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Rojava–Islamist conflict

The Rojava–Islamist conflict, a major theater in the Syrian civil war, started after fighting erupted between the Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) and Islamist rebel factions in the city of Ras al-Ayn. Kurdish forces launched a campaign in an attempt to take control of the Islamist-controlled areas in the governorate of al-Hasakah and some parts of Raqqa and Aleppo governorates after al-Qaeda in Syria used those areas to attack the YPG. The Kurdish groups and their allies' goal was also to capture Kurdish areas from the Arab Islamist rebels and strengthen the autonomy of the region of Rojava.[66] The Syrian Democratic Forces would go on to take substantial territory from Islamist groups, in particular the Islamic State (IS), provoking Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War.

Rojava–Islamist conflict
Part of the Rojava conflict of the Syrian civil war

Territories held by the SDF (yellow), IS (black), the SAA (red), the Syrian National Army and Turkey (light green), Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (white), and the Revolutionary Commando Army (teal) as of November 2023
Date16 July 2013 – present
(10 years, 10 months and 5 days)
Location
Northern Syria
Result

Ongoing

Belligerents

Syrian Democratic Forces And allied groups


CJTF-OIR (airstrikes, arms, and ground troops) (from 2014)


 Russia (airstrikes, arms and ground troops)[9][10][11]
 Syria (arms, until 2016)[12][13][14]

Islamic State[15]

al-Nusra Front (2013–17)[15]
Ahrar ash-Sham[16]
Jaysh al-Islam[citation needed]
Free Syrian Army factions

Fatah Halab (2015–17)

Supported by
Commanders and leaders
Salih Muslim Muhammad (PYD leader)
Sipan Hemo (YPG general commander)
Cemşîd Osman (YPG commander of Ras al-Ayn)
Nujin Derik (YPG commander of Aleppo)
Roshna Akeed (YPG Ras al-Ayn commander)
Alaa Ajabu 
(Jabhat al-Akrad general commander)
Abu Layla (DOW) (Jabhat al-Akrad and Northern Sun Battalion commander)
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi  (self-declared caliph)
Abu Ayman al-Iraqi  (head of military council)[28][29]
Abu Suleiman  (replacement military chief)[29]
Abu Omar al-Shishani  (field commander in Syria)
Abu Ali al-Anbari  (deputy, Syria)
Abu Musab[citation needed] (IS emir of Tell Abyad)
Unknown
Units involved

Syrian Democratic Forces

Foreign volunteers
Anarchist and antifascist units
  • Devrimci Anarşist Faaliyet (DAF)[42]
  • Other anarchist and anarcho-feminist volunteers[43]
Arab tribes
Security forces
IS Military Unknown
Strength

YPG: 65,000[48]
Jabhat al-Akrad: 7,000[49]
Syriac Military Council 2,000+ (2015)[50]

Kurdistan Workers' Party: 600[51]
IS: Over 15,140[52][53][54] al-Nusra Front: 5,000–6,000[55]
Casualties and losses
11,000 fighters killed
21,000 fighters wounded[56]
By YPG/SDF:
25,336 killed, 2,127 captured (YPG claim; 2013–2017 total)[57][58][59][60][61]
By US-led airstrikes:
9,145+ killed (SOHR claim, minimum, as of March 2019)[62]
Unknown
Dozens of Syrian and 4 Turkish[63][64] civilians killed and 100,000[65] Syrian Kurds fleeing to Turkey

Background edit

Since the end of the Battle of Ras al-Ayn, the city was divided between an Arab-controlled western part and a Kurdish-controlled eastern part.[67] On 16 July, members of the al-Nusra Front attacked a Women's Protection Units (YPJ) patrol. They detained the driver; two female fighters managed to escape. In response to this attack, the People's Protection Units (YPG) brought reinforcements from al-Derbasiya while al-Nusra had sent 200 fighters as reinforcements a few days before.[68]

Conflict edit

2013 edit

On 28 January, Arab tribesmen attacked the homes of Christian Armenians and Assyrians in the village of ad-Dalawiyah (25 kilometres (16 mi) south of Qamishli) and attempted to steal their harvest. The Assyrian Democratic Organization condemned the attacks, characterising them as "foreign deeds". Islamist rebels repeatedly called for Christians in the province to leave.[69]

Kurdish capture of Ras al-Ayn and spread of fighting edit

On 16 July, the Kana'is street (where the YPG was positioned) and the al-Mahatta neighborhood (where al-Nusra was positioned) witnessed clashes.[68] A few hours later, the YPG took control of the headquarters of al-Nusra and released the fighter al-Nusra had kidnapped.[70]

On 17 July, Kurdish fighters expelled the jihadists from the town of Ras al-Ayn after a night of fighting[71] and soon after took control of the border crossing with Turkey.[72] Islamist forces retreated from Ras al-Ayn to Tal Half, Asfar and Najar which were under rebel control.[73] Eleven people were killed during the fighting, including nine jihadist and two Kurdish fighters.[74]

On 19 July, the YPG captured the village of Tal A'lo.[75] Fighting was still continuing in Karhouk and A'li Agha.[76] The next day, Kurdish fighters captured an al-Nusra checkpoint near the contested villages. By this point, 35 jihadist and 19 YPG fighters had been killed in the fighting.[77]

