Robert Lee Bullard
Lieutenant General Robert Lee Bullard (January 5, 1861 – September 11, 1947) was a senior officer of the United States Army. He was involved in conflicts in the American Western Frontier, the Philippines, and World War I, where he commanded the 1st Infantry Division (nicknamed "The Big Red One") during the Battle of Cantigny while serving on the Western Front. He later was an administrator in Cuba.
Robert L. Bullard | |
|---|---|
Bullard in October 1918. | |
| Born | January 5, 1861 Lee County, Alabama, United States |
| Died | September 11, 1947 (aged 86) New York City, United States |
| Buried | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/ | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1885–1925 |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Service number | 0-16 |
| Unit | Infantry Branch |
| Commands held | 26th Infantry Regiment 2nd Brigade 1st Infantry Division III Corps Second Army |
| Battles/wars | Spanish–American War Philippine–American War Mexican Border Service World War I |
| Awards | Army Distinguished Service Medal |
| Other work | President of the National Security League author orator |
Military career Edit
A native of Alabama, Bullard attended the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama, now Auburn University, and the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York, graduated twenty-seventh in a class of thirty-nine in 1885. Among his classmates included several officers who would become future general officers, such as Beaumont B. Buck, Joseph E. Kuhn, Henry P. McCain, Robert Michie, George W. Burr, John D. Barrette, John M. Carson Jr., Robert A. Brown, Charles H. Muir, William F. Martin, Daniel B. Devore and Willard A. Holbrook.
He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1892. He served in various capacities in the Spanish–American War, and in the Philippines from 1902 to 1904. He was made lieutenant colonel in 1906. In 1907, he was special investigator for the U.S. provisional government in Cuba, and the following year was superintendent of public instruction there. In 1911, he was promoted to colonel.[1] He attended the U.S. Army War College from 1911 to 1912.[2]
Bullard's Indians Edit
The 39th Volunteer Infantry was unit of United States Volunteers raised to fight in the Philippine–American War. Bullard was promoted to colonel and given command of the unit. It was nicknamed the "Bullard's Indians" due to the type of tactics the unit employed.[2]
World War I Edit
After the American entry into World War I, in April 1917, Bullard was quickly promoted to brigadier general (June 1917) and major general in the National Army (August 1917). He took over command of the 1st Infantry Division ("Big Red One") from William L. Sibert, holding this post from December 1917 to July 1918.[1] The division was then serving in France as part of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), commanded by General John J. Pershing.[3]
He led his division in the Battle of Cantigny (1918) and captured the village of Cantigny. It had been held by the German Eighteenth Army. It was the site of a German advance observation point and strongly fortified. This was the first sustained American offensive of the war. It was considered a success in that it expanded the American front by about a mile.[4] General Pershing said of the attack:
The enemy reaction against our troops at Cantigny was extremely violent, and apparently he was determined at all costs to counteract the most excellent effect the American success had produced. For three days his guns of all calibers were concentrated on our new position and counter-attack succeeded counter-attack. The desperate efforts of the Germans gave the fighting at Cantigny a seeming tactical importance entirely out of proportion to the numbers involved."2
Bullard was fluent in French and often served in joint U.S.–French operations. He also held a low opinion of Black American troops, writing in his diary that they were "hopelessly inferior." Historian Tyler E. Stovall described this view as part of a tradition of white U.S. military officers ascribing any failings on the part of African-American soldiers to "innate racial inadequacies".[5]
General Pershing created the Second U.S. Army in October 1918 and appointed Bullard as its first commander with the rank of lieutenant general. At the same time he turned over command of the U.S. First Army to Lieutenant General Hunter Liggett. Pershing retained his position as commander of the AEF with authority over both of the armies.[6]
Bullard's military actions have also been subject to criticism. In the Battle of Montfaucon, Bullard reportedly refused orders to turn the flank of the German troops with his 4th Division as he did not want to help Major General George H. Cameron, commander of V Corps, get credit for taking the German fortress at Montfaucon.[7] Due to his alleged disobedience or deliberate misinterpretation of orders, the 79th Division, part of Cameron's V Corps, had no support to their right and suffered unnecessarily severe casualties as they performed a frontal attack on the fortress.[8] Additionally, Bullard continued to conduct offensive operations, with full knowledge that the Armistice with Germany was due to take effect in a few hours, was criticized by Alden Brooks in his post-war account of the war, As I Saw It (1930).
