World War I Victory Medal (United States)
The World War I Victory Medal (known prior to establishment of the World War II Victory Medal in 1945 simply as the Victory Medal) was a United States service medal designed by James Earle Fraser of New York City under the direction of the Commission of Fine Arts.[1]
| World War I Victory Medal | |
|---|---|
| Type | Service medal |
| Awarded for | "service between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, or with either of the following expeditions:
|
| Description | A medal of bronze 36 millimeters in diameter. On the obverse is a winged Victory standing full length and full face. On the reverse is the inscription The Great War for Civilization and the coat of arms for the United States surmounted by a fasces, and on either side the names of the Allied and Associated Nations. The medal is suspended by a ring from a silk moire ribbon 1 3/8 inches in length and 36 millimeters in width, composed of two rainbows placed in juxtaposition and having the red in the middle, with a white thread along each edge. |
| Country | United States |
| Presented by | Secretary of War and Secretary of the Navy |
| Eligibility | Military personnel only |
| Motto | The Great War for Civilization |
| Status | Obsolete |
| Established | 1919 |
| Precedence | |
| Next (higher) | Mexican Border Service Medal |
| Next (lower) | Army of Occupation of Germany Medal |
Award of a common allied service medal was recommended by an inter-allied committee in March 1919.[2] Each allied nation would design a 'Victory Medal' for award to their military personnel, all issues having certain common features, including a winged figure of victory on the obverse and the same ribbon.[3]
The Victory Medal was originally intended to be established by an act of Congress. The bill authorizing the medal never passed, however, thus leaving the military departments to establish it through general orders. The War Department published orders in April 1919, and the Navy in June of the same year.[1]
Criteria
The Victory Medal was awarded to military personnel for service between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, or with either of the following expeditions:
- American Expeditionary Forces in European Russia between November 12, 1918, and August 5, 1919.
- American Expeditionary Forces Siberia between November 23, 1918, and April 1, 1920.[4]
Design
The front of the bronze medal features a winged Victory holding a shield and sword on the front. The back of the bronze medal features "The Great War For Civilization" in all capital letters curved along the top of the medal. Curved along the bottom of the back of the medal are six stars, three on either side of the center column of seven staffs wrapped in a cord. The top of the staff has a round ball on top and is winged on the side. The staff is on top of a shield that says "U" on the left side of the staff and "S" on the right side of the staff. On left side of the staff it lists one World War I Allied country per line: France, Italy, Serbia, Japan, Montenegro, Russia, and Greece. On the right side of the staff the Allied country names read: Great Britain, Belgium, Brazil, Portugal, Rumania (spelled with a U instead of an O as it is spelled now), and China.
Devices
To denote battle participation and campaign credit, the World War I Victory Medal was authorized with a large variety of devices to denote specific accomplishments. In order of seniority, the devices authorized to the World War I Victory Medal were as follows:
Citation Star
The Citation Star to the World War I Victory Medal was authorized by the United States Congress on February 4, 1919.[1] A 3⁄16 inch silver star was authorized to be worn on the ribbon of the Victory Medal for any member of the U.S. Army who had been cited for gallantry in action between 1917 and 1920. In 1932, the Citation Star ("Silver Star") was redesigned and renamed the Silver Star Medal and, upon application to the United States War Department, any holder of the Silver Star Citation could have it converted to a Silver Star medal.
