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Eurasian beaver reintroduction

April 15, 2024

The Eurasian beaver is the target of several species reintroduction programs in Europe. Historically, beavers have been trapped and hunted for their meat, fur and castoreum, to the point of near extinction.

A Eurasian beaver and kit by the River Tay in Scotland. After being extinct for several centuries, the first beavers were reintroduced to Great Britain in 2009.

Disappearance from Europe edit

The Eurasian beaver was hunted and trapped to the point of near extinction. Fossil evidence shows that the Eurasian beaver lived from Western Europe to the Chinese-Mongolian border. By the beginning of the 20th century, only about 1,200 Eurasian beavers were left in this area,[1] surviving in eight relict populations in Europe and Asia.[2]

Beaver effects on ecosystem and habitat edit

Main article: Environmental impacts of beavers

Beavers are considered ecosystem engineers for their ability to create complex wetland ecosystems by tree-felling, dam-building, and burrowing.[3] Wetlands provide habitats for many other species of fish, birds, mammals, and vegetation, leading to increased biodiversity.[4] Beaver dams push water laterally onto flood plains, increasing groundwater and surface water storage.[3] Presence of beavers can improve water quality through sediment trapping in dams, and provide natural flood control.[5] Ponds and canals store water in areas susceptible to drought.[6] Beaver reintroduction causes flooding in areas that were not previously flooded. Over saturation causes some plants and trees die, increasing coarse woody debris (CWD) in the area. CWD attracts wood insects, and provides nesting holes for waterfowl[7] and areas of refuge for fish.[8] Trees and vegetation migrate to drier areas, leading to diversified plant species.[7] Presence of beavers increases numbers in aquatic invertebrates, insects, amphibians, birds and bats.[9] Ponds create nursing ground for fish, increased fish habitat and habitat complexity. Beaver dams can have a negative impact on migratory fish such as salmonids, preventing fish from moving upstream to headwaters.[8] Deep beaver ponds provide overwintering habitat for fish, reduce ice cover, and stabilize temperature regimes.[5]

Methods of Reintroduction edit

Beavers are reintroduced through planned and unplanned releases, such as escapes from captive populations. Unplanned releases can happen through escapes from zoos or wildlife centers, or through natural spread.[10] Planned releases are managed by governmental organizations and environmental non-profits. These are most successful when managed locally. Successful trials to reintroduce beavers start by raising community awareness and support, through community outreach and education.[11]

The reintroduction of a species can cause rapid change to high-use domesticated landscapes. These changes cause a range of emotional reactions to the community present. Attempting to understand these reactions is important for managing organizations to aid in coexistence between humans and beavers, and population success.[12] The health of a reintroduced species impacts humans and domesticated animals, and other wildlife. Health assessments should take place before and regularly after its reintroduction. In unplanned releases or escapes, it is difficult to produce a health baseline of a species.[10]

As a flagship species, beavers raise awareness and resources for wide-scale riparian and woodland restoration programs by stimulating conservation awareness. Beavers increase ecotourism, as interest in beavers and other biodiversity in ecosystems with beavers increases. Beaver ecotourism has positive socio-economic impacts for local businesses and community members.[13]

Successful reintroductions edit

By 2003, due to reintroduction and protection programs, there were about 639,000 beavers in Europe.[14] Successful Eurasian beaver introductions throughout Europe, including England, Scotland, Bavaria, Austria, Netherlands, Serbia, Denmark, and Bulgaria.[9] These successes resulted in Eurasian beavers listed as being of least concern on the (IUCN) red list due to its fast recovery in Europe.[9] Initial reintroduction populations show a time lag between the rate of population growth and the resource growth rates. This is seen in an initial population growth followed by decrease in populations to settle into the amount of resources available to the beaver populations.[15]