By the end of July 2013, IS and al-Nusra expelled Jabhat al-Akrad and the YPG from the border town of Tell Abyad after a week of fighting which displaced thousands of Kurdish civilians.[78]

August–September fighting and Kurdish advances edit

On 1 August, IS declared the start of the siege of Kobanî, or Ayn al-Arab where the headquarters of the YPG is located. The area surrounding Kobani was then blocked on all sides by IS and the Turks.[79]

By August 28, Islamists and Kurdish forces were battling for control of the town of Yarubiya on the Iraq–Syria border. Islamists had captured further territory from the Kurds in Aleppo and Raqqa provinces; while in Aleppo, Islamists were ethnically cleansing Kurds from towns in the countryside and massacring them, leading to a mass migration of civilians to the town of Afrin.[80]

On 17 September, in the Al-Hasakah Governorate, Fighting broke out between Kurdish fighters and Islamist fighters in A'louk village that lies east of Ras al-A'in while fighting still took place near the town of al-Ya'rubiya. On 18 September, YPG took control of A'louk after four days of fighting that killed 20 people.[81]

On 26 September, rebels from the Free Syrian Army and Trotskyists of the Leon Sedov Brigade[82] joined IS in clashes with YPG forces around the town of Atma, on the Turkish border. FSA units were said to have brought heavy artillery to the battle to push back Kurdish snipers while Kurdish tanks were firing at Atma. Arab rebel artillery was launched at the town of Jindires.[83]

On 29 September, multiple bombers attacked Erbil, the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan. Six people were killed and more than 40 were injured. The IS later claimed responsibility and stated the attacks were retaliation for Masoud Barzani's stated intention of intervening in Syria on behalf of the Syrian Kurds.[84]

October Kurdish offensive edit

On 26 October the YPG took control of the al-Yaarubiyah border crossing with Iraq[85] as well as the town itself.[86]

On 28 October, IS front in the oil-rich Çil Axa region completely collapsed. The YPG captured the villages of Girhok, Yusufiyê, Sefa, Cinêdiyê, Girê Fatê, Ebû Hecer and Mezraa Kelem while remnants of IS forces fled to Tal Hamis and Tal Brak.[87]

November Kurdish offensive edit

On 2 November, Kurdish forces launched an offensive called the "Serekeniye Martyrs' Offensive", with the aim of consolidating their control of Hasaka province by pushing jihadist forces out of the area surrounding Ras al-Ayn.[88]

On 6 November, in Hasakah province, the YPG took over two villages west of Tall Tamer, on the highway to Aleppo, after clashes with IS, Jabhat Al-Nusra and allied rebel groups. The towns the YPG had taken over were Ghebesh and Tal Shemarin, which are inhabited by Assyrians.[89] By this point, YPG forces had captured a total of 40 towns and villages in the offensive.[90]

On 13 November, following major gains by the YPG, the PYD announced plans to create an autonomous transitional government to run the Kurdish-majority northeast of Syria. The plans were announced after a meeting in Qamishli that also involved Christian and Arab groups. The plan called for the creation of a parliament of 82 members elected from three cantons across the region. Kurdish officials also stated that the region would continue to be managed autonomously regardless of events elsewhere. In Raqqa province, rebel fighters launched domestically manufactured rockets on the villages of Kandar and Abdi Kawi which were under the control of the YPG.[91]

On 28 November, in Al-Hasakah province, YPG fighters took of three villages (Rokoba, A'wja, and Tal Maghas) which lie on the Tal Tamer-Hasaka road after violent clashes with IS, al-Nusra and several rebel battalions.[92]

December Kurdish offensive edit

During the night of 26/27 December, the YPG launched an offensive on jihadist-controlled areas between Hasakah and Qamishli, during which they took Tell Brak District.

On 1 January 2014, the YPG battled the Islamists in Tell Brak, but were not able to capture the town. The battle caused 39 YPG and 21 Islamist fatalities.[93]

2014 edit

January–February Islamist offensive and Kurdish counter-offensive edit

On 24 January, jihadist forces attacked the YPG-held town of Manajeer in the Al-Hasakah Governorate. However, after four days of fighting, their attack was repelled. Twenty-three Islamist and three Kurdish fighters were killed. During the fighting, the YPG also captured at least one tank from the jihadists.[94]

On 1 February, it was reported that the YPG launched an offensive against IS bases in Tell Abyad.[95]

On 3 February, the YPG claimed to have killed 8 IS fighters, including a commander, during clashes in Girê Spî.[96]

On 15 February, the YPG (supported by the Shammar tribe) launched an offensive against IS in the Tell Hamis area. Two days later, the YPG claimed to have killed "many" IS fighters and captured 30 of them, in addition to capturing five military vehicles and a large amount of weaponry during the operation.[97]

On 23 February, a predawn raid by the YPG captured Tell Brak, which lies in a strategic position between Al-Hasakah and Qamishli.[93]

On 26 February, the YPG announced it had halted all its military operations in the Kurdish-controlled regions but warned its enemies that it would respond to every hostile action on Kurdish soil.[98] The next day, IS launched an attack on Til Merûf which was eventually repelled by the YPG. According to the YPG, 16 IS fighters were killed in the clashes.[99]

