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Long-tailed shrike

April 13, 2024

For the African long-tailed shrike, see Magpie shrike.

The long-tailed shrike or rufous-backed shrike (Lanius schach) is a member of the bird family Laniidae, the shrikes. They are found widely distributed across Asia and there are variations in plumage across the range. The species ranges across much of Asia, both on the mainland and the eastern archipelagos. The eastern or Himalayan subspecies, L. s. tricolor, is sometimes called the black-headed shrike. Although there are considerable differences in plumage among the subspecies, they all have a long and narrow black tail, have a black mask and forehead, rufous rump and flanks and a small white patch on the shoulder. It is considered to form a superspecies with the grey-backed shrike (Lanius tephronotus) which breeds on the Tibetan Plateau.

Long-tailed shrike
Long tailed shrike in Sumatra, Indonesia
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Laniidae
Genus: Lanius
Species:
L. schach
Binomial name
Lanius schach
Subspecies
  • L. s. stresemanni Mertens, 1923
  • L. s. bentet Horsfield, 1822
  • L. s. suluensis (Mearns, 1905)
  • L. s. nasutus Scopoli, 1780
  • L. s. schach Linnaeus, 1758
  • L. s. longicaudatus Ogilvie-Grant, 1902
  • L. s. tricolor Hodgson, 1837
  • L. s. caniceps Blyth, 1846
  • L. s. erythronotus (Vigors, 1831)
Rough distribution of key forms

Taxonomy edit

The long-tailed shrike was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Lanius schach. Linnaeus cited the description that the Swedish explorer Pehr Osbeck had included in the account of his stay in China.[2][3] The type locality is the Canton area of China.[4] The genus name, Lanius, is derived from the Latin word for "butcher", and some shrikes are also known as "butcher birds" because of their feeding habits. The specific schach is an onomatopoeic name based on the call.[5] The common English name "shrike" is from Old English scríc, "shriek", referring to the shrill call.[6]

Nine subspecies are recognised:[7]

  • L. s. erythronotus (Vigors, 1831) – south Kazakhstan to northeast Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and north-central India
  • L. s. caniceps Blyth, 1846 – west, central, south India and Sri Lanka
  • L. s. tricolor Hodgson, 1837 – Nepal and east India through Myanmar and south China to north Laos and north Thailand
  • L. s. schach Linnaeus, 1758 – central, southeast China to north Vietnam
  • L. s. longicaudatus Ogilvie-Grant, 1902 – central, southeast Thailand and south Laos
  • L. s. bentet Horsfield, 1821 – Malay Peninsula, Greater and Lesser Sundas and Borneo
  • L. s. nasutus Scopoli, 1786 – Philippines (except Palawan group and Sulu Archipelago)
  • L. s. suluensis (Mearns, 1905) – Sulu Archipelago (south Philippines)
  • L. s. stresemanni Mertens, 1923 – montane east New Guinea

Stuart Baker in the second edition of The Fauna of British India considered Lanius schach, Lanius tephronotus and Lanius tricolor as three species. He considered nigriceps as synonymous with tricolor and included erythronotus as a race of schach. Other treatments were proposed by Hugh Whistler and N B Kinnear where tephronotus was considered a subspecies of schach and nigriceps and nasutus grouped together. Another treatment considered tricolor as a subspecies of L. tephronotus.[8] It was subsequently however noted that tephronotus and schach co-occurred in the Kumaon region and so the two were confirmed as distinct species. Molecular distances also indicate that they are distant enough.[9] The erythronotus group have a grey head which continues into the back with a gradual suffusion of rufous. The westernmost population from Transcaspia named by Sergei Buturlin as jaxartensis and said to be larger, is not considered valid.[10] A very light grey form from western dry region of India named by Walter Koelz as kathiawarensis is also considered merely as a variant.[11] In southern India and Sri Lanka, subspecies caniceps, is marked by the rufous restricted to the rump, light crown and the pure grey on the back. Biswamoy Biswas supported the view that nigriceps (having upper mantle grey and lower mantle rufous) was a hybrid of tricolor and erythronotus.[12][13]

