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China Road and Bridge Corporation

China Road and Bridge Corporation (CRBC), a subsidiary of Fortune Global 500[1] company China Communications Construction Company (CCCC), focuses on global civil engineering and construction projects such as highways, railways, bridges, ports, and tunnels. Growing out of the Foreign Aid Office of the Ministry of Communications of China, CRBC and its predecessors have been executing projects since 1958. In 1979, CRBC was formally established and entered the international contracting market. The parent entity, CCCC, was formed through the combination of CRBC and China Harbour Engineering Company Ltd (CHEC) in 2005.[2]

China Road and Bridge Corporation
Native name
中国路桥工程有限责任公司
TypeSubsidiary
IndustryEngineering and Construction
Founded1979
Headquarters,
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Lu Shan, Chairman Du Fei, President
ServicesDesign, engineering and construction of transportation infrastructure, including highways, railways, bridges, tunnels, marine ports, airports

Design, engineering and construction of selected vertical infrastructure assets e.g. university buildings

Concessions
ParentChina Communications Construction Co.
Websitewww.crbc.com

CRBC is among the largest engineering and construction firms globally,[3] and operates from more than 50 branches and offices throughout Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. CRBC has played a key role in the design and construction of both greenfield and brownfield infrastructure projects in developing countries, especially those located in Africa where it is a market leader.[4] The company has full EPC capabilities, and actively pursues P3 projects, often acting as concessionaire.[5] The company's motto is: "Build roads and bridges, make contributions to society, put employees first, and strive for excellence."

In addition to the design and construction of infrastructure, CRBC is engaged in infrastructure equity investment; real estate development and management; and industrial park equity investment and development.

Notable bridge projects edit

 
Pupin bridge (Belgrade)
  • In GABON

National Regional Road from(Port Gentil to Omboué in the Ogooué- Maritime Region (108km) with the construction of 3 Bridge-Viaducts (1st: Pont d'Ozouri; 2nd: Pont d'Animba; 3rd: Pont d' 'Olendé) in addition to the Road, all carried out by CRBC

Notable tunnel projects edit

Notable road projects edit

 
Roadworks between Conakry and Coyah (Guinea)
  • Beijing Capital Airport Expressway (China)
  • Brazzaville Viaduct Project (Congo-Brazzaville), the first viaduct in Congo-Brazzaville and the longest bridge in west and central Africa[21]
  • Shanghai-Nanjing Expressway (China)[22]
  • Addis Ababa to Nazret Expressway (Ethiopia)[22]
  • Addis Ababa Ring Road Project (Ethiopia)
  • Datong–Yuncheng Expressway (China), the largest expressway structure in China's Shanxi province
  • Thies-Touba Toll Highway (Senegal)[23]
  • Phnom Peng - Sihanoukville Expressway Project (Cambodia),[24] a $1.7 billion[25] project that includes 89 bridges
  • National Road No. 7 Improvement Project in Xieng Khouang Province (Laos)
  • Pifo-Papallacta Road Project (Ecuador)[26]
  • Los Granados Overpass Project of Quito City (Ecuador)
  • Kigali Urban Road Upgrading Project (Rwanda) - with this project, CRBC has built 70% of Rwanda's asphalt roads[27]
  • Osh-Wootz Road Rehabilitation Project (Kyrgyzstan)
  • Rehabilitation of the Caxito to N'zeto Road (Angola)[28]
  • Smokovac-Uvač-Mateševo section of the Bar-Boljare Motorway (Montenegro), which has 19 bridges, 16 tunnels, and 3 interchanges[29]
  • Pakistan Karakoram Highway Upgrading Project (Pakistan), one of the highest paved roads in the world
  • Dare-e-Sof and Yakawlang Road (Afghanistan), a 550 km road over mountainous terrain requiring eight large bridges as well as 194 small bridges[30]
  • Rehabilitation and Modernization of the Alfao-Sanvé Condji-Bénin Border Road (Togo)[31]
  • Odienne-Gbelegban Highway Project (Côte d'Ivoire)[32]
  • Thies-Touba Toll Highway Project (Senegal)[33][34]
  • Madagascar Capital Airport Road Project (Madagascar)[35]
  • Phnom Penh-Sihanoukville expressway (Cambodia)[36]