March–April fighting at Tell Abyad and Kobanê edit

On 1 March, IS attacked villages around Tell Abyad but the attack was repelled and left one IS fighter killed, according to the YPG.[100] On 6 March, the YPG claimed to have killed 16 IS fighters and destroyed a "military vehicle" in Tell Abyad.[101]

On 11 March, IS captured the town of Sîrîn[102] and attacked the Al-Hadaya Hotel in the city of Qamishli with suicide bombs, killing nine Kurdish civilians.[103] SOHR also reported that IS executed 25 Kurds (including 14 fighters) in the Al-Sheyokh area, near Jarabulus.[104] On 13 March, IS (according to local sources) captured the Qereqozak Bridge and some strategic areas near the Tomb of Suleyman Shah in Kobanê after clashes with Kurdish fighters.[105] On 14 March, Kurdish sources claimed that the YPG and allied forces killed 35 IS fighters in clashes in the countryside of southern Kobanî Canton, which erupted after IS launched an unsuccessful attack towards the Serriin silos.[106]

On 17 March, heavy clashes erupted between the YPG and IS near the Qereqozak Bridge in Kobanê. The YPG claimed to have killed 40 IS fighters.[107] On 19 March, the YPG captured Tell Henzir village.[108] The next day, the YPG also took control of Tell Henzir, Tell Xezal Miço, Ferisa Şerabiyan, Ferisa Sofiyan, Ferisa Dişo, Tell Boğan and Tell Meha. It was also stated that 32 IS fighters were killed in the clashes.[109]

On 22 March, SOHR reported heavy clashes between IS and the YPG around many villages in the western countryside of Tell Abyad, which resulted in the fleeing of mainly Kurdish refugees from the western countryside of Tell Abyad and surrounding areas to Turkey.[104]

On 1 April, IS laid siege to Kobanê from three flanks, and launched an artillery attack from Zor Mughar. The YPG ambushed IS forces at Kendal, east of Kobanê, killing 12 Azeri IS fighters and their Kurdish commander.[110] Fighting raged in Zor Mughar and Kharab Atto while YPG fighters cut off all the roads leading to Kobanê from the western side, starting from the villages of Ta'lk, Derbazin and al-Qanaya, to prevent potential attacks by IS fighters against the city.[111] Despite YPG control of the hills around Sirrin, IS forces, backed up by tanks, captured two grain silos and seized the village of Tal al-Bawgha.[110]

The YPG, the Euphrates Islamic Liberation Front, Liwa Ahrar Souriya and the Liwa Thuwwar al-Raqqa worked together against IS in Kobanê.[112] The YPG also co-operated with the Farouq Brigades and the Liwa Thuwwar al-Raqqa in Raqqa Governorate in operations against IS.[112]

May kidnappings edit

On 29 May, it was reported that IS killed dozens of civilians in raids on several villages in the Ras al-Ayn region of Al-Hasakah province, with the retrieval of at least 15 bodies, including seven children.[113]

On 30 May, IS kidnapped 193 Kurdish civilians between the ages of 17 and 70 from the village of Qabasin near al-Bab. On the same day, they seized up to 186 Kurdish students who had been traveling from the Kobani region to Aleppo to complete exams.[114] The teenagers were reportedly sent to religious schools in Minjeb where they were subjected to Salafist indoctrination.[115]

July Kobanî offensive edit

On 4 July, using weapons captured in Iraq, IS seized the villages of Zor Maghar, Al-Zyara, and Bayadiyah, near the city of Kobanî, after three days of fighting with YPG forces.[116]

On 9 July, IS advanced towards Kobanî from the east, forcing the YPG to withdraw from the villages of Abdi, Kwi, Kendal, Kri and Sor.[117] The clashes led to the deaths of 18 Kurdish fighters.[118]

On 14 July, the PYD issued a regional call to arms for all Kurds to assist in defending Kobanî. Kurdish militants from the PKK crossed from Turkey to reinforce YPG defensive positions. By this time, at least 10 villages had fallen to IS, who had begun to lob mortars at Kobanî. At least two PKK fighters were killed while defending the canton.[119]

By the end of July, according to the PYD, IS offensive against Kobanî had been repelled, with 685 IS fighters being killed.[120]

September Kobanî offensive edit

 
Frontline situation near Kobanî from March–September 2014
 
Kurdish demonstration against IS in Vienna, Austria, 10 October 2014

On 17 September, following the capture of a strategic bridge over the Euphrates,[121] IS launched a large offensive using tanks, rockets and artillery in the direction of Kobanî, and within 24 hours captured 21 Kurdish villages. The advance left Kobanî encircled by IS forces.[122]

On 19 September, IS captured 39 more villages,[123] bringing their forces within 20 kilometers of Kobanî.[124] Forty-five thousand refugees crossed into Turkey, fearing the region would become part of IS,[125] while a number of refugees were stopped at the border and ordered to return to Kobanî by Turkish authorities.[126]

By 21 September, IS captured 64 villages[127] as their forces came within 10 kilometers of the city, and continued to advance[128] with fighting concentrated on the southern and eastern suburbs of Kobanî, 13 kilometers from the town.[129]

On 28 September, after violent clashes with the Kurdish forces of the YPG, IS militants captured the villages of Kenana, Qadaa, and Hamadaneh in the Tel Kocher (Yarubiyah) countryside.[130]

Merger with Iraqi campaign edit

Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga fighters, with the aid of troops from the Syria-based Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD), took control of the Rabia border crossing between the two countries,[131] marking the first major battle to straddle both. On 31 October, Iraq-based Peshmerga troops crossed into Syria via Turkey to aid in the defense of the border city of Kobane.[132]

2015 edit

January–December edit

 
Rojava territory controlled by the YPG in June 2015

The war dragged on, as both IS and the YPG gained and lost territory to each other, other rebel groups and loyalists. YPG successes alarmed the Turks, who threatened invasion.[133] In June, militants attacked Kobanî, killing over 200 people in gun battles.