Subspecies longicaudatus has a greyer crown and is found in Thailand and Burma. The nominate subspecies is found in China from the Yangtze valley south to Hainan and Taiwan. Some individuals of the nominate form show melanism and were once described as a species fuscatus.[9][14] Island forms include nasutus (Philippine Islands from Mindanao to Luzon and north Borneo), suluensis (Sulu Island), bentet (Sunda Islands and Sumatra other than Borneo) and stresemanni of New Guinea.[4]

Description edit

The long-tailed shrike is a typical shrike, favouring dry open habitats and found perched prominently atop a bush or on a wire. The dark mask through the eye is broad and covers the forehead in most subspecies and the whole head is black in subspecies tricolor and nasutus. The tail is narrow and graduated with pale rufous on the outer feathers. Subspecies erythronotus has the grey of the mantle and upper back suffused with rufous while the southern Indian caniceps has pure grey.[15] A small amount of white is present at the base of the primaries. The bay-backed shrike is smaller and more contrastingly patterned and has a more prominent white patch on the wing. The sexes are alike in plumage.[16]

Distribution and habitat edit

The species is found across Asia from Kazakhstan to New Guinea. It is found mainly in scrub and open habitats. Many of the temperate zone populations are migratory, moving south in winter while those in the tropics tend to be sedentary although they may make short distance movements. Subspecies caniceps of southern India is found in winter in the dry coastal zone of southern India.[15][17] Subspecies tricolor migrates south to Bengal in India.[18] They are found in scrub, grassland and open land under cultivation. A survey in southern India found them to be among the commonest wintering shrikes and found at a linear density along roadsides at about 0.58 per kilometer, often choosing wires to perch.[19]

This species is a rare vagrant to western Europe on the strength of two accepted records in Great Britain on South Uist in November 2000[20] and the Netherlands near Den Helder in October 2011. A bird matching the features of caniceps was seen on the island of Maldives.[21] It has also occurred as a vagrant to Jordan,[22] Israel, Turkey,[23]

Behaviour and ecology edit

 
Upright posture (ssp. erythronotus (Keoladeo National Park, India)

This bird has a characteristic upright "shrike" attitude when perched on a bush, from which it glides down at an angle to take lizards, large insects, small birds and rodents. They maintain feeding territories and are usually found single or in pairs that are well spaced out. Several members have been observed indulging in play behaviour fighting over perches.[24] The usual calls are harsh grating and scolding calls, likened to the squealing of a frog caught by a snake. They are capable of vocal mimicry and include the calls of many species including lapwings, cuckoos, puppies and squirrels in their song.[15] This singing ability makes it a popular pet in parts of southeast Asia.[25][26]

Long-tailed shrikes take a wide variety of animal prey. On occasion, they have been noted capturing fish from a stream.[27] They also take small snakes.[28] It sometimes indulges in kleptoparasitism and takes prey from other birds. It also captures flying insects in the air. They sometimes impale prey on a thorny bush after feeding just on the head or brain. They have been reported to feed on the fruits of the neem in Kerala, even attempting to impale them on a twig.[15][29]

The breeding season is in summer in the temperate ranges. The nest is a deep and loose cup made up of thorny twigs, rags and hair. This is placed in a thorny bush, trees such as Flacourtia and wild date palms (Phoenix).[30] The usual clutch is about 3 to 6 eggs which are incubated by both sexes. The eggs hatch after about 13 to 16 days. Young chicks are often fed with pieces of small birds captured by the parents.[31] A second brood may be raised in the same nest. They are sometimes parasitized by cuckoos such as the common cuckoo (Dehra Dun), common hawk-cuckoo, Jacobin cuckoo and the Asian koel in Bangladesh.[15][32]