Notable rail projects edit

 
A DF4D owned by CRBC in the construction site of Nairobi–Malaba Standard Gauge Railway

Notable port, airport and other projects edit

  • Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3 (China), the second largest airport terminal in the world and the ninth largest building in the world by area
  • Section IV of the 3RS Project at Hong Kong International Airport[46]
  • Bata Port Project (Equatorial Guinea), the first large modern port in Central Africa[47]
  • Saint Mary Road Port Project (Madagascar)
  • OYO Inland Wharf Project (Congo-Brazzaville)
  • Friendship Port of Nouakchott (Mauritania)[48]
  • No. 19 Berth in Mombasa (Kenya), the first port project of Kenya since 1984
  • Cabinda University (Angola)[49]
  • Zaire Province Hospital Project (Angola)
  • Kampar Sports Complex (Malaysia)
  • Teacher Training Institute (Malaysia)
  • Yachay University Real Estate Project (Ecuador)

References edit

  1. ^ "Global 500". Fortune. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  2. ^ "China Communications Construction Co. Ltd. Annual Report 2016". tools.euroland.com. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  3. ^ Chinmei Sung,Chinese in Rwanda Bloomberg L.P., 15 January 2009
  4. ^ "CRBC cements Sino-Kenya ties | Company Special". China Daily. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  5. ^ a b . Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  6. ^ "Pelješac Bridge Contractor Completing First Part of Motorway in Montenegro". Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  7. ^ "Chinese firm signs contract for EU-funded bridge project in Croatia". gbtimes.com. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  8. ^ "Longest Bridge in the World - Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge - Facts and History". historyofbridges.com. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  9. ^ . Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 24 February 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  10. ^ "Sutong Bridge | AECOM". www.aecom.com. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  11. ^ indahnesia.com. "indahnesia.com - Madura island - Jembatan Suramadu - The bridge between Java and Madura - Discover Indonesia Online". indahnesia.com. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  12. ^ . Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  13. ^ hermes (24 March 2016). "Kalimantan's longest bridge opens". The Straits Times. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  14. ^ "Building work begins on Cao Lanh Bridge". Viet Nam News.
  15. ^ "Runyang Yangtze River North Bridge (Zhenjiang/Yangzhou, 2005) | Structurae". Structurae. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  16. ^ "Construction d'un pont à Foundiougne : Les Chinois de Crbc confirment la règle". Seneweb News. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  17. ^ "Cunene River Brisge Award Article" (PDF).
  18. ^ "Maputo-Catembe bridge a major step forward for Mozambique". Mozambique. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  19. ^ TCA. "Tajikistan opens longest tunnel in country". timesca.com. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  20. ^ . Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  21. ^ "The 'La Corniche' road open to the public | Municipality of Brazzaville". www.brazzaville.cg. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  22. ^ a b "Ethiopia -Shanghai-Nanjing or Addis-Nazret expressway?". nazret.com. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  23. ^ 李齐. "Chinese companies making inroads". China Daily. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  24. ^ Ratana, Uong (18 January 2018). "Expressway project ready to move". The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  25. ^ "Sihanoukville highway due by 2023". Khmer Times. 18 March 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  26. ^ "MTOP watch: CRBC contract, Riobamba, Ambato, Zamora-Gualaquiza roads - BNamericas". BNamericas. 12 June 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  27. ^ "More than 40 Years of High-Quality Construction". The European Times. 14 June 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  28. ^ . Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  29. ^ "CRBC to complete first section of Bar-Boljare motorway in May 2019". seenews.com. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  30. ^ 于小明. "Chinese firm signs contract to build road in Afghanistan". China Daily. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  31. ^ "Chinese company praised for social responsibility toward Togo youth". China Daily. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  32. ^ . aip.ci. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  33. ^ 李齐. "Chinese companies making inroads". China Daily. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  34. ^ . WorldHighways.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019.
  35. ^ . eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  36. ^ "Cambodia breaks ground on $2bn China-funded expressway". Nikkei Asian Review.
  37. ^ 王建芬. "High-speed train to reach Shanghai from Beijing in 4 hours". China Daily. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  38. ^ 赵思远. "China Road and Bridge Corp funds Kenyan students' scholarships, railway expansion". China Daily. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  39. ^ "What you should know about Kenya's mega-railway, built with Chinese money". Newsweek. 31 May 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  40. ^ "Mind-bendingly Complex Efforts Rewarded as ENR 2018 Global Best Projects Winners". Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  41. ^ "Local firms to reap Sh60bn from SGR phase II". Business Daily. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  42. ^ . president.go.ke. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  43. ^ Parke, Phoebe. "Kenya's $13 billion railway is taking shape". CNN. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  44. ^ "Nairobi-Naivasha SGR'S promise". The Star, Kenya. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  45. ^ 黄沛. "Hefei-Guangzhou high-speed rail to commence operation". China Daily. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  46. ^ "Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System: Construction Phase Quarterly EM&A Report No.3" (PDF). Mott McDonald Report.
  47. ^ "Equatorial Guinea: Bata Port Reaches Another Milestone". Dredging Today. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  48. ^ Maisori, Beatrice. "HOW AND WHY DO CHINESE FIRMS CHOOSE TO LOCATE IN ONE AFRICAN COUNTRY OVER ANOTHER?". International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research. 2 (2, 2018).
  49. ^ Tukić, Nuša. "Paving the road ahead: China-Africa co-operation in the infrastructure sector" (PDF). Center for Chinese Studies.