For his services during the war Bullard was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal, the citation for which reads:
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Lieutenant General Robert Lee Bullard, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. In the course of this war, General Bullard commanded in turn the first American division to take its place in the front lines in France, the 3d Corps, and the Second Army. He participated in operations in reduction of the Marne salient and in the Meuse-Argonne offensive. He was in command of the Second Army when the German resistance west of the Meuse was shattered.[9]
Post war Edit
The Second Army was deactivated in April 1919 and Bullard reverted to his permanent rank of major general in June 1920. He was assigned to corps command in the much smaller post war U.S. Army. He retired from active duty in 1925 to concentrate on writing.[1] He served as last president of the National Security League from 1925 until he disbanded it in 1947.[10]
Bullard wrote American Soldiers Also Fought in 1936.[1][11]
He died on September 11, 1947, at the age of 86.[1] Bullard is buried at the U.S. Military Academy Post Cemetery, with his wife Ella (Reiff) Bullard (5 November 1870 to 3 March 1963).
Writing Edit
He was author of the following books:
- Personalities and Reminiscences of the War, New York: Doubleday Page, 1925. ISBN 0-7661-9742-5
- American Soldiers also Fought, New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1936. OCLC 2854191
Bullard also wrote several magazine articles.
Military awards Edit
- Army Distinguished Service Medal
- Indian Campaign Medal
- Spanish War Service Medal
- Philippine Campaign Medal
- Army of Cuban Pacification Medal
- Mexican Border Service Medal
- Victory Medal
- Commander, French Legion of Honor
- Commander, Belgian Order of Leopold
- Commander, Italian Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
- French Croix de Guerre with 2 palms [12]
Dates of rank Edit
| Insignia | Rank | Component | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| None | Cadet | United States Military Academy | 1 July 1881 |
| None in 1885 | Second Lieutenant | Regular Army | 14 June 1885 |
| First Lieutenant | Regular Army | 2 April 1892 | |
| Captain | Regular Army | 22 June 1898 | |
| Colonel | Volunteers | 6 August 1898 (Honorably discharged from Volunteers on 6 May 1901.) | |
| Major | Regular Army | 1 April 1901 | |
| Lieutenant Colonel | Regular Army | 31 October 1906 | |
| Colonel | Regular Army | 11 March 1911 | |
| Brigadier General | Regular Army | 16 June 1917 | |
| Major General | National Army | 5 August 1917 | |
| Lieutenant General | Emergency | 1 November 1918 (Date of rank 16 October 1918. Discharged and reverted to permanent rank 30 June 1920.) | |
| Major General | Regular Army | 16 February 1919 (Date of rank 27 November 1918.) | |
| Major General | Retired List | 15 January 1925 | |
| Lieutenant General | Retired List | 21 June 1930 |
Source: Army Register, 1926[13]
Bibliography Edit
- Millett, Allan R. (1975). The General: Robert L. Bullard and Officership in the United States Army, 1881–1925. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0837179572. OCLC 1530541.
- Davenport, Matthew J. (2015). First Over There: The Battle of Cantigny, America's First Battle of World War I. Thomas Dunne Books.
- Walker, William (2016). Betrayal at Little Gibraltar: A German Fortress, a Treacherous American General, and the Battle to End World War I. Scribner. ISBN 978-1-5011-1789-3.
- Davis, Henry Blaine Jr. (1998). Generals in Khaki. Raleigh, NC: Pentland Press. ISBN 1571970886. OCLC 40298151.
- Venzon, Anne Cipriano (2013). The United States in the First World War: an Encyclopedia. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 1-135-68453-7. OCLC 865332376.
- Zabecki, David T.; Mastriano, Douglas V., eds. (2020). Pershing's Lieutenants: American Military Leadership in World War I. New York, NY: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-3863-6.
Notes Edit
^1 . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). 1922.
^2 Source Records of the Great War, Vol. VI, ed. Charles F. Horne, National Alumni 1923
References Edit
- ^ a b c d e Davis 1998, p. 58.
- ^ a b Zabecki & Mastriano 2020, p. 209.
- ^ Zabecki & Mastriano 2020, p. 210−211.
- ^ Zabecki & Mastriano 2020, p. 212.
- ^ Stovall, Tyler E. (1996). Paris Noir: African Americans in the City of Light. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 14. ISBN 9780395683996.
- ^ Zabecki & Mastriano 2020, p. 215−216.
- ^ Walker, William (2017). "Mystery At Montfaucon". MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History. Vienna, Virginia: History.Net. 29 (3): 36.
- ^ Walker, William (2016). Betrayal at Little Gibraltar: A German Fortress, a Treacherous American General, and the Battle to End World War I. Scribner.
- ^ "Valor awards for Robert Lee Bullard". Military Times.
- ^ Shulman, I. The Progressive Era Origins of the National Security Act (Winter 2000 ed.). Dickinson Law Review.
- ^ Zabecki & Mastriano 2020, p. 217.
- ^ "Robert L. Bullard • Cullum's Register • 3084".
- ^ The Adjutant General's Office, War Department (1926). Official Army Register for 1926 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 688. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
External links Edit
- The Battle of Cantigny, 1918
- Robert Lee Bullard at Find a Grave
- Martin T. Olliff: Bullard, Robert Lee, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.