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Rotating detonation engine

January 01, 1970

A rotating detonation engine (RDE) uses a form of pressure gain combustion, where one or more detonations continuously travel around an annular channel. Computational simulations and experimental results have shown that the RDE has potential in transport and other applications.[1][2]

A prototype RDE under test at the Marshall Space Flight Centre

In detonative combustion, the flame front expands at supersonic speed. It is theoretically more efficient than conventional deflagrative combustion by as much as 25%.[3] Such an efficiency gain would provide major fuel savings.[4][5]

Disadvantages include instability and noise.

Concept edit

The basic concept of an RDE is a detonation wave that travels around a circular channel (annulus). Fuel and oxidizer are injected into the channel, normally through small holes or slits. A detonation is initiated in the fuel/oxidizer mixture by some form of igniter. After the engine is started, the detonations are self-sustaining. One detonation ignites the fuel/oxidizer mixture, which releases the energy necessary to sustain the detonation. The combustion products expand out of the channel and are pushed out of the channel by the incoming fuel and oxidizer.[2]

Although the RDE's design is similar to the pulse detonation engine (PDE), the RDE is superior because the waves cycle around the chamber, while the PDE requires the chambers to be purged after each pulse.[6]

Development edit

Several organizations work on RDEs.

General Electric edit

In 2023 GE demonstrated a subscale laboratory turbine based combined cycle (TBCC) system that combined a Mach 2.5-class turbofan paired with a rotating detonation-dual-mode ramjet (RD-DMRJ). The test came 18 months after program launch. The company reported rotating detonations of a compressed fuel-air mixture in the presence of the supersonic airflow necessary for speeds above Mach 5.[7]

DARPA edit

DARPA is working with RTX on Gambit, researching the application of rotating detonation engines for supersonic air-launched standoff missiles.[8][9] DARPA is also working with Venus Aerospace which successfully tested its RDRE engine in March 2024.[10]

US Navy edit

The US Navy has been pushing development.[11] Researchers at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) have a particular interest in the capability of detonation engines such as the RDE to reduce the fuel consumption of their ships.[12][11] Several obstacles must still be overcome in order to use the RDE in the field. As of 2012, NRL researchers were focusing on better understanding how the RDE works.[13]

Aerojet Rocketdyne edit

Since 2010, Aerojet Rocketdyne has conducted over 520 tests of multiple configurations.[14]

NASA edit

Daniel Paxson[15] at the Glenn Research Center used simulations in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to assess the RDE's detonation frame of reference and compare performance with the PDE.[16] He found that an RDE can perform at least on the same level as a PDE. Furthermore, he found that RDE performance can be directly compared to the PDE as their performance was essentially the same.

On January 25, 2023, NASA reported successfully testing its first full-scale rotating detonation rocket engine (RDRE). This engine produced 4,000 lbf (18 kN) of thrust. NASA has stated their intention to create a 10,000-pound-force (44 kN) thrust unit as the next research step.[17] On December 20, 2023, a full-scale Rotating Detonation Rocket Engine combustor was reportedly fired for 251 seconds, achieving more than 5,800-pound-force (26 kN) of thrust. Test stand video captured at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville Alabama USA, demonstrated ignition.[18]

Energomash edit

According to Russian Vice Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin, in mid-January 2018 NPO Energomash company completed the initial test phase of a 2-ton class liquid propellant RDE and plans to develop larger models for use in space launch vehicles.[19]

Purdue University edit

In May 2016, a team of researchers affiliated with the US Air Force developed a rotating detonation rocket engine operating with liquid oxygen and natural gas as propellants.[20] Additional RDE testing was conducted at Purdue University, including a test article called "Detonation Rig for Optical, Non-intrusive Experimental measurements (DRONE)", an "unwrapped" semi-bounded, linear detonation channel experiment.[21] IN Space LLC, in a contract with the US Air Force, tested a 22,000 N (4,900 lbf) thrust rotating detonation rocket engine (RDRE) while testing with liquid oxygen and gaseous methane at Purdue University in 2021.[22]

