In agriculture, the yield is a measurement of the amount of a crop grown, or product such as wool, meat or milk produced, per unit area of land. The seed ratio is another way of calculating yields.
Innovations, such as the use of fertilizer, the creation of better farming tools, new methods of farming and improved crop varieties, have improved yields. The higher the yield and more intensive use of the farmland, the higher the productivity and profitability of a farm; this increases the well-being of farming families. Surplus crops beyond the needs of subsistence agriculture can be sold or bartered. The more grain or fodder a farmer can produce, the more draft animals such as horses and oxen could be supported and harnessed for labour and production of manure. Increased crop yields also means fewer hands are needed on farm, freeing them for industry and commerce. This, in turn, led to the formation and growth of cities, which then translated into an increased demand for foodstuffs or other agricultural products.
The units by which the yield of a crop is usually measured today are kilograms per hectare or bushels per acre.
Long-term cereal yields in the United Kingdom were some 500 kg/ha in Medieval times, jumping to 2000 kg/ha in the Industrial Revolution, and jumping again to 8000 kg/ha in the Green Revolution.[1] Each technological advance increasing the crop yield also reduces the society's ecological footprint.[citation needed]
Yields are related to agricultural productivity, but are not synonymous. Agricultural productivity is measured in money produced per unit of land, but yields are measured in the weight of the crop produced per unit of land. A farmer can invest a large amount of money to increase his yields by a few percent, for example with an extremely expensive fertilizer, but if that cost is so high that it does not produce a comparative return on investment, his profits decline, and the higher yield can mean a lower agricultural productivity in this case. A yield is a 'partial measure of productivity', because it may fail to accurately measure the actual productivity of the farming operation by not including the totality of the inputs.[2]
Seed multiplication ratioedit
The seed multiplication ratio is the ratio between the investment in seed versus the yield. For example, if three grains are harvested for each grain seeded, the resulting multiplication ratio is 1:3, which is considered by some agronomists as the minimum required to sustain human life.[3] One of the three seeds must be set aside for the next planting season, the remaining two either consumed by the grower, or for livestock feed. In parts of Europe the seed ratio during the 9th century was merely 1:2.5, in the Low Countries it improved to 1:14 with the introduction of the three-field system of crop rotation around the 14th century.[4]
Seed multiplication ratio is variable, subject to several factors. Agricultural improvements can raise the ratio, and revisions were recommended in 2018 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.[5]
Liebig's Law of the Minimum was the formulation of an idea that yield of a crop was determined primarily by the amounts of plant food that were present in minimum quantities. His idea was discussed later as the Limiting Factor by BLACKMAN and again by MITSCHERLICH as the Law of Physiological Relations. The latter was expressed as a logarithmic function between yield and the quantity of plant food constituents, which is virtually the Law of Diminishing Returns.[8]
The relation was reviewed by Hans Schneeberger in 2009.[9]
^Preckel, Paul V.; Hertel, Thomas W.; Arndt, Channing; Nin, Alejandro (2003-11-01). "Bridging the Gap between Partial and Total Factor Productivity Measures Using Directional Distance Functions". American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 85 (4): 928–942. doi:10.1111/1467-8276.00498. ISSN 0002-9092. S2CID 154456202.
^Pipes, Richard (1974) Russia under the Old Regime (Charles Scribner's Sons, NY) p.8
^Bornewasser, J.A. (1977): Winkler Prins Geschiedenis der Nederlanden Prehistorie tot 1500, Amsterdam/Brussel, ISBN90-1001-744-3
^Krishi Bhavan (2018) Revision of Seed Multiplication Ratio from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research
^Mitscherlich, E. A. (1909.) "Das Gesetz des Minimums und das Gesetz des abnehmenden Bodenertrags", Land. Jahrb., 38.
^Ward Chesworth (editor)(2008) Encyclopedia of Soil Science, p. 434, at Google Books
^Howard S. Reed (1942) A Short History of the Plant Sciences, page 247, Chronica Botanica Company
^Schneeberger, Hans (1 July 2009). "Mitscherlich's Law: Sum of Two Exponential Processes".