External links edit

  • Corporate website

china, road, bridge, corporation, crbc, redirects, here, confused, with, canadian, radio, broadcasting, commission, crbc, subsidiary, fortune, global, company, china, communications, construction, company, cccc, focuses, global, civil, engineering, constructio. CRBC redirects here Not to be confused with Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission China Road and Bridge Corporation CRBC a subsidiary of Fortune Global 500 1 company China Communications Construction Company CCCC focuses on global civil engineering and construction projects such as highways railways bridges ports and tunnels Growing out of the Foreign Aid Office of the Ministry of Communications of China CRBC and its predecessors have been executing projects since 1958 In 1979 CRBC was formally established and entered the international contracting market The parent entity CCCC was formed through the combination of CRBC and China Harbour Engineering Company Ltd CHEC in 2005 2 China Road and Bridge CorporationNative name中国路桥工程有限责任公司TypeSubsidiaryIndustryEngineering and ConstructionFounded1979HeadquartersBeijing ChinaArea servedWorldwideKey peopleLu Shan Chairman Du Fei PresidentServicesDesign engineering and construction of transportation infrastructure including highways railways bridges tunnels marine ports airports Design engineering and construction of selected vertical infrastructure assets e g university buildings ConcessionsParentChina Communications Construction Co Websitewww wbr crbc wbr comCRBC is among the largest engineering and construction firms globally 3 and operates from more than 50 branches and offices throughout Asia Africa Europe and the Americas CRBC has played a key role in the design and construction of both greenfield and brownfield infrastructure projects in developing countries especially those located in Africa where it is a market leader 4 The company has full EPC capabilities and actively pursues P3 projects often acting as concessionaire 5 The company s motto is Build roads and bridges make contributions to society put employees first and strive for excellence In addition to the design and construction of infrastructure CRBC is engaged in infrastructure equity investment real estate development and management and industrial park equity investment and development Contents 1 Notable bridge projects 2 Notable tunnel projects 3 Notable road projects 4 Notable rail projects 5 Notable port airport and other projects 6 References 7 External linksNotable bridge projects edit nbsp Pupin bridge Belgrade Peljesac Bridge Croatia 6 a US 340m project the first time that a Chinese company has won the bid for a project funded by the European Union 7 Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge considered the longest bridge in the world 8 Hong Kong Zhuhai Macau Bridge connects Hong Kong with Macau and Zhuhai which is among the longest fixed links in the world 9 Pupin Bridge Serbia the second bridge constructed over the Danube in Belgrade Sutong Yangtze River Bridge China which had the longest main span of any cable stayed bridge in the world between 2008 and 2012 is currently listed as one of the tallest bridges and won an Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement OCEA award from the American Society of Civil Engineers 10 Suramadu Bridge Indonesia the longest bridge in Indonesia and the first bridge to cross the Madura Strait 11 Tayan