University of Central Florida edit

In May 2020, a team of engineering researchers affiliated with the US Air Force claimed to have developed a highly experimental working model rotating detonation engine capable of producing 200 lbf (890 N) of thrust operating on a hydrogen/oxygen fuel mix.[23]

JAXA edit

On July 26, 2021 (UTC), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) succeeded in testing the RDE in space for the first time in the world by launching the S-520-31 sounding rocket equipped with a 500 N class RDE in the second stage.[24] The engine used gaseous methane and oxygen as propellants, generating an average thrust of 518 N and delivering 290 seconds of specific impulse. Rotating combustion also created a torque of 0.26 N·m, so a S-shaped pulse detonation engine was used to reduce the spin of the stage.[25][26]

Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Aviation edit

On September 15, 2021, the Warsaw Institute of Aviation performed the first successful flight test of an experimental rocket powered by a rotating detonation rocket engine, powered by liquid propellants. The test took place on September 15, 2021, at the testing ground of the Military Institute of Armament Technology in Zielonka near Warsaw in Poland. The rocket engine, according to the plan, worked for 3.2 s, accelerating the rocket to a speed of about 90 m/s, which allowed the rocket to reach an altitude of 450 m.[27]

Beijing Power Machinery Institute edit

In 2023 researchers announced a demonstration unit of a hybrid air-breathing engine. It combines a continuous RDE for propulsion at below Mach 7 with an oblique detonation engine for use at speeds up to Mach 16. The oblique detonation waves are stationary and stabilized. BPMI is China’s leading ramjet manufacturer.[28]

Chongqing University Industrial Technology Research Institute/Thrust-to-Weight Ratio Engine edit

Earlier in 2023, China achieved the world’s first RDE drone flight. The drone successfully flew at an undisclosed airfield in Gansu province. The FB-1 Rotating Detonation Engine was developed jointly by Chongqing University Industrial Technology Research Institute and private company Thrust-to-Weight Ratio Engine (TWR).[28]

Other research edit

Other experiments have used numerical procedures to better understand the flow-field of the RDE.[29] In 2020, a study from the University of Washington explored an experimental device that allowed control of parameters such as the width of the annulus. Using a high-speed camera, researchers were able to view it operating in extreme slow motion. Based on that they developed a mathematical model to describe the process.[30]

