukagami (1195) gives a more precise reckoning; Urashima supposedly returned in the 2nd year of Tenchō (825 AD), 347 years later. This matches the claim in Nihon shoki that he disappeared in the year of Yuraku 22, conventionally assigned the year 478. But it also means he did not come back until a century after the Nihon shoki was written.[41][42]

Hoderi and Hoori edit

In the mythology concerning the two princes Hoderi ("Fire Flash") and Hoori ("Fire Fade") in the Kojiki, the latter younger brother adventures to the Sea God's palace and emerges triumphant, and sires the line of emperors.[43] The story has been often retold as fairytale, e.g. as "The Princes Fire-flash & Fire-fade".[44]

The Sea-God's palace, a "palace built like fishes' scales",[44] is interpreted to be a metaphor for a silver-colored structure.[45]

Local lore edit

In the Ryukyuan religion, Ryūgū-jō (Okinawan: Ruuguu) is the source of fire for all family and village hearths.[46]

Ryūgū-no-tsukai and Jinjahime edit

The Japanese name for the deep-sea dwelling giant oarfish is ryūgū-no-tsukai (リュウグウノツカイ), literally lit. "messenger/servant of Ryūgū" or "Messenger from the Sea God's Palace".[47]

This real species of fish may have been the origins of the mythical jinjahime [ja], which also claimed to be a "messenger/servant of Ryūgū".[48][49][h] This (神社姫, lit. 'shrine princess'), was a type of the so-called "prophet beast" (yogenjū) during the Edo period, which prophesied bountiful harvest followed by epidemic.[51]

Monuments edit

 
Katase-Enoshima Station

The Katase-Enoshima Station in Fujisawa, Kanagawa Prefecture is a structure built to resemble Ryūgū-jō, as a mock-up.[52][53]

Ryūgū Shrine derives its name from Ryūgū-jō. Located on Cape Nagasakibana (also known as Cape Ryūgū)[54][55] in southern Kagoshima, it is said to be where Urashima Tarō traveled to Ryūgū-jō.[56] Locals honor Ryūjin and turtles as protectors.[57][58]