References edit

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Lanius schach". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22705029A93997036. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22705029A93997036.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tenth ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 94.
  3. ^ Osbeck, Pehr (1757). Dagbok öfwer en Ostindisk resa åren 1750, 1751, 1752 : Med anmårkningar uti naturkunnigheten, fråmmande folkslags språk (in Swedish). Stockholm: Ludv. Grefing. p. 227.
  4. ^ a b Mayr, E.; Greenway, J.C. Jr, eds. (1960). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 9. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 349–351.
  5. ^ Jobling, J.A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 219, 349. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  6. ^ "Shrike". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  7. ^ Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (2022). "Shrikes, vireos, shrike-babblers". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  8. ^ Biswas, B. (1962). "Further notes on the shrikes Lanius tephronotus and Lanius schach". Ibis. 104 (1): 112–115. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1962.tb08635.x.
  9. ^ a b Zhang, W.; Lei, F.-M.; Liang, G.; Yin, Z.-H.; Zhao, H.-F.; Wang, H.; Krištín, A. (2007). "Taxonomic status of eight Asian shrike species (Lanius): phylogenetic analysis based on Cyt b and CoI gene sequences". Acta Ornithologica. 42 (2): 173–180. doi:10.3161/068.042.0212.
  10. ^ Vaurie, C. (1955). "Systematic Notes on Palearctic Birds. No. 17 Laniidae". American Museum Novitates (1752): 1–19. hdl:2246/3647.
  11. ^ Abdulali, H. (1975). "On the validity of Lanius schach kathiawarensis Koelz". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 72 (3): 854–855.
  12. ^ Biswas, B. (1950). "On the shrike Lanius tephronotus (Vigors), with remarks on the erythronotus and tricolor groups of Lanius schach Linne, and their hybrids". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 49 (3): 444–455.
  13. ^ Dunajewski, A. (1939). "Gliederung und Verbreitung des Formenkreises Lanius schach L". Journal für Ornithologie (in German). 83 (1): 28–53. doi:10.1007/BF01950811. S2CID 36528094.
  14. ^ Huang, J.; Zhao, S.; Lin, Y.; Yang, L.; Chen, Y.; Tang, S.; Hu, H. (2009). "Comparison of breeding ecology between two color morphs of Lanius schach" (PDF). Zoological Research. 30 (3): 288–294. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1141.2009.03288.
  15. ^ a b c d e Ali, S. & Ripley, S.D. (1986). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 7 (Second ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 93–98.
  16. ^ Rasmussen, P.C. & Anderton, J.C . (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vol. 2. pp. 350–351.
  17. ^ Guruswami, V. (1997). "South Indian Grey-backed Shrike Lanius schach caniceps". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 37 (5): 91.
  18. ^ Law, S.C. (1932). "The status of the Indian Blackheaded Shrike Lanius nigriceps (Frank) in lower Bengal". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 36 (1): 259–262.
  19. ^ Pande, S.; Pawashe, A.; Sant, N.; Mahabal, A. (2004). "Status, habitat preferences and population estimates of non-breeding shrikes Lanius spp. in Maharashtra and Karnataka states, India". Biological Letters. 41 (2): 65–69.
  20. ^ Stevenson, A. (2000). "The Long-tailed Shrike on the Outer Hebrides – a new British bird". Birding World. 13 (11): 454–457.
  21. ^ Anderson, C.; Baldock, M. (2001). (PDF). Forktail. 17: 67–73. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-26.
  22. ^ Dufourny, H. (2006). "First Record of Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach for Jordan". Sandgrouse. 28 (1): 73–75.
  23. ^ Shirihai, H.; Golan, Y. (1994). "First records of Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach in Israel and Turkey". Sandgrouse. 16 (1): 36–40.
  24. ^ Serrao, J.S. (1969). "A curious play of Rufousbacked Shrikes". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 9 (11): 9.
  25. ^ Sodhi, N.S.; Sekercioğlu, C.H.; Barlow, J. & Robinson, S. (2011). Conservation of Tropical Birds. John Wiley & Sons. p. 163. ISBN 9781444334821.
  26. ^ Shepherd, C.R. (2006). "The bird trade in Medan, north Sumatra: an overview" (PDF). BirdingASIA. 5: 16–24.
  27. ^ Magrath, H.A.F. (1910). "The food of the Rufous-backed Shrike (Lanius erythronotus)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 20 (1): 218.
  28. ^ Mohan, D. (1994). "Rufousbacked Shrike (Lanius schach Linne) feeding a Striped Keelback (Amphiesma stolata) to Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus Linne) fledgeling". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 91 (1): 143.
  29. ^ Neelakantan, K.K. (1952). "More stray bird notes from Malabar". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 50 (3): 664–667.
  30. ^ Law, S.C. (1933). "Further notes on the nesting of Lanius nigriceps Frank. with observations on juvenile plumage". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 36: 499–501.
  31. ^ Yoong, KS (2011). "Observations on the hunting and feeding behaviour of breeding Long-tailed Shrikes Lanius schach". BirdingASIA. 16: 71–74.
  32. ^ Begum, S; Moksnes, A; Røskaft, E & Stokke, BG (2011). "Factors influencing host nest use by the brood parasitic Asian Koel (Eudynamys scolopacea)". Journal of Ornithology. 152 (3): 793–800. doi:10.1007/s10336-011-0652-y. S2CID 39665560.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lanius schach.
  • Photographs and media on the Internet Bird Collection