In 2021, the Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, successfully tested the world's first hypersonic detonation wave engine powered by kerosene, which could propel a plane at Mach 9.[31]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Lu, Frank; Braun, Eric (7 July 2014). "Rotating Detonation Wave Propulsion: Experimental Challenges, Modelling, and Engine Concepts". Journal of Propulsion and Power. 30 (5). The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics: 1125–1142. doi:10.2514/1.B34802. S2CID 73520772.
  2. ^ a b Wolanski, Piotr (2013). "Detonative Propulsion". Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 34 (1): 125–158. doi:10.1016/j.proci.2012.10.005.
  3. ^ Птичкин, Сергей (2018-01-18). "В России испытали модель детонационного двигателя для ракет будущего". Российская газета (in Russian). Retrieved 2018-02-10.
  4. ^ Cao, Huan; Wilson, Donald (2013). "Parametric Cycle Analysis of Continuous Rotating Detonation Ejector-Augmented Rocket Engine". 49th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference. doi:10.2514/6.2013-3971. ISBN 978-1-62410-222-6.
  5. ^ Schwer, Douglas; Kailasanath, Kailas (25 September 2010). "Numerical Investigation of the Physics of Rotating Detonation Engines". Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 33 (2). Elsevier, Inc.: 2195–2202. doi:10.1016/j.proci.2010.07.050.
  6. ^ Fernelius, Mark; Elia, Shareil; Musielak, Dora E. . AIAA Pressure Gain Combustion Program Committee. Archived from the original on 2017-01-01. Retrieved 2016-12-30.
  7. ^ Trimble, Steve (December 19, 2023). "Rotating Detonation Sparks GE Path To Hypersonic Future | Aviation Week Network". aviationweek.com. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
  8. ^ Salvatore, Buccellato. "Gambit". darpa.mil. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
  9. ^ "RTX to develop rotating detonation engine for DARPA". Retrieved 2023-12-03.
  10. ^ Szondy, David (March 11, 2024). "Video: Hypersonic rotating detonation engine in sustained test burn". New Atlas. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
  11. ^ a b Threewitt, Cherise (2013-03-08). "How the Rotating Detonation Engine Works". HowStuffWorks.
  12. ^ Niemeyer, Kyle (2012-11-06). "US Navy developing rotating detonation engine". Physics Today. doi:10.1063/PT.5.026505. ISSN 0031-9228.[dead link]
  13. ^ McKinney, Donna. "Navy Researchers Look to Rotating Detonation Engines to Power the Future". U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
  14. ^ Claflin, Scott; et al. (PDF). Southwest Research Institute. S2CID 161054165. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  15. ^ . www.grc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 1999-08-23. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  16. ^ "UCSB Full Bib - External Link". pegasus.library.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-09.[permanent dead link]
  17. ^ Osorio, Ray (25 January 2023). "NASA Validates Revolutionary Propulsion Design for Deep Space Missions". www.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
  18. ^ Osorio, Raymond J (20 December 2023). "NASA's 3D-printed Rotating Detonation Rocket Engine Test". www.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
  19. ^ "Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2023-12-22.[dead link]
  20. ^ Purdue LOX/NG RDE - HotFire on YouTube
  21. ^ Slabaugh, Carson (2018). "Advancing Pressure Gain Combustion in Terrestrial Turbine Systems" (PDF). netl.doe.gov. Department of Energy. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  22. ^ "ROTATING DETONATION ROCKET ENGINES (RDRE)". afresearchlab.com. Air Force Research Laboratory. 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  23. ^ Blain, Loz (5 May 2020). "World-first "impossible" rotating detonation engine fires up". New Atlas. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  24. ^ Spînu, Florina (19 August 2021). "Japan Tests Explosion-Powered Rocket for the First Time in Space, Is a Success".
  25. ^ Goto, Keisuke; et al. (2023) [2022]. "Space Flight Demonstration of Rotating Detonation Engine Using Sounding Rocket S-520-31". Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 60 (1): 273–285. Bibcode:2023JSpRo..60..273G. doi:10.2514/1.A35401. ISSN 0022-4650.
  26. ^ Kawasaki, Akira; et al. (January 3–7, 2022). Flight Demonstration of Detonation Engine System Using Sounding Rocket S-520-31: System Design. AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. doi:10.2514/6.2022-0229. ISBN 978-1-62410-631-6.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  27. ^ Poland launched a rocket powered by a detonation engine, 30 September 2021, retrieved 2021-10-07
  28. ^ a b Wang, Brian (2023-12-29). "China Makes Most Powerful Detonation Engine for Hypersonic Flight | NextBigFuture.com". Retrieved 2023-12-31.
  29. ^ Schwer, Douglas; Kailasanath, Kailas (2011-01-01). "Numerical investigation of the physics of rotating-detonation-engines". Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 33 (2): 2195–2202. doi:10.1016/j.proci.2010.07.050.
  30. ^ Strickler, Jordan (February 19, 2020). "New detonating engine could make space travel faster and cheaper". ZME Science. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  31. ^ Tamim, Baba (November 20, 2022). "China claims 'world's first' kerosene-powered engine could propel jets nine times the speed of sound".