See also edit

Explanatory notes edit

  1. ^ Tango hudoki or Tango fudoki. Cf. Urashima Tarō#Tango Fudoki
  2. ^ Ozaki's translation, p. 30, says the palace is also called "Rin Gin", but this seems to be an insertion or substitution where the Japanese text only says "Ryūgū".
  3. ^ The emeralds would be suigyoku (翠玉) and rubies are kōgyoku (紅玉) in Japanese.[23]
  4. ^ The researcher Hayashi apparently assumes "crystal" the mineral, but it can also be manufactured glass, of course. And glass (Japanese: hari) does feature in the Dragon Palace in some old narratives or play scripts.
  5. ^ The standard text is the Shibukawa text, which is given by Yoshida.[32] The Bodleian picture scroll text has also been transcribed by Hayashi.[33]
  6. ^ Makino remarks that certain minor details from otogizōshi are incorporated in Chamberlain's text.
  7. ^ Tango fudoki fragment, 3 years had elapsed at Sento (仙都, "immortal city"), and Urashimako upon return is told 300 years had gone by.[39][40]
  8. ^ The jinjahime is also mentioned in connection with the iconic amabie bearing resemblance to oarfish.[50]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c "Ryūgū densetsu" 竜宮伝説. Nipponica (in Japanese). Shogakukan – via Kotobank. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |script-work= ignored (help)
  2. ^ a b c Tagaya, Yuko (2011), Grafetstätter, Andrea; Hartmann, Sieglinde; Ogier, James Michael (eds.), "Far Eastern Islands and Their Myths: Japan", Islands and Cities in Medieval Myth, Literature, and History: Papers Delivered at the International Medieval Congress, University of Leeds, in 2005, 2006, and 2007, Peter Lang, p. 103, ISBN 9783631611654
  3. ^ a b c Miura, Sukeyuki [in Japanese] (October 1992), "Ryūgūjō: Urashima Tarō to Hōraisan gensō" 竜宮城―浦島太郎と蓬莱山幻想, Rekishi Tokuhon, 37 (19). web version
  4. ^ Miyao (2009), p. 34
  5. ^ Hayashi (2001), pp. 41–43.
  6. ^ Hayashi (2001), p. 44.
  7. ^ Hayashi (2001). Rigorously speaking, Hayashi stated that there are depictions of the turtles being standup ridden,[5] and many of these feature the Ryūgū shown above the waves.[6]
  8. ^ Mukashi banashi tonda momotarō (昔噺虚言桃太郎, Tenmei 2/1782) by Iba Kashō 伊庭可笑; Torii Kiyonaga (illustr.). This is far from standard Urashima narrative since Momotaro substitutes in the role of Urashima, but at fol. 5v, the Mendacious Momotaro with "Momo" printed on his sleeve "rides the turtle 亀にうちのり" to go to Ryūgū (the palace is illustrated as above water), and the Dragon Palace's first daughter named Otome (fol. 6r) subsequently at 竜宮にいき（絵の竜宮は波の上）、竜宮の一人娘の乙女（6葉表）は、fol. 11r stands on the turtle's back, and "in the fashion of a female version of Daruma riding the reed leaf, hurries to the depths of the sea floor 女の葦の葉達磨といふ身振りにて海底深く急ぎ行く" (Hayashi (2001), p. 42).
  9. ^ Hayashi (2001), pp. 84–85.
  10. ^ a b Hayashi (2019), pp. 29–31.
  11. ^ Akahon ehon texts, (1880s), critical text based on A B C texts;[9] and on a b c d e f g texts.[10]
  12. ^ "The Picture of the homecoming of Urashima Taro's son from the dragon's palace (series: Yoshitoshi's Cartoons)". Chikanobu and Yoshitoshi Woodblock Prints. Ruth Chandler Williamson Gallery, Scripps College. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
  13. ^ Tsukioka, Yoshitoshi (1886), Urashima no ko Ryugujō yori kikoku no zu 浦嶋之子歸國従龍宮城之圖, Yoshitoshi manga, Kobayashi Tetsujirō[12]
  14. ^ a b Kataoka, Maayuki (May–October 1886), "Bric à Brac. Urashima: A Japanese Rip van Winkle", The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, 32 (n.s. 10), London: F. Warne & Co.: 329–331
  15. ^ Hayashi (2009), pp. 85–91 = Kataoka tr. (1886) "Urashima: A Japanese Rip Van Winkle".
  16. ^ Chamberlain (1886) (unpaginated)
  17. ^ a b c Makino (2011), p. 129.
  18. ^ Satomi (2001), p. 100.
  19. ^ Miyao (2009), pp. 35, 161.
  20. ^ a b c d Shimozawa (1980), p. 33.
  21. ^ Mori et al. (1920–1921): The palace is "in the sea 海の中"にあり(p. 8), and the turtle offers Urashima a piggyback ride, and "entered further and further into the water ずんずん水の中へ入って" (p. 10).
  22. ^ Chamberlain (1886).
  23. ^ Miyao (2009).
  24. ^ Utagawa Kunimasa IV, 1848-192 (1880-12-10). Otogibanashi Urashima monogatari お伽噺浦島物かた り. Miyata Kōsuke. doi:10.11501/1167994.