April 13, 2024
long, tailed, shrike, african, long, tailed, shrike, magpie, shrike, long, tailed, shrike, rufous, backed, shrike, lanius, schach, member, bird, family, laniidae, shrikes, they, found, widely, distributed, across, asia, there, variations, plumage, across, rang. For the African long tailed shrike see Magpie shrike The long tailed shrike or rufous backed shrike Lanius schach is a member of the bird family Laniidae the shrikes They are found widely distributed across Asia and there are variations in plumage across the range The species ranges across much of Asia both on the mainland and the eastern archipelagos The eastern or Himalayan subspecies L s tricolor is sometimes called the black headed shrike Although there are considerable differences in plumage among the subspecies they all have a long and narrow black tail have a black mask and forehead rufous rump and flanks and a small white patch on the shoulder It is considered to form a superspecies with the grey backed shrike Lanius tephronotus which breeds on the Tibetan Plateau Long tailed shrikeLong tailed shrike in Sumatra IndonesiaConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PasseriformesFamily LaniidaeGenus LaniusSpecies L schachBinomial nameLanius schachLinnaeus 1758SubspeciesL s stresemanni Mertens 1923 L s bentet Horsfield 1822 L s suluensis Mearns 1905 L s nasutus Scopoli 1780 L s schach Linnaeus 1758 L s longicaudatus Ogilvie Grant 1902 L s tricolor Hodgson 1837 L s caniceps Blyth 1846 L s erythronotus Vigors 1831 Rough distribution of key forms Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behaviour and ecology 5 References 6 External linksTaxonomy editThe long tailed shrike was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Lanius schach Linnaeus cited the description that the Swedish explorer Pehr Osbeck had included in the account of his stay in China 2 3 The type locality is the Canton area of China 4 The genus name Lanius is derived from the Latin word for butcher and some shrikes are also known as butcher birds because of their feeding habits The specific schach is an onomatopoeic name based on the call 5 The common English name shrike is from Old English scric shriek referring to the shrill call 6 Nine subspecies are recognised 7 L s erythronotus Vigors 1831 south Kazakhstan to northeast Iran Afghanistan Pakistan and north central India L s caniceps Blyth 1846 west central south India and Sri Lanka L s tricolor Hodgson 1837 Nepal and east India through Myanmar and south China to north Laos and north Thailand L s schach Linnaeus 1758 central southeast China to north Vietnam L s longicaudatus Ogilvie Grant 1902 central southeast Thailand and south Laos L s bentet Horsfield 1821 Malay Peninsula Greater and Lesser Sundas and Borneo L s nasutus Scopoli 1786 Philippines except Palawan group and Sulu Archipelago L s suluensis Mearns 1905 Sulu Archipelago south Philippines L s stresemanni Mertens 1923 montane east New GuineaStuart Baker in the second edition of The Fauna of British India considered Lanius schach Lanius tephronotus and Lanius tricolor as three species He considered nigriceps as synonymous with tricolor and included erythronotus as a race of schach Other treatments were proposed by Hugh Whistler and N B Kinnear where tephronotus was considered a subspecies of schach and nigriceps and nasutus grouped together Another treatment considered tricolor as a subspecies of L tephronotus 8 It was subsequently however noted that tephronotus and schach co occurred in the Kumaon region and so the two were confirmed as distinct species Molecular distances also indicate that they are distant enough 9 The erythronotus group have a grey head which continues into the back with a gradual suffusion of rufous The westernmost population from Transcaspia named by Sergei Buturlin as jaxartensis and said to be larger is not considered valid 10 A very light grey form from western dry region of India named by Walter Koelz as kathiawarensis is also considered merely as a variant 11 In southern India and Sri Lanka subspecies caniceps is marked by the rufous restricted to the rump light crown and the pure grey on the back Biswamoy Biswas supported the view that nigriceps having upper mantle grey and lower mantle rufous was a hybrid of tricolor and erythronotus 12 13 Subspecies longicaudatus has a greyer crown and is found in Thailand and Burma The nominate subspecies is found in China from the Yangtze valley south to Hainan and Taiwan Some