External links edit

  • Video demonstrating how the RDE works
  • Daniel Paxson's research paper on his findings of the RDE
  • Video on the RDE - Real Engineering

January 01, 1970
rotating, detonation, engine, rotating, detonation, engine, uses, form, pressure, gain, combustion, where, more, detonations, continuously, travel, around, annular, channel, computational, simulations, experimental, results, have, shown, that, potential, trans. A rotating detonation engine RDE uses a form of pressure gain combustion where one or more detonations continuously travel around an annular channel Computational simulations and experimental results have shown that the RDE has potential in transport and other applications 1 2 A prototype RDE under test at the Marshall Space Flight Centre In detonative combustion the flame front expands at supersonic speed It is theoretically more efficient than conventional deflagrative combustion by as much as 25 3 Such an efficiency gain would provide major fuel savings 4 5 Disadvantages include instability and noise Contents 1 Concept 2 Development 2 1 General Electric 2 2 DARPA 2 3 US Navy 2 4 Aerojet Rocketdyne 2 5 NASA 2 6 Energomash 2 7 Purdue University 2 8 University of Central Florida 2 9 JAXA 2 10 Lukasiewicz Research Network Institute of Aviation 2 11 Beijing Power Machinery Institute 2 12 Chongqing University Industrial Technology Research Institute Thrust to Weight Ratio Engine 2 13 Other research 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksConcept editThe basic concept of an RDE is a detonation wave that travels around a circular channel annulus Fuel and oxidizer are injected into the channel normally through small holes or slits A detonation is initiated in the fuel oxidizer mixture by some form of igniter After the engine is started the detonations are self sustaining One detonation ignites the fuel oxidizer mixture which releases the energy necessary to sustain the detonation The combustion products expand out of the channel and are pushed out of the channel by the incoming fuel and oxidizer 2 Although the RDE s design is similar to the pulse detonation engine PDE the RDE is superior because the waves cycle around the chamber while the PDE requires the chambers to be purged after each pulse 6 Development editSeveral organizations work on RDEs General Electric edit In 2023 GE demonstrated a subscale laboratory turbine based combined cycle TBCC system that combined a Mach 2 5 class turbofan paired with a rotating detonation dual mode ramjet RD DMRJ The test came 18 months after program launch The company reported rotating detonations of a compressed fuel air mixture in the presence of the supersonic airflow necessary for speeds above Mach 5 7 DARPA edit DARPA is working with RTX on Gambit researching the application of rotating detonation engines for supersonic air launched standoff missiles 8 9 DARPA is also working with Venus Aerospace which successfully tested its RDRE engine in March 2024 10 US Navy edit The US Navy has been pushing development 11 Researchers at the Naval Research Laboratory NRL have a particular interest in the capability of detonation engines such as the RDE to reduce the fuel consumption of their ships 12 11 Several obstacles must still be overcome in order to use the RDE in the field As of 2012 NRL researchers were focusing on better understanding how the RDE works 13 Aerojet Rocketdyne edit Since 2010 Aerojet Rocketdyne has conducted over 520 tests of multiple configurations 14 NASA edit Daniel Paxson 15 at the Glenn Research Center used simulations in computational fluid dynamics CFD to assess the RDE s detonation frame of reference and compare performance with the PDE 16 He found that an RDE can perform at least on the same level as a PDE Furthermore he found that RDE performance can be directly compared to the PDE as their performance was essentially the same On January 25 2023 NASA reported successfully testing its first full scale rotating detonation rocket engine RDRE This engine produced 4 000 lbf 18 kN of thrust NASA has stated their intention to create a 10 000 pound force 44 kN thrust unit as the next research step 17 On December 20 2023 a full scale Rotating Detonation Rocket Engine combustor was reportedly fired for 251 seconds achieving more than 5 800 pound force 26 kN of thrust Test stand video captured at NASA s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville Alabama USA demonstrated ignition 18 Energomash edit According to Russian Vice Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin in mid January 2018 NPO Energomash company completed the initial test phase of a 2 ton class liquid propellant RDE and plans to develop larger models for use in space launch vehicles 19 Purdue University edit In May 2016 a team of researchers affiliated with the US Air Force developed a rotating detonation rocket engine operating with liquid oxygen and natural gas as propellants 20 Additional RDE testing was conducted at Purdue University including a test article called Detonation Rig for Optical Non intrusive Experimental measurements DRONE an unwrapped semi bounded linear detonation channel experiment 21 IN Space LLC in a contract with the US Air Force tested a 22 000 N 4 900 lbf thrust rotating detonation rocket engine RDRE while testing with liquid oxygen and gaseous methane at Purdue University in 2021 22 University of Central Florida edit In May 2020 a team of engineering researchers affiliated with the US Air Force claimed to have developed a highly experimental working model rotating detonation engine capable of producing 200 lbf 890 N of thrust operating on a hydrogen oxygen fuel mix 23 JAXA edit On July 26 2021 UTC Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency JAXA succeeded in testing the RDE in space for the first time in the world by launching the S 520 31 sounding rocket equipped with a 500 N class RDE in the second stage 24 The engine used gaseous methane and oxygen as propellants generating an average thrust of 518 N and delivering 290 seconds of specific impulse Rotating combustion also created a torque of 0 26 N m so a S shaped pulse detonation engine was used to reduce the spin of the stage 25 26 Lukasiewicz Research Network Institute of Aviation edit On September 15 2021 the Warsaw Institute of Aviation performed the first successful flight test of an experimental rocket powered by a rotating detonation rocket engine powered by liquid propellants The test took place on September 15 2021 at the testing ground of the Military Institute of Armament Technology in Zielonka near Warsaw in Poland The rocket engine according to the plan worked for 3 2 s accelerating the rocket to a speed of about 90 m s which allowed the rocket to reach an altitude of 450 m 27 Beijing Power Machinery Institute edit In 2023 researchers announced a demonstration unit of a hybrid air breathing engine It combines a continuous RDE for propulsion at below Mach 7 with an oblique detonation engine for use at speeds up to Mach 16 The oblique detonation waves are stationary and stabilized BPMI is China s leading ramjet manufacturer 28 Chongqing University Industrial Technology Research Institute Thrust to Weight Ratio Engine edit Earlier in 2023 China achieved the world s first RDE drone flight The drone successfully flew at an undisclosed airfield in Gansu province The FB 1 Rotating Detonation Engine was developed jointly by Chongqing University Industrial Technology Research Institute and private company Thrust to Weight Ratio Engine TWR 28 Other research edit Other experiments have used numerical procedures to better understand the flow field of the RDE 29 In 2020 a study from the University of Washington explored an experimental device that allowed control of parameters such as the width of the annulus Using a high speed camera researchers were able to view it operating in extreme slow motion Based on that they developed a mathematical model to describe the process 30 In 2021 the Institute of Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences successfully tested the world s first hypersonic detonation wave engine powered by kerosene which could propel a plane at Mach 9 31 See also editIndex of aviation articles Air augmented rocket Aerospike engine Rocket turbine engine Fickett Jacobs cycleReferences edit Lu Frank Braun Eric 7 July 2014 Rotating Detonation Wave Propulsion Experimental Challenges Modelling and Engine Concepts Journal of Propulsion and Power 30 5 The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1125 1142 doi 10 2514 1 B34802 S2CID 73520772 a b Wolanski Piotr 2013 Detonative Propulsion Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 34 1 125 158 doi 10 1016 j proci 2012 10 005 Ptichkin Sergej 2018 01 18 V Rossii ispytali model detonacionnogo dvigatelya dlya raket budushego Rossijskaya gazeta in Russian