  25. ^ Urashima ichidaiki 浦島弌代記. Shimamura Yoshimatsu. August 1883. doi:10.11501/1169941.
  26. ^ Satō, Shintarō (ed., illustr.) (June 1885). Otogibanashi Urashima-mono ga tari お伽噺 浦島物がたり [Fairy Tale Urashima Story]. 佐藤新太郎. doi:10.11501/1919514.
  27. ^ Hayashi (2009), pp. 84–85. A critical text based on the A,[24] B,[25] C[26] printed editions of 1880, 1883, and 1885 (these are woodblock-printed in hentaigana of the Edo Period). The latest C text is the base text. Updated based on a b c d e f g texts.[10]
  28. ^ Brauns (1885), pp. 60–61 and Lang (1897), p. 26
  29. ^ Hayashi (2009), p. 82 Much of Kataoka's translation is suspected to be his own invention by Hayashi, a specialist on Urashima research.
  30. ^ Hayashi (2009), pp. 76–77 Hayashi actually uses much harsher language. He says Kataoka engaged in tōyō meaning "plagiarism", as was his habit or predilection, being an art dealer turned swindler.
  31. ^ Hayashi (2009), pp. 77–78 and appended transcription of Kataoka.
  32. ^ a b Yoshida, Shin'ichi [in Japanese] (2008-10-26), 戦中期「講談社の絵本」 (PDF), pp. 18–19
  33. ^ Hayashi (2013), pp. 20–21.
  34. ^ Ozaki (1903), pp. 35–36.
  35. ^ "Sadanami Sanjin [sic.]", Ozaki (1903), p. v
  36. ^ Miura (1989), pp. 42–45.
  37. ^ Davis, F. Hadland (1912). "XVII. Legends of the Sea. "Legend of Urashima"". Myths and Legends of Japan. Evelyn Paul (illustr.). New York: T.Y. Crowell Co. pp. 324–328.
  38. ^ McKeon (1996), p. 205.
  39. ^ Cranston, Edwin A. (1998), A Waka Anthlogy: Volume 1, The Gem-Glistening Cup, Stanford University Press, pp. 144–148, ISBN 9780804731577
  40. ^ Hayakawa (2018), pp. 41–42.
  41. ^ McKeon (1996), pp. 83–84.
  42. ^ Hayakawa (2018), p. 42.
  43. ^ Chamberlain, Basil Hall (1890), Things Japanese: Being Notes on Various Subjects Connected with Japan, K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company, Limited, p. 147
  44. ^ a b James 1886.
  45. ^ Miyao (2009), p. 191.
  46. ^ George H. Kerr, Okinawa: History of an Island People (Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1958), 36.
  47. ^ Yamamoto, Daiki (6 March 2010). "Sea serpents' arrival puzzling, or portentous?". The Japan Times. from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  48. ^ Masanobu Kagawa, curator at Hyōgo Prefectural Museum of History: "Jinjahime introduces herself as a servant of Ryūgū-jō and it probably originated from the oarfish. 神社姫は自ら竜宮城からの使いと名乗っており、深海魚のリュウグウノツカイが原型だろう。" quoted in Maruyama, Jun'ichi (3 September 2020). "〈Ima ni tsunagaru Nihonshi〉Higōhō no shippaisaku 'amabie' wa, naze 180 nengo ni fukkatsu shitanoka" 〈今につながる日本史〉非合法の失敗作「アマビエ」は、なぜ180年後に復活したのか.; blog version of column Maruyama (3 September 2020), "Higōhō no shippaisaku... korona taisan de kyakkō no amabie ni igai na kako 非合法の失敗作…コロナ退散で脚光のアマビエに意外な過去", Yomiuri Shimbun Online
  49. ^ Meyer, Matthew. "Jinja hime". Yokai.com. from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  50. ^ Ando, Kenji [in Japanese] (2020-03-17). "Amabie no shōtai wa ryūgūnotsukai? Shingata korona de dairyū" アマビエの正体はリュウグウノツカイ？. Huffington Post.
  51. ^ Tsunemitsu, Tōru [in Japanese] (March 2012b), "Ryūkōbyō to yogenjū" 流行病と予言獣 [Epidemic and Prophet Beasts], Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History [Report on Investigation and Research Activity], 174: 200 (English abstract)
  52. ^ (PDF) (Press release) (in Japanese). Odakyu. 12 December 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  53. ^ "The Legend of Ryūjin". KCP International. 23 June 2014. from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  54. ^ "Ryugu Shrine". Japan RAIL & TRAVEL. KOTSU SHIMBUNSHA. 24 September 2019. from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  55. ^ "Ryugu Shrine". KYUSHU x TOKYO. from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  56. ^ "Palace of the Dragon King Shrine: Ryugu Jinja". IKIDANE NIPPON. from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  57. ^ "Ryugu Shrine (龍宮神社)". KAGOSHIMA Visitors' GUIDE. Kagoshima Internationalization Council. from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  58. ^ "Ryugu Shrine". Japan Travel. NAVITIME JAPAN. 18 December 2017. from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.