Nusra-YPG clashes edit

On 31 July 2015, clashes erupted between YPG and al-Nusra forces in the south of the Efrin Canton, targeting the town of Cindires.[134]

On 26 September 2015, clashes erupted between YPG and al-Nusra forces in the YPG-held district of Sheikh Maqsood. The clashes resulted in YPG forces advancing and capturing Castello Road, a key rebel supply line in the rebel-held Eastern Areas of Aleppo city. Tensions continued after the YPG allegedly violated clauses of a truce with the rebels concerning Castello Road. On 1 October Nusra forces again attacked YPG positions in Sheikh Maqsood; however this was repelled, with the YPG remaining in control of the key rebel supply route.[135][136][137]

Clashes between YPG-Al Nusra were renewed in the vicinity of Sheikh Maqsood on 3 October, with Al Nusra suffering 15 casualties.[138]

 
Map of the territory changes during the YPG-led Northern Syria offensive (2015)

Al-Hawl offensive edit

 
YPG female fighters during the Al-Hawl offensive, December 2015

During November 2015, the YPG and its allies in the Syrian Democratic Forces captured the town of al-Hawl, along with more than 200 villages and towns from IS in the surrounding areas in Al-Hasakah Governorate near the border with Iraq in the month-long offensive.

Tishrin Dam offensive edit

In the week-long offensive, the SDF captured Tishrin Dam and surrounding villages from IS.

2016 edit

Northern Aleppo offensive edit

During February 2016, Syrian government forces and allied militias, backed by Russian and Syrian airstrikes, launched an offensive to capture areas in Northern Aleppo. The YPG-led SDF followed their advances and captured the city of Tell Rifaat and the Menagh Military Airbase.

Al-Shaddadi offensive edit

On 16 February 2016, the SDF, supported by airstrikes from the US-led coalition, launched an offensive to capture the strategic city of al-Shaddadi from IS.

Manbij offensive edit

 
SDF fighters during the Battle of Raqqa against IS in 2017

On 31 May 2016, the SDF, supported by airstrikes from the US-led coalition, launched an offensive to capture the strategic city of Manbij from IS.

Afrin Canton edit

On 11 September 2016 Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, the renamed al-Nusra Front, fired over 20 mortar shells at the town of Jindires in the southwestern Afrin Canton, destroying several residential buildings and causing a number of casualties, mostly women and children.[139]

Raqqa offensive edit

Turkish intervention (2015-present) edit

 
Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army during the Turkish military operation in Afrin in January 2018

During the summer of 2015, Turkey began bombing YPG and PKK positions in Syria and Iraq.[140]

On 13 February 2016, Turkey began shelling the Kurdish-held areas in northern Syria.[141]