Incomplete list of successful reintroductions edit

  • 1922–1939 – Sweden: About 80 beavers were reintroduced to 19 different sites over a 20-year span with an estimated 130,000 individuals present in 2014 [16][17]
  • 1923 – USSR: Voronezh Nature Reserve established with the intent of protecting and restoring Beaver populations.[18] From 1934 to 1977, approximately 3,000 Eurasian Beavers from Voronezh were reintroduced to 52 regions of the USSR, from Poland to Mongolia.[19]
  • 1935 - Finland: 17 Eurasian beavers were reintroduced, then two years later release introduced North American beavers sourced from New York. At the time, a difference between the species was unknown. Today, the North American beaver is considered an invasive species in Finland, and outnumbers Eurasian beavers 5:1. The species has since entered Russia.[20]
  • 1966–1982 – Bavaria: From extinction, reintroduction has increased to pupation to an estimated 6,000 individuals. As one of the oldest reintroduction sites, it is often visited and studied for the management practices.[21][22][23]
  • 1976–1982 – Austria: Around 40 individuals were introduced in the Danube-Auen National Park downstream of Vienna. They have since then spread to the waters around the Danube inside the city as well. Today (2020), an estimated 230 beavers live in the Vienna region outside the national park proper.[24]
  • 1988 – Romania: 21 beavers were successfully reintroduced in 1998 along the Olt River, spreading to other rivers in Covasna county[25][26]
  • 1996–1998 – Croatia: Beavers were extinct in the Balkans for fifty years before their reintroduction. Beavers were sourced from Bavaria.[20]
  • 1999 – Denmark and Northern Zealand: 18 beavers were released at Klosterheden in West Jutland. Since then, other beavers have been released at Arresø in North Zealand.[27][28]
  • 2003 – Spain: 2003, beavers were reintroduced to the Ebro in Spain, with plans for further reintroductions to The Guadalquivir, Guadiana, and Tajo (Tagus) river systems[29]
  • 2004 – Serbia: Beavers were extinct in the Balkans for fifty years before their reintroduction. Beavers were sourced from Bavaria.[20]
  • 2005 – Bosnia: Beavers were extinct in the Balkans for fifty years before their reintroduction. Beavers were sourced from Bavaria.[20]
  • 2009–2014 – Scotland: 11 beavers were released in 2009 and four beavers were released in 2014 in the Knapdale forest[30] and 56 beavers were found at the River Tay, becoming its own study[31][32]
  • 2019 – East Anglia: A pair of beavers was reintroduced to North Essex as part of a pioneering natural flood management scheme for East Anglia[33][34]
  • 2023 – Scotland: Two pairs of beavers were released in the Cairngorms, 400 years after the species was driven to extinction in the area and across Scotland[35]

Criticism edit

 
A "say no to beavers" sign in the Isle of Wight.

Beavers can negatively impact agricultural areas, by flooding farm lands and decreasing crop yields. Beaver scientists manage these issues by relocating beaver dams, using water sounds to trick beavers into building the dam at different places, or using pipes in dams to help control water levels.[6] These finding were also suggested for instances when beavers created dams blocking man-made structures such as culverts. In one case, poles were placed 10 feet in front of a culvert, changing the place of the water flow sound, in which the beavers build the dam at the poles, allowing for runoff to go through the culvert.[6] Farmers have reported beavers burrowing in their fields, leading to damage to machinery such as tractor and damage to crops.[36] Governments have addressed this issue by voluntarily compensating the farmers for these damages. Translocation and lethal control are options that should be used as a last resort, as both can negatively impact whole ecosystem.[37]