Bibliography edit

  • Brauns, David [in German], ed. (1885), "Uraschimataro", Japanische Märchen und Sagen (in German), Leipzig: Wilhelm Friedrich, pp. 59–68
  • Chamberlain, B. H. (1886), The Fisher-boy Urashima, Japanese Fairy Tale Series 8, Kobayashi Eitaku (illustr.), T. Hasegawa, Kōbunsha; alt copy @ Library of Congress
  • Hayakawa, Yoshie (March 2018), "Meiji nenkan no 'Urashima' tachi: shōsetsu to gikyoku to jidōbungaku" 明治年間の「浦島」たち―「小説」と「戯曲」と「児童文学」, Eco-philosophy, 12: 39–47, doi:10.34428/00009813
  • Hayashi, Kōhei (2001), "Urashima densetsu ni okeru gazō no mondai" 浦島伝説における画像の諸問題 [Various issues on images in the Urashima legend], Proceedings of the International Conference on Japanese Literature, 24: 41, 43–45, 54
  • Hayashi, Kōhei (September 2009), [A Note on English Version Urashima Translated by Masayuki Kataoka] (PDF), Bulletin of Tomakomai Komazawa University (4): 73–94, ndljp:4265673, archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-26
  • Hayashi, Kōhei (2013), "Okkusufōdo daigaku zō emaki 'Urashima Tarō' no honkoku to kaidai" オックスフォード大学蔵絵巻「浦島太郎」の翻刻と解題 [The Tale of Urashima in the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford] (PDF), Bulletin of Tomakomai Komazawa University (27): 1–31
  • Hayashi, Kōhei (2019), "Ehon 'Urashima Tarō' no tenkai: Kindai ni okeru Urashima densetsu no hasssei to hensen" 絵本『浦島太郎』の展開―近代における浦島伝説の発生と変遷― [The Picture Book “URASHIMA TARO” and Its Development] (PDF), Bulletin of Tomakomai Komazawa University (34): 23–104
  • James, T. H. (1886). The Princes Fire-flash & Fire-fade. Japanese Fairy Tale Series. Kobayashi Eitaku (illustr.). T. Hasegawa, Kōbunsha.
  • Lang, Andrew, ed. (1897). "Uraschimataro and the Turtle". The Pink Fairy Book. Longmans, Green. pp. 25–32. Project Gutenberg text
  • McKeon, Midori Yamamoto (1996), The Urashima Legend: Changing Gender Representations in a Japanese Tale, University of California, Berkeley
  • Makino, Yoko (牧野陽子) (2011), "Unasaka no fūkei:Hān to Chenbaren sorezore no Urashima densetsu (1)" 海界の風景〜ハーンとチェンバレンそれぞれの浦島伝説〜（一） ["Past the bounds of Ocean" : The Legend of Urashima as told by L. Hearn and B. S. Chamberlain (1)], Seijo University Economic Papers (in Japanese), 191: 138–116
  • Miura, Sukeyuki [in Japanese] (1989), Urashima Tarō no bungakushi: Renai shōsetsu no hassei 浦島太郎の文学史: 恋愛小説の発生, Goryū shoin, ISBN 4906010369
  • Miyao, Yoshio [in Japanese], ed. (2009). "Urashima". Taiyaku nihon mukashibanashishū 対訳日本昔噺集 [Japanese Fairy Tale Series] (in English and Japanese). Vol. 2. Translated by Chamberlain, Basil Hall. Kobayashi Eitaku (illustr.). Sairyūsha. pp. 25ff, 301ff. ISBN 9784779113710.
  • Mori, Rintarō; Suzuki, Miekichi; Matsumura, Takeo [in Japanese]; Mabuchi, Reiyū, eds. (1920–1921). "Urashima Tarō" 浦島太郞. Nihon densetsu: Hyōjun otogi bunko 日本伝説 : 標準於伽文庫. Vol. 1. Hamada Josen 浜田如洗 et al. (illustr.). Baifūkan. pp. 1–30. doi:10.11501/1716320.
  • Ozaki, Yei Theodora (1903). "The Story of Urashima Taro, the Fisher Lad". Japanese Fairy Tales. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co. pp. 26–43.
  • Satomi, Shigemi (2001), "Hān no Urashima densetsu ni taisuru ninshiki :washinton āvingu no sakuhin wo kijiku ni" ハーンの浦島伝説に対する認識―ワシントン.アーヴィングの作品を基軸に― [Hearn's conception of Urashima Legend: with Washington Irving's works as base], Hikaku bungaku, the Journal of Comparative Literature of JCLA (in Japanese), 44: 99–111
  • Shimozawa, Kiyoko (1980), "Urashima setsuwa no hensen" 浦島説話の変遷 [Transition of Urashima narrative], Nara University of Education. Kokubun: kenkyū to kyōiku, 4: 27–37, hdl:10105/10481