2017 edit

2018 edit

2019 edit

2020 edit

2021 edit

2022 edit

See also edit

References edit

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rojava, islamist, conflict, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, relies, excessively, references, primary, sources, please, improve, this, art. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article relies excessively on references to primary sources Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources Find sources Rojava Islamist conflict news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2019 Learn how and when to remove this message This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information November 2019 Learn how and when to remove this message The Rojava Islamist conflict a major theater in the Syrian civil war started after fighting erupted between the Kurdish People s Protection Units YPG and Islamist rebel factions in the city of Ras al Ayn Kurdish forces launched a campaign in an attempt to take control of the Islamist controlled areas in the governorate of al Hasakah and some parts of Raqqa and Aleppo governorates after al Qaeda in Syria used those areas to attack the YPG The Kurdish groups and their allies goal was also to capture Kurdish areas from the Arab Islamist rebels and strengthen the autonomy of the region of Rojava 66 The Syrian Democratic Forces would go on to take substantial territory from Islamist groups in particular the Islamic State IS provoking Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War Rojava Islamist conflictPart of the Rojava conflict of the Syrian civil warTerritories held by the SDF yellow IS black the SAA red the Syrian National Army and Turkey light green Hayat Tahrir al Sham white and the Revolutionary Commando Army teal as of November 2023Date16 July 2013 present 10 years 10 months and 5 days LocationNorthern SyriaResultOngoing Major increase in size of Rojava 27 Turkish military action against Rojava s expansion Insurgency against Kurdish forces Kurdish insurgency against Turkey and Turkish backed rebelsBelligerentsSyrian Democratic Forces And allied groups CJTF OIR airstrikes arms and ground troops from 2014 United States 1 Australia United Kingdom France 2 Netherlands United Arab Emirates 3 4 5 Saudi Arabia from 2018 6 5 Czech Republic 7 Iraqi Kurdistan 8 limited involvement Russia airstrikes arms and ground troops 9 10 11 Syria arms until 2016 12 13 14 Islamic State 15 Military of IS Dokumacilar 2013 17 al Nusra Front 2013 17 15 Ahrar ash Sham 16 Jaysh al Islam citation needed Free Syrian Army factions Mare Operations Room 2014 16 Hawar Kilis Operations Room since 2016 Syrian Turkmen Brigades 17 Fatah Halab 2015 17 Supported by Turkey artillery strikes and arms 18 19 20 Qatar arms 21 22 23 Saudi Arabia arms 24 25 26 Commanders and leadersSalih Muslim Muhammad PYD leader Sipan Hemo YPG general commander Cemsid Osman YPG commander of Ras al Ayn Nujin Derik YPG commander of Aleppo Roshna Akeed YPG Ras al Ayn commander Alaa Ajabu Jabhat al Akrad general commander Abu Layla DOW Jabhat al Akrad and Northern Sun Battalion commander Abu Bakr al Baghdadi self declared caliph Abu Ayman al Iraqi head of military council 28 29 Abu Suleiman replacement military chief 29 Abu Omar al Shishani field commander in Syria Abu Ali al Anbari deputy Syria Abu Musab citation needed IS emir of Tell Abyad UnknownUnits involvedSyrian Democratic Forces People s Protection Units Women s Protection Units Army of Revolutionaries 30 31 Jabhat Thuwar al Raqqa 32 Elite Brigade 33 Al Sanadid Forces 34 Syriac Military Council MFS 35 Foreign volunteers Kurdistan Workers Party 36 International Freedom Battalion 37 MLKP 38 PML RC 39 United Freedom Forces BOG Sosyal Isyan 40 41 Anarchist and antifascist units Devrimci Anarsist Faaliyet DAF 42 Other anarchist and anarcho feminist volunteers 43 Arab tribes Al Shaitat 44 Sharabiyya tribe Ras al Ayn area 45 Zubayd tribe Ras al Ayn area 45 Shammar tribe Ya rubiyah area 46 Security forces Asayish Sutoro 47 IS MilitaryUnknownStrengthYPG 65 000 48 Jabhat al Akrad 7 000 49 Syriac Military Council 2 000 2015 50 Kurdistan Workers Party 600 51 IS Over 15 140 52 53 54 al Nusra Front 5 000 6 000 55 Casualties and losses11 000 fighters killed21 000 fighters wounded 56 By YPG SDF 25 336 killed 2 127 captured YPG claim 2013 2017 total 57 58 59 60 61 By US led airstrikes 9 145 killed SOHR claim minimum as of March 2019 62 UnknownDozens of Syrian and 4 Turkish 63 64 civilians killed and 100 000 65 Syrian Kurds fleeing to Turkey Contents 1 Background 2 Conflict 2 1 2013 2 1 1 Kurdish capture of Ras al Ayn and spread of fighting 2 1 2 August September fighting and Kurdish advances 2 1 3 October Kurdish offensive 2 1 4 November Kurdish offensive 2 1 5 December Kurdish offensive 2 2 2014 2 2 1 January February Islamist offensive and Kurdish counter offensive 2 2 2 March April fighting at Tell Abyad and Kobane 2 2 3 May kidnappings 2 2 4 July Kobani offensive 2 2 5 September Kobani offensive 2 2 6 Merger with Iraqi campaign 2 3 2015 2 3 1 January December 2 3 2 Nusra YPG clashes 2 3 3 Al Hawl offensive 2 3 4 Tishrin Dam offensive 2 4 2016 2 4 1 Northern Aleppo offensive 2 4 2 Al Shaddadi offensive 2 4 3 Manbij offensive 2 4 4 Afrin Canton 2 4 5 Raqqa offensive 2 5 Turkish intervention 2015 present 2 6 2017 2 7 2018 2 8 2019 2 9 2020 2 10 2021 2 11 2022 3 See also 4 ReferencesBackground editSince the end of the Battle of Ras al Ayn the city was divided between an Arab controlled western part and a Kurdish controlled eastern part 67 On 16 July members of the al Nusra Front attacked a Women s Protection Units YPJ patrol They detained the driver two female fighters managed to escape In response to this attack the People s Protection Units YPG brought reinforcements from al Derbasiya while al Nusra had sent 200 fighters as reinforcements a few days before 68 Conflict editFurther information YPG FSA relations See also Inter rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War 2013 edit On 28 