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Ralph W. Gerard

October 20, 2023

Ralph Waldo Gerard (7 October 1900 – 17 February 1974) was an American neurophysiologist and behavioral scientist known for his wide-ranging work on the nervous system, nerve metabolism, psychopharmacology, and biological basis of schizophrenia.[1]

Ralph Waldo Gerard
Born(1900-10-07)7 October 1900
Harvey, Illinois, U.S.
Died17 February 1974(1974-02-17) (aged 73)
Newport Beach, California, U.S.
Alma materUniversity of Chicago
Known forNerve metabolism, psycho pharmacology, and biological bases of schizophrenia
Scientific career
FieldsNeurophysiologist, behavioral science and general systems theory
Doctoral studentsBenjamin Libet

Biography Edit

Gerard was born in Harvey, Illinois. He was a grandson of Rabbi Yaakov Gesundheit and a cousin of investor Benjamin Graham.[2] Gerard was an uncommon intellectual and was encouraged in science by his father Maurice Gerard, who received an engineering degree in England, then moved to America to work as an engineering consultant. Maurice encouraged Ralph in mathematics and chess. In his teens, Ralph beat the American chess champion playing simultaneous matches in Chicago. He completed high school in two years and entered the University of Chicago at age fifteen.[3] Ralph was a member of the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity.[4]

In Chicago, Gerard studied chemistry and physiology. In chemistry, he was influenced by Julius Stieglitz and in physiology and neurophysiology he was influenced by Anton Carlson and Ralph Lillie. He received his B.S. degree in 1919, and a doctorate in physiology in 1921 at the University of Chicago. Shortly thereafter he married the psychiatrist Margaret Wilson, who had just completed her doctorate in neuroanatomy. She became an outstanding practitioner of child psychiatry until her death in 1954.[5] Gerard started as professor of physiology at the University of South Dakota, but returned to the Rush Medical College to finish his medical training where he received his M.D. degree in 1925. Afterwards he went to Europe on a National Research Council Fellowship for two years to work in biophysics and biochemistry with A. V. Hill in London and Otto Meyerhof in Kiel.[6]

He returned to the University of Chicago in 1928 where he worked in the Department of Physiology until 1952. For two years he was professor of neurophysiology and physiology in the College of Medicine, at the University of Illinois. During the Second World War he was seconded to do classified research at the Edgewood Arsenal.[7]

In 1954 Gerard was Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences in Stanford California. In January 1955 he married Leona Bachrach Chalkley, whom he had known since high school. They moved to the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, where he helped to establish the Mental Health Research Institute. In the next years, the institute grew to be one of the outstanding behavioral and psychiatric research centers of the nation.

In the last phase of his active career he concentrated on education.[8] He helped to organize the newly forming Irvine campus of the University of California, and became the first Dean of its Graduate Division until his retirement in 1970. Even in this phase Gerard did not abandon his love of the neurosciences; he initiated the activities, under the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences, which led to the founding of the highly successful Society for Neuroscience. He was made Honorary President of this Society. At age seventy he retired, thence dedicating his time to civil affairs.

Gerard received many honors, including a medal from Charles University in Prague, the Order of the White Lion (4th class) of Czechoslovakia, honorary membership in the American Psychiatric Association and the Pan Hellenic Medical Association; membership in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences; a D.Sc. from the University of Maryland in 1952; and an honorary M.D. from the University of Leiden in 1962, at the time of the XXII international Congress of Physiological Sciences.[9]

The Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience honors an outstanding scientist who has made significant contributions to neuroscience throughout his or her career.