January 01, 1970
ryūgū, dragon, palace, redirects, here, confused, with, dragon, palace, temple, palace, dragon, throne, 竜宮城, 龍宮城, dragon, palace, castle, ryūgū, 竜宮, 龍宮, dragon, palace, supernatural, undersea, palace, ryūjin, dragon, japanese, tradition, best, known, place, fa. Dragon Palace redirects here Not to be confused with Dragon Palace Temple or Palace of the Dragon Throne Ryugu jō 竜宮城 龍宮城 lit Dragon palace castle or Ryugu 竜宮 龍宮 lit Dragon palace is the supernatural undersea palace of Ryujin or Dragon God in Japanese tradition It is best known as the place in fairytale where Urashima Tarō was invited after saving a turtle where he was entertained by the Dragon God s princess Oto hime and his minions but when Urashima returned back to land after what he thought was a few days away centuries had passed Contents 1 Overview 2 Urashima 2 1 Afloat or undersea 2 2 Palace architecture 2 3 Four seasons on four sides 2 4 Passage of time 3 Hoderi and Hoori 4 Local lore 5 Ryugu no tsukai and Jinjahime 6 Monuments 7 See also 8 Explanatory notes 9 References 9 1 BibliographyOverview editRyugu or Ryugu jō is the fabulous mythical residence of the Ryujin Dragon God or Sea God or the princess Otohime 1 It is also equated with the fish scale palace iroko no goto tsukureru miya which was the Sea God Watatsumi s palace mentioned in the Kojiki 8th century 1 The Ryugu is well known as the supernatural place in the fisherman s fairytale Urashima Tarō 1 and most Japanese now consider it to be a place which supposed to lie under the sea 2 3 Actually Ryugu that appears in other narratives and fairytales otogi banashi had been considered to be underwater for a long time 3 but in the particular case of the Urashima legend its Dragon Palace was not firmly considered to be underwater until quite late in the modern period 3 Urashima editMain article Urashima Tarō Afloat or undersea edit In most familiar versions of the Urashima legend nowadays in Japan the Ryugu lies undersea 2 4 but in early and otogizoshi versions a the fisherman traveled to Hōrai Mount Penglai the Elysium in Chinese tradition a floating island 2 During the Edo era pictorial depiction of Ryugu above the waves remained fairly conventional 7 A work may illustrate Ryugu above water yet describe it textually as underwater as in a burlesque gesaku work of 1782 8 In the Meiji era akahon ehon ja or redbook picture books of the 1880s 11 as well as Tsukioka Yoshitoshi s 1886 print are examples of Ryugu illustrated above water but they are lacking in textual detail on whether it is a sunken city or not 13 The akahon illustrations were appropriated by Masayuki Kataoka s English translation 1886 which describes the Dragon Palace as visible far below the water to which the man carried by the reptile descended 14 15 Ryugu was described as a Dragon Palace beyond the blue sea in Basil Hall Chamberlain s translation 1886 Here the Dragon Palace is illustrated as a complex of buildings atop an island with fishes clad in kimono walking about the sandy shore 16 Chamberlain had freely substituted more ancient text material into his retelling of the Urashima fairytale 17 18 Chamberlain also interchangeably uses Sea God s Palace probably with the archaic god name Watatsumi in mind 19 b Eventually the Dragon Palace undersea became the standard in modern tellings of the Urashima tale 20 A canonical example by the Taisho Era according to one researcher was the edition by Mori Rintarō novelist Mori Ōgai and others published 1920 1921 whose illustration shows Urashima and the turtle peeing underneath at the palace 21 Palace architecture edit The walls of the Palace were of coral the trees had emeralds for leaves and rubies for berries Chamberlain 22 c roughly coincides with the inner chambers being fashioned with sangoju kin no tagui 珊樹樹金の類 lit treelike coral gold and the like according to Meiji Era akahon ehon red book editions 27 The use of materials such as pearl or crystal on the exterior is given in Brauns translation Englished by Lang alongside the interior hall being illuminated by fish scales 28 Masayuki Kataoka s English translation 1886 14 describes a Dragon s Palace with a crystal dome which a researcher considers a novel unfamiliar feature d 29 Kataoka s translation upon comparison differed greatly from the text of the akahon picture books though he had blatantly appropriated and reworked their illustrations 30 Here there is a long distance from the gatekeeper to the palace proper and Urashima is guided by a pretty glass ball that rolls of is own accord 31 Four seasons on four sides edit A notable feature of the Dragon Palace according to the feudal otogizōshi versions is the view to the four seasons on four sides 20 17 e though this has been eschewed in