January Arab tribesmen attacked the homes of Christian Armenians and Assyrians in the village of ad Dalawiyah 25 kilometres 16 mi south of Qamishli and attempted to steal their harvest The Assyrian Democratic Organization condemned the attacks characterising them as foreign deeds Islamist rebels repeatedly called for Christians in the province to leave 69 Kurdish capture of Ras al Ayn and spread of fighting edit On 16 July the Kana is street where the YPG was positioned and the al Mahatta neighborhood where al Nusra was positioned witnessed clashes 68 A few hours later the YPG took control of the headquarters of al Nusra and released the fighter al Nusra had kidnapped 70 On 17 July Kurdish fighters expelled the jihadists from the town of Ras al Ayn after a night of fighting 71 and soon after took control of the border crossing with Turkey 72 Islamist forces retreated from Ras al Ayn to Tal Half Asfar and Najar which were under rebel control 73 Eleven people were killed during the fighting including nine jihadist and two Kurdish fighters 74 On 19 July the YPG captured the village of Tal A lo 75 Fighting was still continuing in Karhouk and A li Agha 76 The next day Kurdish fighters captured an al Nusra checkpoint near the contested villages By this point 35 jihadist and 19 YPG fighters had been killed in the fighting 77 By the end of July 2013 IS and al Nusra expelled Jabhat al Akrad and the YPG from the border town of Tell Abyad after a week of fighting which displaced thousands of Kurdish civilians 78 August September fighting and Kurdish advances edit On 1 August IS declared the start of the siege of Kobani or Ayn al Arab where the headquarters of the YPG is located The area surrounding Kobani was then blocked on all sides by IS and the Turks 79 By August 28 Islamists and Kurdish forces were battling for control of the town of Yarubiya on the Iraq Syria border Islamists had captured further territory from the Kurds in Aleppo and Raqqa provinces while in Aleppo Islamists were ethnically cleansing Kurds from towns in the countryside and massacring them leading to a mass migration of civilians to the town of Afrin 80 On 17 September in the Al Hasakah Governorate Fighting broke out between Kurdish fighters and Islamist fighters in A louk village that lies east of Ras al A in while fighting still took place near the town of al Ya rubiya On 18 September YPG took control of A louk after four days of fighting that killed 20 people 81 On 26 September rebels from the Free Syrian Army and Trotskyists of the Leon Sedov Brigade 82 joined IS in clashes with YPG forces around the town of Atma on the Turkish border FSA units were said to have brought heavy artillery to the battle to push back Kurdish snipers while Kurdish tanks were firing at Atma Arab rebel artillery was launched at the town of Jindires 83 On 29 September multiple bombers attacked Erbil the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan Six people were killed and more than 40 were injured The IS later claimed responsibility and stated the attacks were retaliation for Masoud Barzani s stated intention of intervening in Syria on behalf of the Syrian Kurds 84 October Kurdish offensive edit On 26 October the YPG took control of the al Yaarubiyah border crossing with Iraq 85 as well as the town itself 86 On 28 October IS front in the oil rich Cil Axa region completely collapsed The YPG captured the villages of Girhok Yusufiye Sefa Cinediye Gire Fate Ebu Hecer and Mezraa Kelem while remnants of IS forces fled to Tal Hamis and Tal Brak 87 November Kurdish offensive edit On 2 November Kurdish forces launched an offensive called the Serekeniye Martyrs Offensive with the aim of consolidating their control of Hasaka province by pushing jihadist forces out of the area surrounding Ras al Ayn 88 On 6 November in Hasakah province the YPG took over two villages west of Tall Tamer on the highway to Aleppo after clashes with IS Jabhat Al Nusra and allied rebel groups The towns the YPG had taken over were Ghebesh and Tal Shemarin which are inhabited by Assyrians 89 By this point YPG forces had captured a total of 40 towns and villages in the offensive 90 On 13 November following major gains by the YPG the PYD announced plans to create an autonomous transitional government to run the Kurdish majority northeast of Syria The plans were announced after a meeting in Qamishli that also involved Christian and Arab groups The plan called for the creation of a parliament of 82 members elected from three cantons across the region Kurdish officials also stated that the region would continue to be managed autonomously regardless of events elsewhere In Raqqa province rebel fighters launched domestically manufactured rockets on the villages of Kandar and Abdi Kawi which were under the control of the YPG 91 On 28 November in Al Hasakah province YPG fighters took of three villages Rokoba A wja and Tal Maghas which lie on the Tal Tamer Hasaka road after violent clashes with IS al Nusra and several rebel battalions 92 December Kurdish offensive edit During the night of 26 27 December the YPG launched an offensive on jihadist controlled areas between Hasakah and Qamishli during which they took Tell Brak District On 1 January 2014 the YPG battled the Islamists in Tell Brak but were not able to capture the town The battle caused 39 YPG and 21 Islamist fatalities 93 2014 edit January February Islamist offensive and Kurdish counter offensive edit On 24 January jihadist forces attacked the YPG held town of Manajeer in the Al Hasakah Governorate However after four days of fighting their attack was repelled Twenty three Islamist and three Kurdish fighters were killed During the fighting the YPG also captured at least one tank from the jihadists 94 On 1 February it was reported that the YPG launched an offensive against IS bases in Tell Abyad 95 On 3 February the YPG claimed to have killed 8 IS fighters including a commander during clashes in Gire Spi 96 On 15 February the YPG supported by the Shammar tribe launched