References edit

  1. ^ South, Andy; Rushton, Steve; Macdonald, David (April 2000). "Simulating the proposed reintroduction of the European beaver (Castor fiber) to Scotland". Biological Conservation. 93 (1): 103–116. Bibcode:2000BCons..93..103S. doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(99)00072-5.
  2. ^ Halley, Duncan; Rosell, Frank; Saveljev, Alexander (2012). "Population and Distribution of Eurasian Beaver (Castor fiber)" (PDF). Baltic Forestry. 18: 168–175.
  3. ^ a b Puttock, Alan; Graham, Hugh A.; Ashe, Josie; Luscombe, David J.; Brazier, Richard E. (2021). "Beaver dams attenuate flow: A multi-site study". Hydrological Processes. 35 (2): e14017. Bibcode:2021HyPr...35E4017P. doi:10.1002/hyp.14017. PMC 7898794. PMID 33678948.
  4. ^ Stringer, Andrew P.; Gaywood, Martin J. (2016). "The impacts of beavers Castor spp. on biodiversity and the ecological basis for their reintroduction to Scotland, UK". Mammal Review. 46 (4): 270–283. doi:10.1111/mam.12068.
  5. ^ a b Kemp, Paul S; Worthington, Tom A; Langford, Terence E L; Tree, Angus R J; Gaywood, Martin J (June 2012). "Qualitative and quantitative effects of reintroduced beavers on stream fish: Impacts of beaver on freshwater fish". Fish and Fisheries. 13 (2): 158–181. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00421.x.
  6. ^ a b c "Leave It to Beavers". Nature. Season 32. Episode 17. 9 April 2014. PBS.
  7. ^ a b Law, Alan; Jones, Kevin C.; Willby, Nigel J. (May 2014). "Medium vs. short-term effects of herbivory by Eurasian beaver on aquatic vegetation". Aquatic Botany. 116: 27–34. Bibcode:2014AqBot.116...27L. doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2014.01.004.
  8. ^ a b "The response of a brown trout (Salmo trutta) population to reintroduced Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) habitat modification". Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.
  9. ^ a b c Gaywood, Martin J. (January 2018). "Reintroducing the Eurasian beaver Castor fiber to Scotland". Mammal Review. 48 (1): 48–61. doi:10.1111/mam.12113. S2CID 90754016.
  10. ^ a b Campbell-Palmer, R; Rosell, F; Naylor, A; Cole, G; Mota, S; Brown, D; Fraser, M; Pizzi, R; Elliott, M; Wilson, K; Gaywood, M; Girling, S (2021). "Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) health surveillance in Britain: Assessing a disjunctive reintroduced population". Vet Record. 188 (8): e84. doi:10.1002/vetr.84. PMID 33891731. S2CID 233381640.
  11. ^ Gaywood, Martin (2001). "A trial re-introduction of the European beaver Castor fiber to Scotland". In Czech, Andrzej; Schwab, Gerhard (eds.). The European Beaver in a New Millennium: Proceedings of 2nd European Beaver Symposium, 27 – 30 September 2000, Białowieża, Poland. Carpathian Heritage Society. pp. 39–43. ISBN 978-83-87331-29-0. OCLC 169449512.
  12. ^ Blewett, A; Jacobs, M; Kok, K; Jones, NA; Ogle, S; Huijbens, E. "Emotionally augmented mental models, connectivity and beaver reintroduction in Southwest England". Ecology and Society. 27 (1).
  13. ^ Auster, R; Barr, S; Brazier, R (2020). "Wildlife tourism in reintroduction projects: Exploring social and economic benefits of beaver in local settings". Journal for Nature Conservation. 58: 125920. Bibcode:2020JNatC..5825920A. doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125920. S2CID 228838883.