Chamberlain s translation f 17 However the view to the four seasons is incorporated in Mrs Ozaki s translation cherry blossom in bloom to the east spring buzzing cicadas to the south summer multi colored maple leaves to the west autumn and snow covered ground to the north winter 34 This is presumably based on a text edited by Iwaya Sazanami ja 35 probably the text of Nihon mukashibanashi 1896 36 which corresponds roughly with a version from the Otogizōshi 32 The four seasons also figure in F Hadland Davis s synopsis 1912 37 The usual bird which sings in spring is the bush warbler not actually a nightingale More precise translations from the otogizōshi text are given elsewhere 38 nbsp The Spring side of the palace cherry blossoms on the trees nbsp The Summer side of the palace Urashima and Otohime walking on a bridge nbsp The Autumn side of the palace Urashima and Otohime watching deer nbsp The Winter side of the palace with a light snow on the gardenJapanese watercolor from late 16th or early 17th century Passage of time edit Whether in the ancient Nara Period g feudal period or standard modern versions of Urashima he believes he has spent 3 years at the otherworld or Dragon Palace 20 but more than 300 years had elapsed in the ancient and standard modern versions 700 years in the feudal period versions 20 The Mizukagami 1195 gives a more precise reckoning Urashima supposedly returned in the 2nd year of Tenchō 825 AD 347 years later This matches the claim in Nihon shoki that he disappeared in the year of Yuraku 22 conventionally assigned the year 478 But it also means he did not come back until a century after the Nihon shoki was written 41 42 Hoderi and Hoori editIn the mythology concerning the two princes Hoderi Fire Flash and Hoori Fire Fade in the Kojiki the latter younger brother adventures to the Sea God s palace and emerges triumphant and sires the line of emperors 43 The story has been often retold as fairytale e g as The Princes Fire flash amp Fire fade 44 The Sea God s palace a palace built like fishes scales 44 is interpreted to be a metaphor for a silver colored structure 45 Local lore editIn the Ryukyuan religion Ryugu jō Okinawan Ruuguu is the source of fire for all family and village hearths 46 Ryugu no tsukai and Jinjahime editThe Japanese name for the deep sea dwelling giant oarfish is ryugu no tsukai リュウグウノツカイ literally lit messenger servant of Ryugu or Messenger from the Sea God s Palace 47 This real species of fish may have been the origins of the mythical jinjahime ja which also claimed to be a messenger servant of Ryugu 48 49 h This 神社姫 lit shrine princess was a type of the so called prophet beast yogenju during the Edo period which prophesied bountiful harvest followed by epidemic 51 Monuments edit nbsp Katase Enoshima Station The Katase Enoshima Station in Fujisawa Kanagawa Prefecture is a structure built to resemble Ryugu jō as a mock up 52 53 Ryugu Shrine derives its name from Ryugu jō Located on Cape Nagasakibana also known as Cape Ryugu 54 55 in southern Kagoshima it is said to be where Urashima Tarō traveled to Ryugu jō 56 Locals honor Ryujin and turtles as protectors 57 58 See also editThe Sea King and Vasilisa the Wise Egle the Queen of Serpents The Wife from the Dragon Palace 162173 Ryugu an asteroid named after Ryugu jō Ryugu Planitia a smooth plain on TritonExplanatory notes edit Tango hudoki or Tango fudoki Cf Urashima Tarō Tango Fudoki Ozaki s translation p 30 says the palace is also called Rin Gin but this seems to be an insertion or substitution where the Japanese text only says Ryugu The emeralds would be suigyoku 翠玉 and rubies are kōgyoku 紅玉 in Japanese 23 The researcher Hayashi apparently assumes crystal the mineral but it can also be manufactured glass of course And glass Japanese hari does feature in the Dragon Palace in some old narratives or play scripts The standard text is the Shibukawa text which is given by Yoshida 32 The Bodleian picture scroll text has also been transcribed by Hayashi 33 Makino remarks that certain minor details from otogizōshi are incorporated in Chamberlain s text Tango fudoki fragment 3 years had elapsed at Sento 仙都 immortal city and Urashimako upon return is told 300 years had gone by 39 40 The jinjahime is also mentioned in connection with the iconic amabie bearing resemblance to oarfish 50 References edit a b c Ryugu densetsu 竜宮伝説 Nipponica in Japanese Shogakukan via Kotobank a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a script work ignored help a b c Tagaya Yuko 2011 Grafetstatter Andrea Hartmann Sieglinde Ogier James Michael eds Far Eastern Islands and Their Myths Japan Islands and Cities in Medieval Myth Literature and History Papers Delivered at the International Medieval Congress University of Leeds