External linksedit
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crop, yield, agriculture, yield, measurement, amount, crop, grown, product, such, wool, meat, milk, produced, unit, area, land, seed, ratio, another, calculating, yields, innovations, such, fertilizer, creation, better, farming, tools, methods, farming, improv. In agriculture the yield is a measurement of the amount of a crop grown or product such as wool meat or milk produced per unit area of land The seed ratio is another way of calculating yields Innovations such as the use of fertilizer the creation of better farming tools new methods of farming and improved crop varieties have improved yields The higher the yield and more intensive use of the farmland the higher the productivity and profitability of a farm this increases the well being of farming families Surplus crops beyond the needs of subsistence agriculture can be sold or bartered The more grain or fodder a farmer can produce the more draft animals such as horses and oxen could be supported and harnessed for labour and production of manure Increased crop yields also means fewer hands are needed on farm freeing them for industry and commerce This in turn led to the formation and growth of cities which then translated into an increased demand for foodstuffs or other agricultural products Contents 1 Measurement 2 Seed multiplication ratio 3 Law of physiological relations 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksMeasurement editThe units by which the yield of a crop is usually measured today are kilograms per hectare or bushels per acre Long term cereal yields in the United Kingdom were some 500 kg ha in Medieval times jumping to 2000 kg ha in the Industrial Revolution and jumping again to 8000 kg ha in the Green Revolution 1 Each technological advance increasing the crop yield also reduces the society s ecological footprint citation needed Yields are related to agricultural productivity but are not synonymous Agricultural productivity is measured in money produced per unit of land but yields are measured in the weight of the crop produced per unit of land A farmer can invest a large amount of money to increase his yields by a few percent for example with an extremely expensive fertilizer but if that cost is so high that it does not produce a comparative return on investment his profits decline and the higher yield can mean a lower agricultural productivity in this case A yield is a partial measure of productivity because it may fail to accurately measure the actual productivity of the farming operation by not including the totality of the inputs 2 Seed multiplication ratio editThe seed multiplication ratio is the ratio between the investment in seed versus the yield For example if three grains are harvested for each grain seeded the resulting multiplication ratio is 1 3 which is considered by some agronomists as the minimum required to sustain human life 3 One of the three seeds must be set aside for the next planting season the remaining two either consumed by the grower or for livestock feed In parts of Europe the seed ratio during the 9th century was merely 1 2 5 in the Low Countries it improved to 1 14 with the introduction of the three field system of crop rotation around the 14th century 4 Seed multiplication ratio is variable subject to several factors Agricultural improvements can raise the ratio and revisions were recommended in 2018 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research 5 Law of physiological relations editAlexander Mitscherlich studied crop yields in 1909 6 and articulated a law of physiological relations 7 It was compared to the law of diminishing returns in 1942 when Liebig s law of the minimum and the limiting factors of Frederick Blackman were also noted Liebig s Law of the Minimum was the formulation of an idea that yield of a crop was determined primarily by the amounts of plant food that were present in minimum quantities His idea was discussed later as the Limiting Factor by BLACKMAN and again by MITSCHERLICH as the Law of Physiological Relations The latter was expressed as a logarithmic function between yield and the quantity of plant food constituents which is virtually the Law of Diminishing Returns 8 The relation was reviewed by Hans Schneeberger in 2009 9 See also edit nbsp Agriculture and Agronomy portalActual Production History Agricultural productivity Grain yield monitor Green Revolution Yield wine References edit Max Roser and Hannah Ritchie Yields and Land Use in Agriculture 2016 Preckel Paul V Hertel Thomas W Arndt Channing Nin Alejandro 2003 11 01 Bridging the Gap between Partial and Total Factor Productivity Measures Using Directional Distance Functions American Journal of Agricultural Economics 85 4 928 942 doi 10 1111 1467 8276 00498 ISSN 0002 9092 S2CID 154456202 Pipes Richard 1974 Russia under the Old Regime Charles Scribner s Sons NY p 8 Bornewasser J A 1977 Winkler Prins Geschiedenis der Nederlanden Prehistorie tot 1500 Amsterdam Brussel ISBN 90 1001 744 3 Krishi Bhavan 2018 Revision of Seed Multiplication Ratio from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research Mitscherlich E A 1909 Das Gesetz des Minimums und das Gesetz des abnehmenden Bodenertrags Land Jahrb 38 Ward Chesworth editor 2008 Encyclopedia of Soil Science p 434 at Google Books Howard S Reed 1942 A Short History of the Plant Sciences page 247 Chronica Botanica Company Schneeberger Hans 1 July 2009 Mitscherlich s Law Sum of Two Exponential Processes External links editListen to this article 3 minutes source source source nbsp This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 27 October 2018 2018 10 27 and does not reflect subsequent edits Audio help More spoken articles Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Crop yield amp oldid 1181988818, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