  14. ^ Halley, Duncan J.; Rosell, Frank (2003). "Population and distribution of European beavers (Castor fiber)". Lutra. 46 (2): 91–101. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.483.1950. hdl:11250/2438058.
  15. ^ Hartman, Goran (September 1994). "Long-Term Population Development of a Reintroduced Beaver (Castor fiber) Population in Sweden". Conservation Biology. 8 (3): 713–717. Bibcode:1994ConBi...8..713H. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030713.x.
  16. ^ . National Geographic News. April 19, 2016. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019.
  17. ^ "In Sweden, the beavers are back … but is that a good thing? | Success Stories | Earth Touch News". Earth Touch News Network. 2015.
  18. ^ "Climate and Location". zapovednik-vrn.ru (official website of the Voronezhsky Nature Reserve). Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  19. ^ Romashova, Natalya B. (2016). "History of conservation and research activities of the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) in the Voronezhsky Nature Reserve" (PDF). Russian Journal of Theriology. 15: 8–19. doi:10.15298/rusjtheriol.15.1.03.
  20. ^ a b c d "Building It Back – Beaver Reintroductions Across the World". 2021.
  21. ^ http://www.gerhardschwab.de/Veroeffentlichungen/Bavarian_Beaver_Re-Extroductions.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  22. ^ Schwab, von G.; Schmidbauer, M. (2003). "Beaver (Castor fiber L, Castoridae) management in Bavaria" (PDF). Denisia. 9: 99–106. S2CID 134386750.
  23. ^ http://www.zachranneprogramy.cz/res/archive/013/003646.pdf?seek=1481200846 [bare URL PDF]
  24. ^ "Biber in der Stadt". wien.gv.at (official website of the City of Vienna). Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  25. ^ "Nature in Făgăraș Mountains: The beavers in Romania". Romania Insider. 31 October 2018.
  26. ^ "European Beaver returned to Romanian Danube Delta". Rewilding Europe. March 7, 2012.
  27. ^ "The beaver is once more thriving in the Danish countryside". newsroom.au.dk.
  28. ^ "Introduction to the wild of Denmark". July 23, 2017.
  29. ^ "Christmas Cheer?".
  30. ^ "Beavers are back in Scotland!". www.scottishbeavers.org.uk.
  31. ^ "Tayside Beaver Study Group". Scottish Natural Heritage. February 2023.
  32. ^ "Tayside Beaver Study Group Final Report" (PDF).
  33. ^ Bentley, Ross (16 March 2019). "WATCH: Beavers reintroduced back into East Anglia after more than 400 years". East Anglian Daily Times.
  34. ^ "Beavers to return to Essex for the first time in 400 years". GOV.UK.
  35. ^ "Beavers in Cairngorms for first time in 400 years". www.BBC.co.uk.
  36. ^ Żurowski, Wirgiliusz (15 September 1992). "Building activity of beavers". Acta Theriologica. 37: 403–411. doi:10.4098/at.arch.92-41.
  37. ^ Graham, Hugh A.; Puttock, Alan; Chant, Jake; Elliott, Mark; Campbell-Palmer, Roisin; Anderson, Karen; Brazier, Richard E. (2022). "Monitoring, modeling and managing beaver (Castor fiber) populations in the River Otter catchment, Great Britain". Ecological Solutions and Evidence. 3 (3). Bibcode:2022EcoSE...3E2168G. doi:10.1002/2688-8319.12168.