in 2005 2006 and 2007 Peter Lang p 103 ISBN 9783631611654 a b c Miura Sukeyuki in Japanese October 1992 Ryugujō Urashima Tarō to Hōraisan gensō 竜宮城 浦島太郎と蓬莱山幻想 Rekishi Tokuhon 37 19 web version Miyao 2009 p 34 Hayashi 2001 pp 41 43 Hayashi 2001 p 44 Hayashi 2001 Rigorously speaking Hayashi stated that there are depictions of the turtles being standup ridden 5 and many of these feature the Ryugu shown above the waves 6 Mukashi banashi tonda momotarō 昔噺虚言桃太郎 Tenmei 2 1782 by Iba Kashō 伊庭可笑 Torii Kiyonaga illustr This is far from standard Urashima narrative since Momotaro substitutes in the role of Urashima but at fol 5v the Mendacious Momotaro with Momo printed on his sleeve rides the turtle 亀にうちのり to go to Ryugu the palace is illustrated as above water and the Dragon Palace s first daughter named Otome fol 6r subsequently at 竜宮にいき 絵の竜宮は波の上 竜宮の一人娘の乙女 6葉表 は fol 11r stands on the turtle s back and in the fashion of a female version of Daruma riding the reed leaf hurries to the depths of the sea floor 女の葦の葉達磨といふ身振りにて海底深く急ぎ行く Hayashi 2001 p 42 Hayashi 2001 pp 84 85 a b Hayashi 2019 pp 29 31 Akahon ehon texts 1880s critical text based on A B C texts 9 and on a b c d e f g texts 10 The Picture of the homecoming of Urashima Taro s son from the dragon s palace series Yoshitoshi s Cartoons Chikanobu and Yoshitoshi Woodblock Prints Ruth Chandler Williamson Gallery Scripps College Retrieved 2022 10 09 Tsukioka Yoshitoshi 1886 Urashima no ko Ryugujō yori kikoku no zu 浦嶋之子歸國従龍宮城之圖 Yoshitoshi manga Kobayashi Tetsujirō 12 a b Kataoka Maayuki May October 1886 Bric a Brac Urashima A Japanese Rip van Winkle The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine 32 n s 10 London F Warne amp Co 329 331 Hayashi 2009 pp 85 91 Kataoka tr 1886 Urashima A Japanese Rip Van Winkle Chamberlain 1886 unpaginated a b c Makino 2011 p 129 Satomi 2001 p 100 Miyao 2009 pp 35 161 a b c d Shimozawa 1980 p 33 Mori et al 1920 1921 The palace is in the sea 海の中 にあり p 8 and the turtle offers Urashima a piggyback ride and entered further and further into the water ずんずん水の中へ入って p 10 Chamberlain 1886 Miyao 2009 Utagawa Kunimasa IV 1848 192 1880 12 10 Otogibanashi Urashima monogatari お伽噺浦島物かた り Miyata Kōsuke doi 10 11501 1167994 Urashima ichidaiki 浦島弌代記 Shimamura Yoshimatsu August 1883 doi 10 11501 1169941 Satō Shintarō ed illustr June 1885 Otogibanashi Urashima mono ga tari お伽噺 浦島物がたり Fairy Tale Urashima Story 佐藤新太郎 doi 10 11501 1919514 Hayashi 2009 pp 84 85 A critical text based on the A 24 B 25 C 26 printed editions of 1880 1883 and 1885 these are woodblock printed in hentaigana of the Edo Period The latest C text is the base text Updated based on a b c d e f g texts 10 Brauns 1885 pp 60 61 and Lang 1897 p 26 Hayashi 2009 p 82 Much of Kataoka s translation is suspected to be his own invention by Hayashi a specialist on Urashima research Hayashi 2009 pp 76 77 Hayashi actually uses much harsher language He says Kataoka engaged in tōyō meaning plagiarism as was his habit or predilection being an art dealer turned swindler Hayashi 2009 pp 77 78 and appended transcription of Kataoka a b Yoshida Shin ichi in Japanese 2008 10 26 戦中期 講談社の絵本 PDF pp 18 19 Hayashi 2013 pp 20 21 Ozaki 1903 pp 35 36 Sadanami Sanjin sic Ozaki 1903 p v Miura 1989 pp 42 45 Davis F Hadland 1912 XVII Legends of the Sea Legend of Urashima Myths and Legends of Japan Evelyn Paul illustr New York T Y Crowell Co pp 324 328 McKeon 1996 p 205 Cranston Edwin A 1998 A Waka Anthlogy Volume 1 The Gem Glistening Cup Stanford University Press pp 144 148 ISBN 9780804731577 Hayakawa 2018 pp 41 42 McKeon 1996 pp 83 84 Hayakawa 2018 p 42 Chamberlain Basil Hall 1890 Things Japanese Being Notes on Various Subjects Connected with Japan K Paul Trench Trubner amp Company Limited p 147 a b James 1886 Miyao 2009 p 191 George H Kerr Okinawa History of an Island People Tokyo Charles E Tuttle Company 1958 36 Yamamoto Daiki 6 March 2010 Sea serpents arrival puzzling or portentous The Japan Times Archived from the original on 28 January 2020 Retrieved 12 April 2020 Masanobu Kagawa curator at Hyōgo Prefectural Museum of History Jinjahime introduces herself as a servant of Ryugu jō and it probably originated from the oarfish 神社姫は自ら竜宮城からの使いと名乗っており 深海魚のリュウグウノツカイが原型だろう quoted in Maruyama Jun ichi 3 September 2020 Ima ni tsunagaru Nihonshi Higōhō no shippaisaku amabie wa naze 180 nengo ni fukkatsu shitanoka 今につながる日本史 非合法の失敗作 アマビエ は なぜ180年後に復活したのか blog version of column Maruyama 3 September 2020 Higōhō no shippaisaku korona taisan de kyakkō no amabie ni igai na kako 非合法の失敗作 コロナ退散で脚光のアマビエに意外な過去 Yomiuri Shimbun Online Meyer Matthew Jinja hime Yokai com Archived from the original on 1 May 2020 Retrieved 12 April 2020 Ando Kenji in Japanese 2020 03 17 Amabie no shōtai wa ryugunotsukai Shingata