The Navy Commendation Star to the World War I Victory Medal was authorized to any person who had been commended by the Secretary of the Navy for performance of duty during the First World War. A 3⁄16 inch silver star was worn on the World War I Victory Medal, identical in appearance to the Army's Citation Star. Unlike the Army's version, however, the Navy Commendation Star could not be upgraded to the Silver Star medal.[1][5]
Army Battle Clasps
The following battle clasps, inscribed with a battle's name, were worn on the medal to denote participation in major ground conflicts.[1]
| Army Battle Clasps | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Major Ground Conflict | Start Date | End Date | ||||
| Aisne | May 27, 1918 | June 5, 1918 | ||||
| Aisne-Marne | July 18, 1918 | August 6, 1918 | ||||
| Cambrai | May 12, 1917 | December 4, 1917 | ||||
| Champagne-Marne | July 15, 1918 | July 18, 1918 | ||||
| Lys | April 9, 1918 | April 27, 1918 | ||||
| Meuse-Argonne | September 26, 1918 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Montdidier-Noyon | June 9, 1918 | June 13, 1918 | ||||
| Oise-Aisne | August 18, 1918 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| St. Mihiel | September 12, 1918 | September 16, 1918 | ||||
| Somme-Defensive | March 21, 1918 | April 6, 1918 | ||||
| Somme-Offensive | August 8, 1918 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Vittorio-Veneto | October 24, 1918 | November 4, 1918 | ||||
| Ypres-Lys | August 19, 1918 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
For general defense service, not involving a specific battle, the "Defensive Sector" Battle Clasp was authorized. The clasp was also awarded for any battle which was not already recognized by its own battle clasp.
The World War I Victory Medal bears the clasps of the battles the U.S. Army participated in across the ribbon. Not all battles are shown on the bar clasps. Only the battles designated as battles that would have bars issued were shown on the medal. The famous Battle of Chateau Thierry to hold the Chateau and the bridge as a joint effort between the US Army and the US Marines against the German machine gunners did not get awarded clasps.
As commander of the American Expeditionary Forces, General John J. Pershing received all 14 clasps. His medal is in the National Museum of American History.[6]
Navy battle clasps were issued for naval service in support of Army operations and had identical names to the Army battle clasps. There was a slight variation of the criteria dates for the Navy battle clasps, as listed below.[1]
| Navy Battle Clasps | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Major Ground Conflict | Start Date | End Date | ||||
| Aisne | June 1, 1918 | June 5, 1918 | ||||
| Aisne-Marne | July 18, 1918 | July 20, 1918 | ||||
| Meuse-Argonne | September 29, 1918 | October 10, 1918 | ||||
| Meuse-Argonne | October 25, 1918 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| St. Mihiel | September 12, 1918 | September 16, 1918 | ||||
| Ypres-Lys (Service in support of the Northern Bombing Group) | ||||||
The Defensive Sector Clasp was also authorized for Navy personnel who had participated in naval combat but were not authorized a particular battle clasp.
For sea-related war duty, the Navy issued the following operational clasps, which were worn on the World War I Victory Medal and inscribed with the name of the duty type which had been performed:[1]
| Navy Operational Clasps | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operation | Start Date | End Date | ||||
| Armed Guard: Merchant personnel(freighters, tankers, and troop ship) | April 6, 1917 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Asiatic: Service on any vessel that visited a Siberian port | April 6, 1917 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Asiatic: Port visit must have exceeded ten days in length | November 12, 1918 | March 30, 1920 | ||||
| Atlantic Fleet: Service in the Atlantic Fleet | May 25, 1918 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Aviation: Service involving flying over the Atlantic Ocean | May 25, 1918 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Destroyer: Service on destroyers on the Atlantic Ocean | May 25, 1918 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Escort: Personnel regularly attached to escort vessels on the North Atlantic | April 6, 1917 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Grand Fleet: Personnel assigned to any ship of the “United States Grand Fleet” | December 9, 1917 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Mine Laying: Service in mine laying sea duty | May 26, 1918 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Mine Sweeping: Service in mine sweeping sea duty | April 6, 1917 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Mobile Base: Service on tenders and