April 15, 2024
eurasian, beaver, reintroduction, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, require, cleanup, meet, wikipedia, quality, standards, specific, proble. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is focuses too greatly on beavers in general and not enough on reintroduction Please help improve this article if you can December 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article is written like a personal reflection personal essay or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor s personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style December 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message The Eurasian beaver is the target of several species reintroduction programs in Europe Historically beavers have been trapped and hunted for their meat fur and castoreum to the point of near extinction A Eurasian beaver and kit by the River Tay in Scotland After being extinct for several centuries the first beavers were reintroduced to Great Britain in 2009 Contents 1 Disappearance from Europe 2 Beaver effects on ecosystem and habitat 3 Methods of Reintroduction 4 Successful reintroductions 5 Incomplete list of successful reintroductions 6 Criticism 7 ReferencesDisappearance from Europe editThe Eurasian beaver was hunted and trapped to the point of near extinction Fossil evidence shows that the Eurasian beaver lived from Western Europe to the Chinese Mongolian border By the beginning of the 20th century only about 1 200 Eurasian beavers were left in this area 1 surviving in eight relict populations in Europe and Asia 2 Beaver effects on ecosystem and habitat editMain article Environmental impacts of beavers Beavers are considered ecosystem engineers for their ability to create complex wetland ecosystems by tree felling dam building and burrowing 3 Wetlands provide habitats for many other species of fish birds mammals and vegetation leading to increased biodiversity 4 Beaver dams push water laterally onto flood plains increasing groundwater and surface water storage 3 Presence of beavers can improve water quality through sediment trapping in dams and provide natural flood control 5 Ponds and canals store water in areas susceptible to drought 6 Beaver reintroduction causes flooding in areas that were not previously flooded Over saturation causes some plants and trees die increasing coarse woody debris CWD in the area CWD attracts wood insects and provides nesting holes for waterfowl 7 and areas of refuge for fish 8 Trees and vegetation migrate to drier areas leading to diversified plant species 7 Presence of beavers increases numbers in aquatic invertebrates insects amphibians birds and bats 9 Ponds create nursing ground for fish increased fish habitat and habitat complexity Beaver dams can have a negative impact on migratory fish such as salmonids preventing fish from moving upstream to headwaters 8 Deep beaver ponds provide overwintering habitat for fish reduce ice cover and stabilize temperature regimes 5 Methods of Reintroduction editBeavers are reintroduced through planned and unplanned releases such as escapes from captive populations Unplanned releases can happen through escapes from zoos or wildlife centers or through natural spread 10 Planned releases are managed by governmental organizations and environmental non profits These are most successful when managed locally Successful trials to reintroduce beavers start by raising community awareness and support through community outreach and education 11 The reintroduction of a species can cause rapid change to high use domesticated landscapes These changes cause a range of emotional reactions to the community present Attempting to understand these reactions is important for managing organizations to aid in coexistence between humans and beavers and population success 12 The health of a reintroduced species impacts humans and domesticated animals and other wildlife Health assessments should take place before and regularly after its reintroduction In unplanned releases or escapes it is difficult to produce a health baseline of a species 10 As a flagship species beavers raise awareness and resources for wide scale riparian and woodland restoration programs by stimulating conservation awareness Beavers increase ecotourism as interest in beavers and other biodiversity in ecosystems with beavers increases Beaver ecotourism has positive socio economic impacts for local businesses and community members 13 Successful reintroductions editBy 2003 due to reintroduction and protection programs there were about 639 000 beavers in Europe 14 Successful Eurasian beaver introductions throughout Europe including England Scotland Bavaria Austria Netherlands Serbia Denmark and Bulgaria 9 These successes resulted in Eurasian beavers listed as being of