korona de dairyu アマビエの正体はリュウグウノツカイ Huffington Post Tsunemitsu Tōru in Japanese March 2012b Ryukōbyō to yogenju 流行病と予言獣 Epidemic and Prophet Beasts Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History Report on Investigation and Research Activity 174 200 English abstract 竜宮城の雰囲気を踏襲しながら ますます便利で快適に片瀬江ノ島駅の改良工事を実施します Carrying out improvements on Katase Enoshima Station more conveniently and comfortably while following the feeling of Ryugu jō PDF Press release in Japanese Odakyu 12 December 2017 Archived from the original PDF on 12 December 2017 Retrieved 10 April 2020 The Legend of Ryujin KCP International 23 June 2014 Archived from the original on 12 April 2020 Retrieved 12 April 2020 Ryugu Shrine Japan RAIL amp TRAVEL KOTSU SHIMBUNSHA 24 September 2019 Archived from the original on 12 April 2020 Retrieved 12 April 2020 Ryugu Shrine KYUSHU x TOKYO Archived from the original on 12 April 2020 Retrieved 12 April 2020 Palace of the Dragon King Shrine Ryugu Jinja IKIDANE NIPPON Archived from the original on 12 April 2020 Retrieved 12 April 2020 Ryugu Shrine 龍宮神社 KAGOSHIMA Visitors GUIDE Kagoshima Internationalization Council Archived from the original on 19 February 2020 Retrieved 12 April 2020 Ryugu Shrine Japan Travel NAVITIME JAPAN 18 December 2017 Archived from the original on 12 April 2020 Retrieved 12 April 2020 Bibliography edit Brauns David in German ed 1885 Uraschimataro Japanische Marchen und Sagen in German Leipzig Wilhelm Friedrich pp 59 68 Chamberlain B H 1886 The Fisher boy Urashima Japanese Fairy Tale Series 8 Kobayashi Eitaku illustr T Hasegawa Kōbunsha alt copy Library of Congress Hayakawa Yoshie March 2018 Meiji nenkan no Urashima tachi shōsetsu to gikyoku to jidōbungaku 明治年間の 浦島 たち 小説 と 戯曲 と 児童文学 Eco philosophy 12 39 47 doi 10 34428 00009813 Hayashi Kōhei 2001 Urashima densetsu ni okeru gazō no mondai 浦島伝説における画像の諸問題 Various issues on images in the Urashima legend Proceedings of the International Conference on Japanese Literature 24 41 43 45 54 Hayashi Kōhei September 2009 Okkusufōdo daigaku zō emaki Urashima Tarō no honkoku to kaidai 片岡政行英訳 うらしま 覚書 A Note on English Version Urashima Translated by Masayuki Kataoka PDF Bulletin of Tomakomai Komazawa University 4 73 94 ndljp 4265673 archived from the original PDF on 2010 12 26 Hayashi Kōhei 2013 Okkusufōdo daigaku zō emaki Urashima Tarō no honkoku to kaidai オックスフォード大学蔵絵巻 浦島太郎 の翻刻と解題 The Tale of Urashima in the Bodleian Library University of Oxford PDF Bulletin of Tomakomai Komazawa University 27 1 31 Hayashi Kōhei 2019 Ehon Urashima Tarō no tenkai Kindai ni okeru Urashima densetsu no hasssei to hensen 絵本 浦島太郎 の展開 近代における浦島伝説の発生と変遷 The Picture Book URASHIMA TARO and Its Development PDF Bulletin of Tomakomai Komazawa University 34 23 104 James T H 1886 The Princes Fire flash amp Fire fade Japanese Fairy Tale Series Kobayashi Eitaku illustr T Hasegawa Kōbunsha Lang Andrew ed 1897 Uraschimataro and the Turtle The Pink Fairy Book Longmans Green pp 25 32 Project Gutenberg text McKeon Midori Yamamoto 1996 The Urashima Legend Changing Gender Representations in a Japanese Tale University of California Berkeley Makino Yoko 牧野陽子 2011 Unasaka no fukei Han to Chenbaren sorezore no Urashima densetsu 1 海界の風景 ハーンとチェンバレンそれぞれの浦島伝説 一 Past the bounds of Ocean The Legend of Urashima as told by L Hearn and B S Chamberlain 1 Seijo University Economic Papers in Japanese 191 138 116 Miura Sukeyuki in Japanese 1989 Urashima Tarō no bungakushi Renai shōsetsu no hassei 浦島太郎の文学史 恋愛小説の発生 Goryu shoin ISBN 4906010369 Miyao Yoshio in Japanese ed 2009 Urashima Taiyaku nihon mukashibanashishu 対訳日本昔噺集 Japanese Fairy Tale Series in English and Japanese Vol 2 Translated by Chamberlain Basil Hall Kobayashi Eitaku illustr Sairyusha pp 25ff 301ff ISBN 9784779113710 Mori Rintarō Suzuki Miekichi Matsumura Takeo in Japanese Mabuchi Reiyu eds 1920 1921 Urashima Tarō 浦島太郞 Nihon densetsu Hyōjun otogi bunko 日本伝説 標準於伽文庫 Vol 1 Hamada Josen 浜田如洗 et al illustr Baifukan pp 1 30 doi 10 11501 1716320 Ozaki Yei Theodora 1903 The Story of Urashima Taro the Fisher Lad Japanese Fairy Tales Westminster Archibald Constable amp Co pp 26 43 Satomi Shigemi 2001 Han no Urashima densetsu ni taisuru ninshiki washinton avingu no sakuhin wo kijiku ni ハーンの浦島伝説に対する認識 ワシントン アーヴィングの作品を基軸に Hearn s conception of Urashima Legend with Washington Irving s works as base Hikaku bungaku the Journal of Comparative Literature of JCLA in Japanese 44 99 111 Shimozawa Kiyoko 1980 Urashima setsuwa no hensen 浦島説話の変遷 Transition of Urashima narrative Nara University of Education Kokubun kenkyu to kyōiku 4 27 37 hdl 10105 10481 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ryugu jō amp oldid 1220959735, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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