repair vessels | April 6, 1917 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Naval Battery: Service as a member of a naval battery detachment | July 10, 1918 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Overseas: Service on shore in allied or enemy countries of Europe | April 6, 1917 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Patrol: War patrol service on the Atlantic Ocean | May 25, 1918 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Salvage: Salvage duty performed on the seas | April 6, 1917 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Submarine: Submarine duty performed on the Atlantic Ocean | May 25,1918 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Submarine Chaser: Anti-submarine duty performed on the Atlantic Ocean | May 18, 1918 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Transport: Personnel regularly attached to a transport or cargo vessel | April 6, 1917 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| White Sea: Service on any vessel which visited a Russian port or war patrols in the White Sea not less than ten days | November 12, 1918 | July 31, 1919 | ||||
Unlike the army, the navy only allowed one clasp of any type to be worn on the ribbon. Members of the marine or medical corps who served in France but was not eligible for a battle clasp would receive a bronze Maltese cross on their ribbons.[1]
Army Service Clasps
For non-combat service with the army during the First World War, the following service clasps were authorized to be worn with the World War I Victory Medal. Each service clasp was inscribed with a country or region name where support service was performed. The U.S. Army issued the following service clasps:[1]
| Army Service Clasps | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country or Region | Start Date | End Date | ||||
| England | April 6, 1917 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| France | April 6, 1917 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Italy | April 6, 1917 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Russia | November 12, 1918 | August 5, 1919 | ||||
| Siberia | November 23, 1918 | April 1, 1920 | ||||
The U.S. Navy issued similar service clasps to the Army for service in the following regions during the following periods:[1]
| Navy Service Clasps | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region | Start Date | End Date | ||||
| England | April 6, 1917 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| France | April 6, 1917 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Italy | April 6, 1917 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
| Russia | November 12, 1918 | July 31, 1919 | ||||
| Siberia | November 12, 1918 | March 30, 1920 | ||||
| West Indies | April 6, 1917 | November 11, 1918 | ||||
Campaign Stars
Since battle and service clasps could only be worn on the full-sized World War I Victory Medal, 3/16 inch bronze service stars were authorized for wear on the award ribbon. This was the common method of campaign and battle display when wearing the World War I Victory Medal as a ribbon on a military uniform.
Maltese Cross
Medals issued to U.S. Marines were issued with a Maltese cross device affixed to the ribbon.
Lapel button
The World War I Victory Button (known prior to establishment of the World War II Victory Medal simply as the Victory Button) was a lapel button designed for wear on civilian clothes and consisted of a five-pointed star 5/8-inch in diameter on a wreath with the letters “U.S.” in the center. For persons wounded in action, the lapel button was silver; for all others, the lapel button was bronze.[7] The Victory Button was designed by the sculptor, Adolph Alexander Weinman of New York City under the supervision of the Commission of Fine Arts.[1]
The World War I Victory Button on a narrow circular band of blue enamel, containing the words “American Legion” in gold letters, forms the central element of the American Legion emblem.[8] It was adopted by the National Executive Committee of the American Legion on July 9, 1919, as the official insignia of the national organization of American veterans.[9]
Distribution
The World War I Victory Medals were awarded after the end of World War I, so they were mailed to the servicemen instead of awarded in person. For example, the boxes containing the Victory Medals for United States Army World War I veterans were mailed out by the depot officer at the General Supply Depot, U.S. Army, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in April 1921. An outer light brown box with an address label glued to it and its postage area marked "OFFICIAL BUSINESS, Penalty for private use $300" contained an inner white box stamped with the bars the serviceman was supposed to receive on his medal. The inner white box contained the medal, which was wrapped in tissue paper.