Bridge Indonesia the longest bridge in Borneo 12 13 Cao Lanh Bridge Vietnam 14 Xiamen Haicang Bridge in Fujian Province China which is on the list of longest suspension bridge spans Donghai Bridge China the first sea crossing bridge completed in China and one of the longest cross sea bridges in the world Hangzhou Bay Bridge China which is among the ten longest trans oceanic bridges Runyang Yangtze River Bridge China the third longest suspension bridge span in the world and the largest in China 15 Jintang Bridge China the third longest cross sea bridge built in ChinaIn GABONNational Regional Road from Port Gentil to Omboue in the Ogooue Maritime Region 108km with the construction of 3 Bridge Viaducts 1st Pont d Ozouri 2nd Pont d Animba 3rd Pont d Olende in addition to the Road all carried out by CRBC Foundiougne Bridge Senegal 16 Cunene River Bridge Angola the longest bridge in Angola 17 Maputo Katembe bridge 18 Qin Dwin River Bridge Myanmar Bubiyan Bridge Kuwait Cross Bay Link Tseung Kwan O Hong Kong Binondo Intramuros Bridge Philippines Estrella Pantaleon Bridge Philippines NLEX Connector Section 2 Philippines under construction Davao Samal Bridge Philippines Notable tunnel projects editErlangshan Tunnel on Sichuan Tibet Highway China one of the world s longest tunnels Shakhristan Tunnel of the Tajikistan Uzbekistan Highway Tajikistan the longest tunnel in Tajikistan 19 Karnaphuli Tunnel Bangladesh 20 Datong Yuncheng Expressway Yanmenguan Tunnel China Zun Chong Expressway Qingshaogang Tunnel China Notable road projects edit nbsp Roadworks between Conakry and Coyah Guinea Beijing Capital Airport Expressway China Brazzaville Viaduct Project Congo Brazzaville the first viaduct in Congo Brazzaville and the longest bridge in west and central Africa 21 Shanghai Nanjing Expressway China 22 Addis Ababa to Nazret Expressway Ethiopia 22 Addis Ababa Ring Road Project Ethiopia Datong Yuncheng Expressway China the largest expressway structure in China s Shanxi province Thies Touba Toll Highway Senegal 23 Phnom Peng Sihanoukville Expressway Project Cambodia 24 a 1 7 billion 25 project that includes 89 bridges National Road No 7 Improvement Project in Xieng Khouang Province Laos Pifo Papallacta Road Project Ecuador 26 Los Granados Overpass Project of Quito City Ecuador Kigali Urban Road Upgrading Project Rwanda with this project CRBC has built 70 of Rwanda s asphalt roads 27 Osh Wootz Road Rehabilitation Project Kyrgyzstan Rehabilitation of the Caxito to N zeto Road Angola 28 Smokovac Uvac Matesevo section of the Bar Boljare Motorway Montenegro which has 19 bridges 16 tunnels and 3 interchanges 29 Pakistan Karakoram Highway Upgrading Project Pakistan one of the highest paved roads in the world Dare e Sof and Yakawlang Road Afghanistan a 550 km road over mountainous terrain requiring eight large bridges as well as 194 small bridges 30 Rehabilitation and Modernization of the Alfao Sanve Condji Benin Border Road Togo 31 Odienne Gbelegban Highway Project Cote d Ivoire 32 Thies Touba Toll Highway Project Senegal 33 34 Madagascar Capital Airport Road Project Madagascar 35 Phnom Penh Sihanoukville expressway Cambodia 36 Notable rail projects edit nbsp A DF4D owned by CRBC in the construction site of Nairobi Malaba Standard Gauge RailwayBeijing Shanghai High Speed Railway China the world s longest high speed rail ever constructed in a single phase 37 Mombasa Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway Kenya