individuals of the nominate form show melanism and were once described as a species fuscatus 9 14 Island forms include nasutus Philippine Islands from Mindanao to Luzon and north Borneo suluensis Sulu Island bentet Sunda Islands and Sumatra other than Borneo and stresemanni of New Guinea 4 Description editThe long tailed shrike is a typical shrike favouring dry open habitats and found perched prominently atop a bush or on a wire The dark mask through the eye is broad and covers the forehead in most subspecies and the whole head is black in subspecies tricolor and nasutus The tail is narrow and graduated with pale rufous on the outer feathers Subspecies erythronotus has the grey of the mantle and upper back suffused with rufous while the southern Indian caniceps has pure grey 15 A small amount of white is present at the base of the primaries The bay backed shrike is smaller and more contrastingly patterned and has a more prominent white patch on the wing The sexes are alike in plumage 16 Distribution and habitat editThe species is found across Asia from Kazakhstan to New Guinea It is found mainly in scrub and open habitats Many of the temperate zone populations are migratory moving south in winter while those in the tropics tend to be sedentary although they may make short distance movements Subspecies caniceps of southern India is found in winter in the dry coastal zone of southern India 15 17 Subspecies tricolor migrates south to Bengal in India 18 They are found in scrub grassland and open land under cultivation A survey in southern India found them to be among the commonest wintering shrikes and found at a linear density along roadsides at about 0 58 per kilometer often choosing wires to perch 19 This species is a rare vagrant to western Europe on the strength of two accepted records in Great Britain on South Uist in November 2000 20 and the Netherlands near Den Helder in October 2011 A bird matching the features of caniceps was seen on the island of Maldives 21 It has also occurred as a vagrant to Jordan 22 Israel Turkey 23 Behaviour and ecology edit nbsp Upright posture ssp erythronotus Keoladeo National Park India This bird has a characteristic upright shrike attitude when perched on a bush from which it glides down at an angle to take lizards large insects small birds and rodents They maintain feeding territories and are usually found single or in pairs that are well spaced out Several members have been observed indulging in play behaviour fighting over perches 24 The usual calls are harsh grating and scolding calls likened to the squealing of a frog caught by a snake They are capable of vocal mimicry and include the calls of many species including lapwings cuckoos puppies and squirrels in their song 15 This singing ability makes it a popular pet in parts of southeast Asia 25 26 Long tailed shrikes take a wide variety of animal prey On occasion they have been noted capturing fish from a stream 27 They also take small snakes 28 It sometimes indulges in kleptoparasitism and takes prey from other birds It also captures flying insects in the air They sometimes impale prey on a thorny bush after feeding just on the head or brain They have been reported to feed on the fruits of the neem in Kerala even attempting to impale them on a twig 15 29 The breeding season is in summer in the temperate ranges The nest is a deep and loose cup made up of thorny twigs rags and hair This is placed in a thorny bush trees such as Flacourtia and wild date palms Phoenix 30 The usual clutch is about 3 to 6 eggs which are incubated by both sexes The eggs hatch after about 13 to 16 days Young chicks are often fed with pieces of small birds captured by the parents 31 A second brood may be raised in the same nest They are sometimes parasitized by cuckoos such as the common cuckoo Dehra Dun common hawk cuckoo Jacobin cuckoo and the Asian koel in Bangladesh 15 32 References edit BirdLife International 2016 Lanius schach IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T22705029A93997036 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22705029A93997036 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 Linnaeus C 1758 Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis in Latin Vol 1 Tenth ed Holmiae Stockholm Laurentii Salvii p 94 Osbeck Pehr 1757 Dagbok ofwer en Ostindisk resa aren 1750 1751 1752 Med anmarkningar uti naturkunnigheten frammande folkslags sprak in Swedish Stockholm Ludv Grefing p 227 a b Mayr E Greenway J C Jr eds 