least concern on the IUCN red list due to its fast recovery in Europe 9 Initial reintroduction populations show a time lag between the rate of population growth and the resource growth rates This is seen in an initial population growth followed by decrease in populations to settle into the amount of resources available to the beaver populations 15 Incomplete list of successful reintroductions edit1922 1939 Sweden About 80 beavers were reintroduced to 19 different sites over a 20 year span with an estimated 130 000 individuals present in 2014 16 17 1923 USSR Voronezh Nature Reserve established with the intent of protecting and restoring Beaver populations 18 From 1934 to 1977 approximately 3 000 Eurasian Beavers from Voronezh were reintroduced to 52 regions of the USSR from Poland to Mongolia 19 1935 Finland 17 Eurasian beavers were reintroduced then two years later release introduced North American beavers sourced from New York At the time a difference between the species was unknown Today the North American beaver is considered an invasive species in Finland and outnumbers Eurasian beavers 5 1 The species has since entered Russia 20 1966 1982 Bavaria From extinction reintroduction has increased to pupation to an estimated 6 000 individuals As one of the oldest reintroduction sites it is often visited and studied for the management practices 21 22 23 1976 1982 Austria Around 40 individuals were introduced in the Danube Auen National Park downstream of Vienna They have since then spread to the waters around the Danube inside the city as well Today 2020 an estimated 230 beavers live in the Vienna region outside the national park proper 24 1988 Romania 21 beavers were successfully reintroduced in 1998 along the Olt River spreading to other rivers in Covasna county 25 26 1996 1998 Croatia Beavers were extinct in the Balkans for fifty years before their reintroduction Beavers were sourced from Bavaria 20 1999 Denmark and Northern Zealand 18 beavers were released at Klosterheden in West Jutland Since then other beavers have been released at Arreso in North Zealand 27 28 2003 Spain 2003 beavers were reintroduced to the Ebro in Spain with plans for further reintroductions to The Guadalquivir Guadiana and Tajo Tagus river systems 29 2004 Serbia Beavers were extinct in the Balkans for fifty years before their reintroduction Beavers were sourced from Bavaria 20 2005 Bosnia Beavers were extinct in the Balkans for fifty years before their reintroduction Beavers were sourced from Bavaria 20 2009 2014 Scotland 11 beavers were released in 2009 and four beavers were released in 2014 in the Knapdale forest 30 and 56 beavers were found at the River Tay becoming its own study 31 32 2019 East Anglia A pair of beavers was reintroduced to North Essex as part of a pioneering natural flood management scheme for East Anglia 33 34 2023 Scotland Two pairs of beavers were released in the Cairngorms 400 years after the species was driven to extinction in the area and across Scotland 35 Criticism edit nbsp A say no to beavers sign in the Isle of Wight Beavers can negatively impact agricultural areas by flooding farm lands and decreasing crop yields Beaver scientists manage these issues by relocating beaver dams using water sounds to trick beavers into building the dam at different places or using pipes in dams to help control water levels 6 These finding were also suggested for instances when beavers created dams blocking man made structures such as culverts In one case poles were placed 10 feet in front of a culvert changing the place of the water flow sound in which the beavers build the dam at the poles allowing for runoff to go through the culvert 6 Farmers have reported beavers burrowing in their fields leading to damage to machinery such as tractor and damage to crops 36 Governments have addressed this issue by voluntarily compensating the farmers for these damages Translocation and lethal control are options that should be used as a last resort as both can negatively impact whole ecosystem 37 References edit South Andy Rushton Steve Macdonald David April 2000 Simulating the proposed reintroduction of the European beaver Castor fiber to Scotland Biological Conservation 93 1 103 116 Bibcode 2000BCons 93 103S doi 10 1016 s0006 3207 99 00072 5 Halley Duncan Rosell Frank Saveljev Alexander 2012 Population and Distribution of Eurasian Beaver Castor fiber PDF Baltic Forestry 18 168 175 a b Puttock Alan Graham Hugh A Ashe Josie Luscombe David J Brazier Richard E 2021 Beaver dams attenuate flow A multi site study Hydrological Processes 35 2 e14017 Bibcode 2021HyPr 35E4017P doi 10 1002 hyp 14017 PMC 7898794 PMID 33678948 Stringer Andrew P Gaywood Martin J 2016 The impacts of beavers Castor spp on biodiversity and the ecological basis for their reintroduction to Scotland UK