the largest infrastructure project constructed in Kenya since independence 5 38 39 received an Award of Merit from Engineering News Record ENR 40 Nairobi Naivasha Standard Gauge Railway Kenya 41 42 43 44 Yongzhou Liuzhou Section Expansion Project of Hunan Guangxi High Speed Railway China Harbin Dalian Passenger Dedicated Line China Datong Xi an Railway Passenger Dedicated Stations Section 14 China Nanjing Anqing Railway Section 5 China 2 Section of Chengdu Kunming High Speed Railway China Hefei Guangzhou High Speed Rail China 45 Haergai Station to Muli Coal Mine Qinghai Tibet Plateau China Notable port airport and other projects editBeijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3 China the second largest airport terminal in the world and the ninth largest building in the world by area Section IV of the 3RS Project at Hong Kong International Airport 46 Bata Port Project Equatorial Guinea the first large modern port in Central Africa 47 Saint Mary Road Port Project Madagascar OYO Inland Wharf Project Congo Brazzaville Friendship Port of Nouakchott Mauritania 48 No 19 Berth in Mombasa Kenya the first port project of Kenya since 1984 Cabinda University Angola 49 Zaire Province Hospital Project Angola Kampar Sports Complex Malaysia Teacher Training Institute Malaysia Yachay University Real Estate Project Ecuador References edit Global 500 Fortune Retrieved 12 April 2018 China Communications Construction Co Ltd Annual Report 2016 tools euroland com Retrieved 13 April 2018 Chinmei Sung Chinese in Rwanda Bloomberg L P 15 January 2009 CRBC cements Sino Kenya ties Company Special China Daily Retrieved 13 April 2018 a b Kenya Railways Chinese firm sign operations agreement Xinhua English news cn Xinhua News Agency Archived from the original on 14 April 2018 Retrieved 13 April 2018 Peljesac Bridge Contractor Completing First Part of Motorway in Montenegro Retrieved 13 April 2018 Chinese firm signs contract for EU funded bridge project in Croatia gbtimes com Retrieved 11 January 2019 Longest Bridge in the World Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge Facts and History historyofbridges com Retrieved 13 April 2018 Major tunnel of HK Zhuhai Macao Bridge completed Xinhua English news cn Xinhua News Agency Archived from the original on 24 February 2018 Retrieved 13 April 2018 Sutong Bridge AECOM www aecom com Retrieved 13 April 2018 indahnesia com indahnesia com Madura island Jembatan Suramadu The bridge between Java and Madura Discover Indonesia Online indahnesia com Retrieved 13 April 2018 China built Tayan Bridge opens to traffic in Indonesia Xinhua English news cn Xinhua News Agency Archived from the original on 14 April 2018 Retrieved 13 April 2018 hermes 24 March 2016 Kalimantan s longest bridge opens The Straits Times Retrieved 13 April 2018 Building work begins on Cao Lanh Bridge Viet Nam News Runyang Yangtze River North Bridge Zhenjiang Yangzhou 2005 Structurae Structurae Retrieved 13 April 2018 Construction d un pont a Foundiougne Les Chinois de Crbc confirment la regle Seneweb News Retrieved 13 April 2018 Cunene River Brisge Award Article PDF Maputo Catembe bridge a major step forward for Mozambique Mozambique Retrieved 13 April 2018 TCA Tajikistan opens longest tunnel in country timesca com Retrieved 13 April 2018 Chinese firm to construct tunnel beneath Bangladesh s Karnaphuli river Xinhua English news cn Xinhua News Agency Archived from the original on 16 August 2018 Retrieved 