Retrieved 2018 02 10 Cao Huan Wilson Donald 2013 Parametric Cycle Analysis of Continuous Rotating Detonation Ejector Augmented Rocket Engine 49th AIAA ASME SAE ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference doi 10 2514 6 2013 3971 ISBN 978 1 62410 222 6 Schwer Douglas Kailasanath Kailas 25 September 2010 Numerical Investigation of the Physics of Rotating Detonation Engines Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 33 2 Elsevier Inc 2195 2202 doi 10 1016 j proci 2010 07 050 Fernelius Mark Elia Shareil Musielak Dora E Pressure Gain Combustion Program Committee Resources AIAA Pressure Gain Combustion Program Committee Archived from the original on 2017 01 01 Retrieved 2016 12 30 Trimble Steve December 19 2023 Rotating Detonation Sparks GE Path To Hypersonic Future Aviation Week Network aviationweek com Retrieved 2023 12 22 Salvatore Buccellato Gambit darpa mil Retrieved 2023 12 03 RTX to develop rotating detonation engine for DARPA Retrieved 2023 12 03 Szondy David March 11 2024 Video Hypersonic rotating detonation engine in sustained test burn New Atlas Retrieved 2024 04 04 a b Threewitt Cherise 2013 03 08 How the Rotating Detonation Engine Works HowStuffWorks Niemeyer Kyle 2012 11 06 US Navy developing rotating detonation engine Physics Today doi 10 1063 PT 5 026505 ISSN 0031 9228 dead link McKinney Donna Navy Researchers Look to Rotating Detonation Engines to Power the Future U S Naval Research Laboratory Retrieved 2022 03 14 Claflin Scott et al Recent Advances in Power Cycles Using Rotating Detonation Engines with Subcritical and Supercritical CO2 PDF Southwest Research Institute S2CID 161054165 Archived from the original PDF on 20 March 2017 Retrieved 20 March 2017 Daniel E Paxson Controls and Dynamics Branch Personnel www grc nasa gov Archived from the original on 1999 08 23 Retrieved 2020 02 20 UCSB Full Bib External Link pegasus library ucsb edu Retrieved 2015 11 09 permanent dead link Osorio Ray 25 January 2023 NASA Validates Revolutionary Propulsion Design for Deep Space Missions www nasa gov Retrieved 2023 01 26 Osorio Raymond J 20 December 2023 NASA s 3D printed Rotating Detonation Rocket Engine Test www nasa gov Retrieved 2023 12 21 Facebook www facebook com Retrieved 2023 12 22 dead link Purdue LOX NG RDE HotFire on YouTube Slabaugh Carson 2018 Advancing Pressure Gain Combustion in Terrestrial Turbine Systems PDF netl doe gov Department of Energy Retrieved 5 November 2022 ROTATING DETONATION ROCKET ENGINES RDRE afresearchlab com Air Force Research Laboratory 2022 Retrieved 5 November 2022 Blain Loz 5 May 2020 World first impossible rotating detonation engine fires up New Atlas Retrieved 6 May 2020 Spinu Florina 19 August 2021 Japan Tests Explosion Powered Rocket for the First Time in Space Is a Success Goto Keisuke et al 2023 2022 Space Flight Demonstration of Rotating Detonation Engine Using Sounding Rocket S 520 31 Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 60 1 273 285 Bibcode 2023JSpRo 60 273G doi 10 2514 1 A35401 ISSN 0022 4650 Kawasaki Akira et al January 3 7 2022 Flight Demonstration of Detonation Engine System Using Sounding Rocket S 520 31 System Design AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics doi 10 2514 6 2022 0229 ISBN 978 1 62410 631 6 a href Template Cite conference html title Template Cite conference cite conference a CS1 maint date format link Poland launched a rocket powered by a detonation engine 30 September 2021 retrieved 2021 10 07 a b Wang Brian 2023 12 29 China Makes Most Powerful Detonation Engine for Hypersonic Flight NextBigFuture com Retrieved 2023 12 31 Schwer Douglas Kailasanath Kailas 2011 01 01 Numerical investigation of the physics of rotating detonation engines Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 33 2 2195 2202 doi 10 1016 j proci 2010 07 050 Strickler Jordan February 19 2020 New detonating engine could make space travel faster and cheaper ZME Science Retrieved 2020 02 20 Tamim Baba November 20 2022 China claims world s first kerosene powered engine could propel jets nine times the speed of sound External links editVideo demonstrating how the RDE works Daniel Paxson s research paper on his findings of the RDE Video on the RDE Real Engineering Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rotating detonation engine amp oldid 1224171874, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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