Mammal Review 46 4 270 283 doi 10 1111 mam 12068 a b Kemp Paul S Worthington Tom A Langford Terence E L Tree Angus R J Gaywood Martin J June 2012 Qualitative and quantitative effects of reintroduced beavers on stream fish Impacts of beaver on freshwater fish Fish and Fisheries 13 2 158 181 doi 10 1111 j 1467 2979 2011 00421 x a b c Leave It to Beavers Nature Season 32 Episode 17 9 April 2014 PBS a b Law Alan Jones Kevin C Willby Nigel J May 2014 Medium vs short term effects of herbivory by Eurasian beaver on aquatic vegetation Aquatic Botany 116 27 34 Bibcode 2014AqBot 116 27L doi 10 1016 j aquabot 2014 01 004 a b The response of a brown trout Salmo trutta population to reintroduced Eurasian beaver Castor fiber habitat modification Can J Fish Aquat Sci a b c Gaywood Martin J January 2018 Reintroducing the Eurasian beaver Castor fiber to Scotland Mammal Review 48 1 48 61 doi 10 1111 mam 12113 S2CID 90754016 a b Campbell Palmer R Rosell F Naylor A Cole G Mota S Brown D Fraser M Pizzi R Elliott M Wilson K Gaywood M Girling S 2021 Eurasian beaver Castor fiber health surveillance in Britain Assessing a disjunctive reintroduced population Vet Record 188 8 e84 doi 10 1002 vetr 84 PMID 33891731 S2CID 233381640 Gaywood Martin 2001 A trial re introduction of the European beaver Castor fiber to Scotland In Czech Andrzej Schwab Gerhard eds The European Beaver in a New Millennium Proceedings of 2nd European Beaver Symposium 27 30 September 2000 Bialowieza Poland Carpathian Heritage Society pp 39 43 ISBN 978 83 87331 29 0 OCLC 169449512 Blewett A Jacobs M Kok K Jones NA Ogle S Huijbens E Emotionally augmented mental models connectivity and beaver reintroduction in Southwest England Ecology and Society 27 1 Auster R Barr S Brazier R 2020 Wildlife tourism in reintroduction projects Exploring social and economic benefits of beaver in local settings Journal for Nature Conservation 58 125920 Bibcode 2020JNatC 5825920A doi 10 1016 j jnc 2020 125920 S2CID 228838883 Halley Duncan J Rosell Frank 2003 Population and distribution of European beavers Castor fiber Lutra 46 2 91 101 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 483 1950 hdl 11250 2438058 Hartman Goran September 1994 Long Term Population Development of a Reintroduced Beaver Castor fiber Population in Sweden Conservation Biology 8 3 713 717 Bibcode 1994ConBi 8 713H doi 10 1046 j 1523 1739 1994 08030713 x Beavers Returning to Sweden s Capital Can Be a Dam Nuisance National Geographic News April 19 2016 Archived from the original on December 20 2019 In Sweden the beavers are back but is that a good thing Success Stories Earth Touch News Earth Touch News Network 2015 Climate and Location zapovednik vrn ru official website of the Voronezhsky Nature Reserve Retrieved December 3 2022 Romashova Natalya B 2016 History of conservation and research activities of the Eurasian beaver Castor fiber in the Voronezhsky Nature Reserve PDF Russian Journal of Theriology 15 8 19 doi 10 15298 rusjtheriol 15 1 03 a b c d Building It Back Beaver Reintroductions Across the World 2021 http www gerhardschwab de Veroeffentlichungen Bavarian Beaver Re Extroductions pdf bare URL PDF Schwab von G Schmidbauer M 2003 Beaver Castor fiber L Castoridae management in Bavaria PDF Denisia 9 99 106 S2CID 134386750 http www zachranneprogramy cz res archive 013 003646 pdf seek 1481200846 bare URL PDF Biber in der Stadt wien gv at official website of the City of Vienna Retrieved February 1 2020 Nature in Făgăraș Mountains The beavers in Romania Romania Insider 31 October 2018 European Beaver returned to Romanian Danube Delta Rewilding Europe March 7 2012 The beaver is once more thriving in the Danish countryside newsroom au dk Introduction to the wild of Denmark July 23 2017 Christmas Cheer Beavers are back in Scotland www scottishbeavers org uk Tayside Beaver Study Group Scottish Natural Heritage February 2023 Tayside Beaver Study Group Final Report PDF Bentley Ross 16 March 2019 WATCH Beavers reintroduced back into East Anglia after more than 400 years East Anglian Daily Times Beavers to return to Essex for the first time in 400 years GOV UK Beavers in Cairngorms for first time in 400 years www BBC co uk Zurowski Wirgiliusz 15 September 1992 Building activity of beavers Acta Theriologica 37 403 411 doi 10 4098 at arch 92 41 Graham Hugh A Puttock Alan Chant Jake Elliott Mark Campbell Palmer Roisin Anderson Karen Brazier Richard E 2022 Monitoring modeling and managing beaver Castor fiber populations in the River Otter catchment Great Britain Ecological Solutions and Evidence 3 3 Bibcode 2022EcoSE 3E2168G doi 10 1002 2688 8319 12168 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Eurasian beaver reintroduction amp oldid 1193597997, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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