13 April 2018 The La Corniche road open to the public Municipality of Brazzaville www brazzaville cg Retrieved 12 April 2018 a b Ethiopia Shanghai Nanjing or Addis Nazret expressway nazret com Retrieved 13 April 2018 李齐 Chinese companies making inroads China Daily Retrieved 13 April 2018 Ratana Uong 18 January 2018 Expressway project ready to move The Phnom Penh Post Retrieved 13 April 2018 Sihanoukville highway due by 2023 Khmer Times 18 March 2018 Retrieved 12 January 2019 MTOP watch CRBC contract Riobamba Ambato Zamora Gualaquiza roads BNamericas BNamericas 12 June 2012 Retrieved 17 April 2018 More than 40 Years of High Quality Construction The European Times 14 June 2016 Retrieved 12 January 2019 Interview We are building the best highway in Angola CRBC manager Xinhua English news cn Xinhua News Agency Archived from the original on 14 April 2018 Retrieved 13 April 2018 CRBC to complete first section of Bar Boljare motorway in May 2019 seenews com Retrieved 13 April 2018 于小明 Chinese firm signs contract to build road in Afghanistan China Daily Retrieved 12 April 2018 Chinese company praised for social responsibility toward Togo youth China Daily Retrieved 13 April 2018 La route Odienne Gbeleban sera livree en fin mars rassure la CRBC chargee du bitumage Cote d Ivoire AIP aip ci Archived from the original on 14 April 2018 Retrieved 13 April 2018 李齐 Chinese companies making inroads China Daily Retrieved 13 April 2018 Chinese Funding for Senegal Road Project WorldHighways com Archived from the original on 2 November 2019 Expressway project in Madagascar adopts Chinese standards Belt and Road Portal eng yidaiyilu gov cn Archived from the original on 14 April 2018 Retrieved 13 April 2018 Cambodia breaks ground on 2bn China funded expressway Nikkei Asian Review 王建芬 High speed train to reach Shanghai from Beijing in 4 hours China Daily Retrieved 13 April 2018 赵思远 China Road and Bridge Corp funds Kenyan students scholarships railway expansion China Daily Retrieved 13 April 2018 What you should know about Kenya s mega railway built with Chinese money Newsweek 31 May 2017 Retrieved 13 April 2018 Mind bendingly Complex Efforts Rewarded as ENR 2018 Global Best Projects Winners Retrieved 18 July 2018 Local firms to reap Sh60bn from SGR phase II Business Daily Retrieved 13 April 2018 Standard Gauge Railway president go ke Archived from the original on 14 April 2018 Retrieved 13 April 2018 Parke Phoebe Kenya s 13 billion railway is taking shape CNN Retrieved 13 April 2018 Nairobi Naivasha SGR S promise The Star Kenya Retrieved 13 April 2018 黄沛 Hefei Guangzhou high speed rail to commence operation China Daily Retrieved 13 April 2018 Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three Runway System Construction Phase Quarterly EM amp A Report No 3 PDF Mott McDonald Report Equatorial Guinea Bata Port Reaches Another Milestone Dredging Today Retrieved 13 April 2018 Maisori Beatrice HOW AND WHY DO CHINESE FIRMS CHOOSE TO LOCATE IN ONE AFRICAN COUNTRY OVER ANOTHER International Journal of Economics Business and Management Research 2 2 2018 Tukic Nusa Paving the road ahead China Africa co operation in the infrastructure sector PDF Center for Chinese Studies External links editCorporate website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title China Road and Bridge Corporation amp oldid 1180430287, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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