Only after filling out the application form A.G.O. No. 740 with the help of an authorized officer could it be officially forwarded to the Philadelphia Quartermaster Intermediate Depot for the veteran then to receive his medal by mail. The Army started issuing Victory Medals on June 21, 1920, not April 1921 as listed above. The Navy had a late start due to production issues and started in August 1920.[10]
Allied and associated nations
Not only did the United States establish a World War I Victory Medal, but so did a significant number of allied and associated nations involved in the conflict against the Dual Alliance between Austria and Germany. The proposition of such a common award was first made by French Maréchal Ferdinand Foch who was supreme commander of the Allied Forces during the First World War. Each bronze Victory Medal has the same diameter (36 mm) and ribbon (double rainbow), but with a national design representing a winged victory.[a]
| Country | Designer | Manufacturer | Number issued |
| Belgium | Paul Du Bois (1859–1938) | — | 300,000–350,000 |
| Brazil | Jorge Soubre (1890–1934) |
| approximately 2,500 |
| Cuba | Charles Charles |
| 6,000–7,000 |
| Czechoslovakia | Otakar Španiel (1881–1955) |
| approximately 89,500 |
| France | Pierre-Alexandre Morlon (1878–1951) |
| approximately 2,000,000 |
| France [b] | Charles Charles |
| — |
| France[b] |
| — | — |
| United Kingdom[c] | William McMillan (1887–1977) |
| 6,334,522 plus |
| Greece | Henry-Eugène Nocq (1868–1944) |
| approximately 200,000 |
| Italy | Gaetano Orsolini (1884–1954) |
| approximately 2,000,000 |
| Japan[d] | Shoukichi Hata |
| 193,300 |
| Poland[e] | .... Vlaitov |
| — |
| Portugal | João Da Silva (1880–1960) |
| approximately 100,000 |
| Romania | .... Kristesko | — | approximately 300,000 |
| Siam (Thailand) | Itthithepsan Kritakara (1890–1935) | — | approximately 1,500 |
| South Africa[f] | William McMillan (1887–1977) |
| approximately 75,000 |
| United States | James Earle Fraser (1876–1953) |
| approximately 2,500,000 |
Main source:[11]
See also
Notes
- ^ Except Japan and Siam where the concept of a winged victory was not culturally relevant. The Interallied Victory Medals of World War I by Alexander J. Laslo, Dorado Publishing, Albuquerque. 1986 edition.
- ^ a b Unofficial. The Interallied Victory Medals of World War I by Alexander J. Laslo, Dorado Publishing, Albuquerque. 1986 edition.
- ^ Awarded not only to British combatants but as well to those from the dominions of Canada, Australia, Newfoundland, New Zealand and those from the Empire of India. The Interallied Victory Medals of World War I’’ by Alexander J. Laslo, Dorado Publishing, Albuquerque. 1986 Edition
- ^ On the obverse the winged figure of Victory was replaced by a warrior holding a spear. The Interallied Victory Medals of World War I by Alexander J. Laslo, Dorado Publishing, Albuquerque. 1986 edition.
- ^ For reasons still not known, Poland did not proceed with the manufacture of the medal at their mint. The medal shows a clearly visible “MK” ( Mint Kremnica). The medal may possibly be an unofficial strike by a veteran’s group. The Interallied Victory Medals of World War I by Alexander J. Laslo, Dorado Publishing, Albuquerque. 1986 edition.
- ^ The text on the reverse is in English and Dutch. The Interallied Victory Medals of World War I by Alexander J. Laslo, Dorado Publishing, Albuquerque. 1986 edition.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wyllie, Robert E. (1921). Orders, Decorations and Insignia, Military and Civil. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 16, 30, 48, 56, 66, 72, 83–90. OCLC 1279226. OL 7102953M – via Internet Archive.
- ^ The Type I Victory Medal 1914-1919. Richard Flory. Orders & Medals Research Society Journal, September 2009, page 145
- ^ Joslin, Litherland and Simpkin. British Battles and Medals. pp. 230-1. Published Spink, London. 1988.
- ^ 578.54 World War I Victory Medal
- ^ Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual, NAVPERS 15,790 Rev. 1953.
- ^ General Pershing's World War I Victory Medal
- ^ 32 C.F.R. § 578.54 2002.
- ^ "The Insignia of the American Legion". The American Legion Weekly. Vol. 1, no. 5. New York: The Legion Publishing Corporation. August 1, 1919. pp. 1, 24. ISSN 0886-1234 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Rumer, Thomas A. (1990). The American Legion: An Official History, 1919–1989. New York: M. Evans & Company, Inc. p. 156. ISBN 978-0871316226. OCLC 22207881.
- ^ World War I, Victory Medals, By James P Michels Jr, Createspace/Amazon.com, 2014 and the 2016 expanded edition, page 29.
- ^ The Interallied Victory Medals of World War I by Alexander J. Laslo, Dorado Publishing, Albuquerque. 1986 edition.
External links
- Media related to World War I Victory Medal at Wikimedia Commons