Bibliography Edit

Gerard wrote some 500 scientific papers and nine books, investigating the biology of language, ethics, biology and cultural evolution, education, and the impact of science on public policies.[10] His nine books include:

  • Unresting Cells (1940)
  • Body Functions (1941)
  • Methods in Medical Research (1950)
  • Food For Life (1952)
  • Mirror to Physiology (1958)
  • Psychopharmacology: the Problem of Evaluation (with Cole) (1959)

He also authored many research and review articles, including:[11]

  • R.W. Gerard, d Hill & Y. Zotterman, The effect of frequency of simulations on the heat production of the nerve, in: J. Physiol. 63, pp. 130–43 (1927)
  • R.W. Gerard & Otto Meyerhoff, Studies on nerve metabolism. III. Chemismus and intermediarprozess, in: Biochem. Z. 191, pp. 125–46 (1927)
  • E.G. Holmes & R.W. Gerard, Studies on nerve metabolism: Carbohydrate metabolism of resting mammalian nerve, in: Biochem J., 23, pp. 738–47 (1929)
  • G. Ling & R.W. Gerard, The normal membrane potential of frog sartorius fibers, in: J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 34, pp. 383–96 (1949)
  • L.G. Abood, R.W. Gerard, J. Banks & R.D. Tschirgi, Substrate and enzyme distribution in cells and cell fractions of the nervous system, in: Am. J. Physiol. 168, pp. 728–38 (1952)
  • L.G. Abood, R.W. Gerard & S. Ochs, Electrical stimulation of metabolism of homogenates and particulates, in: Am. J. Physiol. 171, pp. 134–9 (1952)
  • R.W. Gerard, By-ways of the investigator: thoughts on becoming an elder statesman. Past president's address, in: Am. J. Physiol. 171, pp. 695–703 (1952)
  • R.W. Gerard, Prefatory chapter: the organization of science, in: Annu. Rev. Physiol., 14, pp. 1–12 (1952)
  • R.W. Gerard, Central excitation and inhibition, in: Cybernetics, Heinz von Foerster & Margaret Mead (ed.), pp. 127–50. Newe York: Joshiah Macy Jr. Foundations (1953)
  • H.P. Jenerick & R.W. Gerard, Membrane potential and threshold of single muscle fibers, in: J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 42, pp. 79–102 (1953)
  • Gerard, R.W., Clyde Kluckhohn, Anatol Rapoport, Biological and cultural evolution: Some analogies and explorations, in: Behavioral Science 1, pp. 6–34 (1953)
  • R.W. Gerard, International physiology. in: Physiologist 6, pp. 332–4 (1963).

References Edit

  1. ^ Online Archive of California, Guide to the Ralph Waldo Gerard Papers, 2006
  2. ^ Joe Carlen (2012) The Einstein of Money: The Life and Timeless Financial Wisdom of Benjamin Graham, Prometheus, ISBN 1616145579
  3. ^ Seymour S. Ketty, Ralph Waldo Gerard, October 7, 1900 - February 17, 1974, in: Biographical Memoirs V.53, National Academy of Sciences, 1982, p. 178
  4. ^ 2010 Pi Lambda Phi Membership Guide
  5. ^ Seymour S. Ketty, p. 179
  6. ^ American Physiological Society, 24th APS President (1951-1952) Ralph W. Gerard (1900-1974), website 2007
  7. ^ (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-24. Retrieved 2016-06-29.
  8. ^ B. Libet & Orr E. Reynolds, R. W. Gerard, in: Physiologist 17 (1974), p. 167
  9. ^ Ralph W. Gerard (1900-1974)], in: The Physiologist, 23(1): 3, 1980
  10. ^ A bibliography with about 175 articles of Gerards is given in Seymour S. Kety, 1982, pp. 198-210.
  11. ^ The BioInfoBank Gerard's most cited paper, 2007; American Physiological Society, 2007; Seymour S. Ketty, 1982, pp. 198-210

Further reading Edit

  • W.O. Fenn, History of the American Physiological Society: The Third Quarter Century, 1937–1962. Washington, DC. in: Am. Physiol. Soc., pp. 23–6 (1963)
  • B. Libet & Orr E. Reynolds . in: J. Neurophysiol. 37: 828–829, 1974. Reprint in: Physiologist 17, pp. 165–8 (1974)
  • Obituary Ralph Waldo Gerard, in: Behavioral Science, Volume 20, Issue 1, pp. 1–8 (1974)
  • Anonymous, Ralph W. Gerard (1900-1974), in: Physiologist 23(1): 3 (1980)
  • Seymour S. Ketty, Ralph Waldo Gerard, October 7, 1900 - February 17, 1974, in: Biographical Memoirs V.53, National Academy of Sciences, p. 178 (1982).