an offensive against IS in the Tell Hamis area Two days later the YPG claimed to have killed many IS fighters and captured 30 of them in addition to capturing five military vehicles and a large amount of weaponry during the operation 97 On 23 February a predawn raid by the YPG captured Tell Brak which lies in a strategic position between Al Hasakah and Qamishli 93 On 26 February the YPG announced it had halted all its military operations in the Kurdish controlled regions but warned its enemies that it would respond to every hostile action on Kurdish soil 98 The next day IS launched an attack on Til Meruf which was eventually repelled by the YPG According to the YPG 16 IS fighters were killed in the clashes 99 March April fighting at Tell Abyad and Kobane edit On 1 March IS attacked villages around Tell Abyad but the attack was repelled and left one IS fighter killed according to the YPG 100 On 6 March the YPG claimed to have killed 16 IS fighters and destroyed a military vehicle in Tell Abyad 101 On 11 March IS captured the town of Sirin 102 and attacked the Al Hadaya Hotel in the city of Qamishli with suicide bombs killing nine Kurdish civilians 103 SOHR also reported that IS executed 25 Kurds including 14 fighters in the Al Sheyokh area near Jarabulus 104 On 13 March IS according to local sources captured the Qereqozak Bridge and some strategic areas near the Tomb of Suleyman Shah in Kobane after clashes with Kurdish fighters 105 On 14 March Kurdish sources claimed that the YPG and allied forces killed 35 IS fighters in clashes in the countryside of southern Kobani Canton which erupted after IS launched an unsuccessful attack towards the Serriin silos 106 On 17 March heavy clashes erupted between the YPG and IS near the Qereqozak Bridge in Kobane The YPG claimed to have killed 40 IS fighters 107 On 19 March the YPG captured Tell Henzir village 108 The next day the YPG also took control of Tell Henzir Tell Xezal Mico Ferisa Serabiyan Ferisa Sofiyan Ferisa Diso Tell Bogan and Tell Meha It was also stated that 32 IS fighters were killed in the clashes 109 On 22 March SOHR reported heavy clashes between IS and the YPG around many villages in the western countryside of Tell Abyad which resulted in the fleeing of mainly Kurdish refugees from the western countryside of Tell Abyad and surrounding areas to Turkey 104 On 1 April IS laid siege to Kobane from three flanks and launched an artillery attack from Zor Mughar The YPG ambushed IS forces at Kendal east of Kobane killing 12 Azeri IS fighters and their Kurdish commander 110 Fighting raged in Zor Mughar and Kharab Atto while YPG fighters cut off all the roads leading to Kobane from the western side starting from the villages of Ta lk Derbazin and al Qanaya to prevent potential attacks by IS fighters against the city 111 Despite YPG control of the hills around Sirrin IS forces backed up by tanks captured two grain silos and seized the village of Tal al Bawgha 110 The YPG the Euphrates Islamic Liberation Front Liwa Ahrar Souriya and the Liwa Thuwwar al Raqqa worked together against IS in Kobane 112 The YPG also co operated with the Farouq Brigades and the Liwa Thuwwar al Raqqa in Raqqa Governorate in operations against IS 112 May kidnappings edit On 29 May it was reported that IS killed dozens of civilians in raids on several villages in the Ras al Ayn region of Al Hasakah province with the retrieval of at least 15 bodies including seven children 113 On 30 May IS kidnapped 193 Kurdish civilians between the ages of 17 and 70 from the village of Qabasin near al Bab On the same day they seized up to 186 Kurdish students who had been traveling from the Kobani region to Aleppo to complete exams 114 The teenagers were reportedly sent to religious schools in Minjeb where they were subjected to Salafist indoctrination 115 July Kobani offensive edit On 4 July using weapons captured in Iraq IS seized the villages of Zor Maghar Al Zyara and Bayadiyah near the city of Kobani after three days of fighting with YPG forces 116 On 9 July IS advanced towards Kobani from the east forcing the YPG to withdraw from the villages of Abdi Kwi Kendal Kri and Sor 117 The clashes led to the deaths of 18 Kurdish fighters 118 On 14 July the PYD issued a regional call to arms for all Kurds to assist in defending Kobani Kurdish militants from the PKK crossed from Turkey to reinforce YPG defensive positions By this time at least 10 villages had fallen to IS who had begun to lob mortars at Kobani At least two PKK fighters were killed while defending the canton 119 By the end of July according to the PYD IS offensive against Kobani had been repelled with 685 IS fighters being killed 120 September Kobani offensive edit Main article Siege of Kobani nbsp Frontline situation near Kobani from March September 2014 nbsp Kurdish demonstration against IS in Vienna Austria 10 October 2014 On 17 September following the capture of a strategic bridge over the Euphrates 121 IS launched a large offensive using tanks rockets and artillery in the direction of Kobani and within 24 hours captured 21 Kurdish villages The advance left Kobani encircled by IS forces 122 On 19 September IS captured 39 more villages 123 bringing their forces within 20 kilometers of Kobani 124 Forty five thousand refugees crossed into Turkey fearing the region would become part of IS 125 while a number of refugees were stopped at the border and ordered to return to Kobani by Turkish authorities 126 By 21 September IS captured 64 villages 127 as their forces came within 10 kilometers of the city and continued to advance 128 with fighting concentrated on the southern and eastern suburbs of Kobani 13 kilometers from the town 129 On 28 September after violent clashes with the Kurdish forces of the YPG IS militants captured the villages of Kenana Qadaa and Hamadaneh in the Tel Kocher Yarubiyah countryside 130 Merger with Iraqi campaign edit Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga fighters with the aid of troops from the Syria based Kurdish Democratic