1960 Check List of Birds of the World Vol 9 Cambridge Massachusetts Museum of Comparative Zoology pp 349 351 Jobling J A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm pp 219 349 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Shrike Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required Gill F Donsker D Rasmussen P eds 2022 Shrikes vireos shrike babblers IOC World Bird List Version 12 1 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 3 March 2022 Biswas B 1962 Further notes on the shrikes Lanius tephronotus and Lanius schach Ibis 104 1 112 115 doi 10 1111 j 1474 919X 1962 tb08635 x a b Zhang W Lei F M Liang G Yin Z H Zhao H F Wang H Kristin A 2007 Taxonomic status of eight Asian shrike species Lanius phylogenetic analysis based on Cyt b and CoI gene sequences Acta Ornithologica 42 2 173 180 doi 10 3161 068 042 0212 Vaurie C 1955 Systematic Notes on Palearctic Birds No 17 Laniidae American Museum Novitates 1752 1 19 hdl 2246 3647 Abdulali H 1975 On the validity of Lanius schach kathiawarensis Koelz Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 72 3 854 855 Biswas B 1950 On the shrike Lanius tephronotus Vigors with remarks on the erythronotus and tricolor groups of Lanius schach Linne and their hybrids Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 49 3 444 455 Dunajewski A 1939 Gliederung und Verbreitung des Formenkreises Lanius schach L Journal fur Ornithologie in German 83 1 28 53 doi 10 1007 BF01950811 S2CID 36528094 Huang J Zhao S Lin Y Yang L Chen Y Tang S Hu H 2009 Comparison of breeding ecology between two color morphs of Lanius schach PDF Zoological Research 30 3 288 294 doi 10 3724 SP J 1141 2009 03288 a b c d e Ali S amp Ripley S D 1986 Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan Vol 7 Second ed New Delhi Oxford University Press pp 93 98 Rasmussen P C amp Anderton J C 2005 Birds of South Asia The Ripley Guide Vol 2 pp 350 351 Guruswami V 1997 South Indian Grey backed Shrike Lanius schach caniceps Newsletter for Birdwatchers 37 5 91 Law S C 1932 The status of the Indian Blackheaded Shrike Lanius nigriceps Frank in lower Bengal Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 36 1 259 262 Pande S Pawashe A Sant N Mahabal A 2004 Status habitat preferences and population estimates of non breeding shrikes Lanius spp in Maharashtra and Karnataka states India Biological Letters 41 2 65 69 Stevenson A 2000 The Long tailed Shrike on the Outer Hebrides a new British bird Birding World 13 11 454 457 Anderson C Baldock M 2001 New records of birds from the Maldives with notes on other species PDF Forktail 17 67 73 Archived from the original PDF on 2012 02 26 Dufourny H 2006 First Record of Long tailed Shrike Lanius schach for Jordan Sandgrouse 28 1 73 75 Shirihai H Golan Y 1994 First records of Long tailed Shrike Lanius schach in Israel and Turkey Sandgrouse 16 1 36 40 Serrao J S 1969 A curious play of Rufousbacked Shrikes Newsletter for Birdwatchers 9 11 9 Sodhi N S Sekercioglu C H Barlow J amp Robinson S 2011 Conservation of Tropical Birds John Wiley amp Sons p 163 ISBN 9781444334821 Shepherd C R 2006 The bird trade in Medan north Sumatra an overview PDF BirdingASIA 5 16 24 Magrath H A F 1910 The food of the Rufous backed Shrike Lanius erythronotus Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 20 1 218 Mohan D 1994 Rufousbacked Shrike Lanius schach Linne feeding a Striped Keelback Amphiesma stolata to Cuckoo Cuculus canorus Linne fledgeling Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 91 1 143 Neelakantan K K 1952 More stray bird notes from Malabar Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 50 3 664 667 Law S C 1933 Further notes on the nesting of Lanius nigriceps Frank with observations on juvenile plumage Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 36 499 501 Yoong KS 2011 Observations on the hunting and feeding behaviour of breeding Long tailed Shrikes Lanius schach BirdingASIA 16 71 74 Begum S Moksnes A Roskaft E amp Stokke BG 2011 Factors influencing host nest use by the brood parasitic Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea Journal of Ornithology 152 3 793 800 doi 10 1007 s10336 011 0652 y S2CID 39665560 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lanius schach Photographs and media on the Internet Bird Collection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Long tailed shrike amp oldid 1210658037, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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