External links Edit

  • National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
  • , in: The Physiologist, 23(1): 3, 1980
  • Guide to the Ralph Waldo Gerard Papers. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California
  • Society for Neuroscience, Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience, website.

October 20, 2023
ralph, gerard, ralph, waldo, gerard, october, 1900, february, 1974, american, neurophysiologist, behavioral, scientist, known, wide, ranging, work, nervous, system, nerve, metabolism, psychopharmacology, biological, basis, schizophrenia, ralph, waldo, gerardbo. Ralph Waldo Gerard 7 October 1900 17 February 1974 was an American neurophysiologist and behavioral scientist known for his wide ranging work on the nervous system nerve metabolism psychopharmacology and biological basis of schizophrenia 1 Ralph Waldo GerardBorn 1900 10 07 7 October 1900Harvey Illinois U S Died17 February 1974 1974 02 17 aged 73 Newport Beach California U S Alma materUniversity of ChicagoKnown forNerve metabolism psycho pharmacology and biological bases of schizophreniaScientific careerFieldsNeurophysiologist behavioral science and general systems theoryDoctoral studentsBenjamin Libet Contents 1 Biography 2 Bibliography 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksBiography EditGerard was born in Harvey Illinois He was a grandson of Rabbi Yaakov Gesundheit and a cousin of investor Benjamin Graham 2 Gerard was an uncommon intellectual and was encouraged in science by his father Maurice Gerard who received an engineering degree in England then moved to America to work as an engineering consultant Maurice encouraged Ralph in mathematics and chess In his teens Ralph beat the American chess champion playing simultaneous matches in Chicago He completed high school in two years and entered the University of Chicago at age fifteen 3 Ralph was a member of the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity 4 In Chicago Gerard studied chemistry and physiology In chemistry he was influenced by Julius Stieglitz and in physiology and neurophysiology he was influenced by Anton Carlson and Ralph Lillie He received his B S degree in 1919 and a doctorate in physiology in 1921 at the University of Chicago Shortly thereafter he married the psychiatrist Margaret Wilson who had just completed her doctorate in neuroanatomy She became an outstanding practitioner of child psychiatry until her death in 1954 5 Gerard started as professor of physiology at the University of South Dakota but returned to the Rush Medical College to finish his medical training where he received his M D degree in 1925 Afterwards he went to Europe on a National Research Council Fellowship for two years to work in biophysics and biochemistry with A V Hill in London and Otto Meyerhof in Kiel 6 He returned to the University of Chicago in 1928 where he worked in the Department of Physiology until 1952 For two years he was professor of neurophysiology and physiology in the College of Medicine at the University of Illinois During the Second World War he was seconded to do classified research at the Edgewood Arsenal 7 In 1954 Gerard was Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences in Stanford California In January 1955 he married Leona Bachrach Chalkley whom he had known since high school They moved to the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor where he helped to establish the Mental Health Research Institute In the next years the institute grew to be one of the outstanding behavioral and psychiatric research centers of the nation In the last phase of his active career he concentrated on education 8 He helped to organize the newly forming Irvine campus of the University of California and became the first Dean of its Graduate Division until his retirement in 1970 Even in this phase Gerard did not abandon his love of the neurosciences he initiated the activities under the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences which led to the founding of the highly successful Society for Neuroscience He was made Honorary President of this Society At age seventy he retired thence dedicating his time to civil affairs Gerard received many honors including a medal from Charles University in Prague the Order of the White Lion 4th class of Czechoslovakia honorary membership in the American Psychiatric Association and the Pan Hellenic Medical Association membership in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences a D Sc from the University of Maryland in 1952 and an honorary M D from the University of Leiden in 1962 at the time of the XXII international Congress of Physiological Sciences 9 The Ralph W Gerard Prize in Neuroscience honors an outstanding scientist who has made significant contributions to neuroscience throughout his or her career Bibliography EditGerard wrote some 500 scientific papers and nine books investigating the biology of language ethics biology and cultural evolution education and the impact of science on public policies 10 His nine books include Unresting Cells 1940 Body Functions 1941 Methods in Medical Research 1950 Food For Life 1952 Mirror to Physiology 1958 Psychopharmacology the Problem of Evaluation with Cole 1959 He also authored many research and review articles including 11 R W Gerard d Hill amp Y Zotterman The effect of frequency of simulations on the heat production of the nerve in J Physiol 63 pp 130 43 1927 R W Gerard amp Otto Meyerhoff Studies on nerve metabolism III Chemismus and intermediarprozess in Biochem Z 191 pp 125 46 1927 E G Holmes amp R W Gerard Studies on nerve metabolism Carbohydrate metabolism of resting mammalian nerve in Biochem J 23 pp 738 47 1929 G Ling amp R W Gerard The normal membrane potential of frog sartorius fibers in J Cell Comp Physiol 34 pp 383 96 1949 L G Abood R W Gerard J Banks amp R D Tschirgi Substrate and enzyme distribution in cells and cell fractions of the nervous system in Am J Physiol 168 pp 728 38 1952 L G Abood R W Gerard amp S Ochs Electrical stimulation of metabolism of homogenates and particulates in Am J Physiol 171 pp 134 9 1952 R W Gerard By ways of the investigator thoughts on becoming an elder statesman Past president s address in Am J Physiol 171 pp 695 703 1952 R W Gerard Prefatory chapter the organization of science in Annu Rev Physiol 14 pp 1 12 1952 R W Gerard Central excitation and inhibition in Cybernetics Heinz von Foerster amp Margaret Mead ed pp 127 50 Newe York Joshiah Macy Jr Foundations 1953 H P Jenerick amp R W Gerard Membrane potential and threshold of single muscle fibers in J Cell Comp Physiol 42 pp 79 102 1953 Gerard R W Clyde Kluckhohn Anatol Rapoport Biological and cultural evolution Some analogies and explorations in Behavioral Science 1 pp 6 34 1953 R W Gerard International physiology in Physiologist 6 pp 332 4 1963 References Edit Online Archive of California Guide to the Ralph Waldo Gerard Papers 2006 Joe Carlen 2012 The Einstein of Money The Life and Timeless Financial Wisdom of Benjamin Graham Prometheus ISBN 1616145579 Seymour S Ketty Ralph Waldo Gerard October 7 1900 February 17 1974 in Biographical Memoirs V 53 National Academy of Sciences 1982 p 178 2010 Pi Lambda Phi Membership Guide Seymour S Ketty p 179 American Physiological Society 24th APS President 1951 1952 Ralph W Gerard 1900 1974 website 2007 Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 2002 PDF The Royal Society of Edinburgh July 2006 ISBN 0 902 198 84 X Archived from the original PDF on 2013 01 24 Retrieved 2016 06 29 B Libet amp Orr E Reynolds R W Gerard in Physiologist 17 1974 p 167 Ralph W Gerard 1900 1974 in The Physiologist 23 1 3 1980 A bibliography with about 175 articles of Gerards is given in Seymour S Kety 1982 pp 198 210 The BioInfoBank Gerard s most cited paper 2007 American Physiological Society 2007 Seymour S Ketty 1982 pp 198 210Further reading EditW O Fenn History of the American Physiological Society The Third Quarter Century 1937 1962 Washington DC in Am Physiol Soc pp 23 6 1963 B Libet amp Orr E Reynolds R W Gerard born October 7 1900 died February 17 1974 in J Neurophysiol 37 828 829 1974 Reprint in Physiologist 17 pp 165 8 1974 Obituary Ralph Waldo Gerard in Behavioral Science Volume 20 Issue 1 pp 1 8 1974 Anonymous Ralph W Gerard 1900 1974 in Physiologist 23 1 3 1980 Seymour S Ketty Ralph Waldo Gerard October 7 1900 February 17 1974 in Biographical Memoirs V 53 National Academy of Sciences p 178 1982 External links EditNational Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir Ralph W Gerard 1900 1974 in The Physiologist 23 1 3 1980 Guide to the Ralph Waldo Gerard Papers Special Collections and Archives The UC Irvine Libraries Irvine California Society for Neuroscience Ralph W Gerard Prize in Neuroscience website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ralph W Gerard amp oldid 1179858203, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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