Union Party PYD took control of the Rabia border crossing between the two countries 131 marking the first major battle to straddle both On 31 October Iraq based Peshmerga troops crossed into Syria via Turkey to aid in the defense of the border city of Kobane 132 2015 edit January December edit nbsp Rojava territory controlled by the YPG in June 2015 See also Eastern al Hasakah offensive and Western al Hasakah offensive The war dragged on as both IS and the YPG gained and lost territory to each other other rebel groups and loyalists YPG successes alarmed the Turks who threatened invasion 133 In June militants attacked Kobani killing over 200 people in gun battles Nusra YPG clashes edit On 31 July 2015 clashes erupted between YPG and al Nusra forces in the south of the Efrin Canton targeting the town of Cindires 134 On 26 September 2015 clashes erupted between YPG and al Nusra forces in the YPG held district of Sheikh Maqsood The clashes resulted in YPG forces advancing and capturing Castello Road a key rebel supply line in the rebel held Eastern Areas of Aleppo city Tensions continued after the YPG allegedly violated clauses of a truce with the rebels concerning Castello Road On 1 October Nusra forces again attacked YPG positions in Sheikh Maqsood however this was repelled with the YPG remaining in control of the key rebel supply route 135 136 137 Clashes between YPG Al Nusra were renewed in the vicinity of Sheikh Maqsood on 3 October with Al Nusra suffering 15 casualties 138 nbsp Map of the territory changes during the YPG led Northern Syria offensive 2015 Al Hawl offensive edit Main article 2015 al Hawl offensive nbsp YPG female fighters during the Al Hawl offensive December 2015 During November 2015 the YPG and its allies in the Syrian Democratic Forces captured the town of al Hawl along with more than 200 villages and towns from IS in the surrounding areas in Al Hasakah Governorate near the border with Iraq in the month long offensive Tishrin Dam offensive edit Main article Tishrin Dam offensive In the week long offensive the SDF captured Tishrin Dam and surrounding villages from IS 2016 edit Northern Aleppo offensive edit Main article Northern Aleppo offensive February 2016 During February 2016 Syrian government forces and allied militias backed by Russian and Syrian airstrikes launched an offensive to capture areas in Northern Aleppo The YPG led SDF followed their advances and captured the city of Tell Rifaat and the Menagh Military Airbase Al Shaddadi offensive edit Main article Al Shaddadi offensive 2016 On 16 February 2016 the SDF supported by airstrikes from the US led coalition launched an offensive to capture the strategic city of al Shaddadi from IS Manbij offensive edit Main article Manbij offensive nbsp SDF fighters during the Battle of Raqqa against IS in 2017 On 31 May 2016 the SDF supported by airstrikes from the US led coalition launched an offensive to capture the strategic city of Manbij from IS Afrin Canton edit On 11 September 2016 Jabhat Fateh al Sham the renamed al Nusra Front fired over 20 mortar shells at the town of Jindires in the southwestern Afrin Canton destroying several residential buildings and causing a number of casualties mostly women and children 139 Raqqa offensive edit Main article Raqqa campaign 2016 2017 See also Battle of Raqqa 2017 Turkish intervention 2015 present edit Main article Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War Plans to invade or interfere in Syria See also Turkish military operation in Afrin nbsp Turkish backed Free Syrian Army during the Turkish military operation in Afrin in January 2018 During the summer of 2015 Turkey began bombing YPG and PKK positions in Syria and Iraq 140 On 13 February 2016 Turkey began shelling the Kurdish held areas in northern Syria 141 2017 edit This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information January 2022 Main article Eastern Syria insurgency 2018 edit This section is empty You can help by adding to it January 2022 2019 edit This section is empty You can help by adding to it January 2022 2020 edit This section is empty You can help by adding to it January 2022 2021 edit This section is empty You can help by adding to it January 2022 2022 edit This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information January 2022 See also Battle of al Hasakah 2022 See also edit nbsp Asia portal Rojava conflict Rojava Six Days Three Activists Three Wars One Dream A Modern History of the Kurds by David McDowallReferences edit ISIS targeted in more U S airstrikes to defend Syria town of Kobani CBS News 11 October 2014 Retrieved 5 November 2014 France will keep delivering arms to Kurdish Syrian rebels to fight Islamic State group Fox News 24 March 2015 Retrieved 9 May 2015 Elite Forces led by former Syrian opposition chief join fight against ISIS ARA News December 11 2016 Archived from the original on December 12 2016 The UAE has it in for the Muslim Brotherhood Al Araby Al Jadeed 22 February 2017 Along with their American counterparts Emirati special forces are said to be training elements of the opposition They constitute a kind of Arab guarantee among the Syrian Democratic Forces an umbrella group dominated by the Kurds of the PYD on whom the US are relying to fight IS on the ground a b U S Seeks Arab Force and Funding for Syria Wall Street Journal 16 April 2018 Saudi Arabia and the U A E helped pay the stipends for the Syrian fighters the U S is supporting Saudi Arabia in talks with YPG to form new force Daily Sabah 30 May 2018 News of arrests of YPG linked Czechs shocks Turkey Al Monitor 17 November 2016 Archived from the original on 18 November 2016 Peshmerga fighters heavily shelling IS jihadists in Kobane Yahoo News 4 November 2014 Grove Thomas April 21 2016 Russia Pursues Ties With Kurds to Keep Foothold in Region Wall Street Journal Kurds attack Turkish backed Syrian opposition forces with Russian help i24 News 28 November 2015 YPG advances near Turkey 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