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Radiotechnique

January 01, 1970

Radiotechnique (RT) was a French electronics company that made radio transmitting and receiving vacuum tubes, and later more advanced components such as integrated circuits and solar panels. At first it was a subsidiary of the French Compagnie générale de la télégraphie sans fil (CSF). Later it became a subsidiary of Philips of the Netherlands. The company expanded after World War II, moving into television and electronics, including photovoltaics and printed circuits, and in 1979 had about 15,000 employees. Later it lost market share, went through various restructurings, was sold in 1998 and went bankrupt in 2002.

Radiotechnique
Vacuum tube 1T4 manufactured by La Radiotechnique
IndustryElectronics
Founded1919
Defunct2002
FateAcquired
Headquarters
Suresnes, Paris
,
France
ParentCompagnie générale de la télégraphie sans fil

CSF subsidiary (1919–31) edit

The Compagnie générale de la télégraphie sans fil (CSF) was formed in 1919 as a holding company for the Société française radio-électrique and other subsidiaries in fields related to radio-electricity.[1] Radiotechnique was initially based in Lyon in 1919.[2] The Radiotechnique subsidiary of the CSF was formed in 1919 to research and develop electronic transmission and reception tubes.[3] In 1921 Radiotechnique began to make radio sets at its Suresnes factory.[4] During the 1920s the company made wireless telephony transmitters and receiving sets, receiving tubes (lampes de réception) and amplifiers.[5] Yves Rocard, a graduate of the Ecole Normale, was recruited in 1928 by Roger Julia, the director of the company, and given the task of producing triodes for the new radio sets. Maurice Ponte was hired soon after.[6] The "Radiola" trademark was used for radio receivers as well as for a radio station.[7]

Although France was not immediately affected by the Great Depression, CSF felt the effect in 1929 since radio transmission was mainly the result of global commercial activity.[3] In 1929 CSF transferred production of Radiola's consumer radio sets from SFR to Radiotechnique.[6] There was a legal dispute in 1929 between CSF and Philips of the Netherlands over patents for the new radio sets connected directed to the mains electricity, which CSF won. However, CSF made an agreement with Philips under which CSF would drop its amateur equipment line and Philips would not compete on professional equipment.[3]

Philips-CSF joint venture (1931–39) edit

Radiotechnique was purchased by Philips in 1931.[5] Philips bought only half the shares of Radiotechnique, but in practice fully controlled the subsidiary.[3] CSF used the sale of its stake in Radiotechnique to strengthen its position in the professional sector.[3] Under the agreement with Philips the CSF scientific center left Radiotechnique and moved to Levallois as part of the SFR. Roger Julia was replaced by Henri Damelet, an executive who had joined the company in 1924. CSF remained well-represented on the board of directors, and publicity over the transfer of control was avoided. CSF held 70,000 registered shares while Philips held 70,000 bearer shares via the Midland Bank of London, which was represented on the board by Guy Thurneyssen.[6]

The two Radiotechnique factories, making tubes and radio sets, covered a large area on both sides of the Rue Carnot, connected by an underground passage. 93% of the tubes were used for consumer radio sets, the others being used for the PTT, army and other purposes. At the end of 1937 sales volumes were well below expectations and the plant was closed to dispose of stocks. There were 1,200 employees in 1936–37, which fell to 700 in the years that followed. In 1939 CSF still held 49.9% of the capital of Radiotechnique, but Philips controlled the company.[6] Many of the radio sets sold under CSF's former "Radiola" trademark were imported from the Netherlands.[8]

World War II (1939–45) edit

At the start of World War II (1939–45) Radiotechnique received important orders for radio equipment from the French Army, and increased its workforce to 1,400. The share of tubes for the consumer market fell to 44%. Given the large British participation, when the Germans occupied Paris they considered Radiotechnique to be spoils of war (Beutelager) and requisitioned the Suresnes factory on 24 June 1940. Some of the equipment from the tubes factory was removed. The factory was allowed to resume production of equipment for the telephone network and cheap radio receivers, which were popular with the occupying troops. During 1941 and 1942 at least five German directors were installed in the Suresnes factory. By 1944 there were 2,300 workers, with a large proportion of output going to Germany for civilian or military use.[6]

Post war (1945–2002) edit

 
 
Caen
 
 
 
 
 
 
Suresnes
class=notpageimage|
Locations in France

After the war Radiotechnique grew fast.[9] Philips acquired total control of Radiotechnique in 1947.[8] The Suresnes factory in 1951 produced half of France's reception tubes and 30–40% of the wireless telephony receivers. By virtue of its association with Philips it had the financial, technical and commercial resources to enter the television market when it developed in France, and later to enter industrial electronics. This phase was marked by financial restructuring, recruitment and training of managers and technicians, and by geographical expansion of manufacturing facilities.[4] New factories were opened to the west of the Suresnes parent factory.[10] The factory at Suresnes with 2,500 employees was followed by:[11]

Year
opened		 Location Products 1960
employees
1953 Chartres Electronic tubes 1,147
1954 Rambouillet Radio and television receivers 842
1955 Évreux Electronic Components 951
1956 Dreux Television and cathode tubes 1,242
1956 Nogent-le-Rotrou Spare parts 592
1957 Caen Semi-conductors 1,480

The Évreux industrial center was located on Rue Pierre Brossolette from 1955, operated by a subsidiary Coprim (Compagnie des Produits élémentaires pour Industries Modernes) which mass-produced basic electronic components for mass market devices.[2] By 1959 Radiotechnique had acquired 20% of COGECO, whose factories in Tours and Joué-lès-Tours manufactured capacitors.[11]

Dreux gives an example of the problems encountered. Officials there heard that the company was looking for a site for a new plant and offered cheap land, help in improving infrastructure and plentiful local labour.[9] In 1956 Radiotechnique opened a television assembly plant and a factory for electronic components and cathode-ray tubes in Dreux. More than 1,000 workers were to be employed in the new facilities.[12] The workers promised by Dreux, displaced from closed facilities of Grosdemouge, Potez, the foundry and Firmin-Didot, were too highly skilled for routine production-line assembly jobs. They were unionized and demanded higher wages than the company could afford. The new plants were short of several hundred workers when they opened.[12] Radiotechnique brought in workers from Italy, Hungary and Spain to open the factory, but there was high turnover. In the following years recruiters continued to hire semiskilled workers in Italy, Spain and Morocco. By 1970 about 39% of the workers were foreign-born.[13] Often they lived in primitive conditions in all-male dormitories built by the company.[14]

In the early 1950s RT was one of three major vertically integrated tube producers in France, the others being Thomson-CSF and the Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE).[15] In the late 1950s Radiotechnique, Philips and Mullard sold Dario commercial photomultipliers for detection of nuclear radiation, developed by the research arm Laboratoires d'électronique et de physique appliquée [fr] (LEP).[16] RTC[further explanation needed] was a major manufacturer of photovoltaics and pioneered terrestrial applications as early as 1961.[17] In 1968 Radiotechnique had 30% of the French market for television sets and 50% of the market for picture tubes.[18] As of 1979 RTC was the French components division of Philips Elcoma, and the manufacturer of their solar panels.[19] In 1979 RTC manufactured the Philips BPx47 range solar panel while LEP undertook research into applied photovoltaics.[17] As of 1979 La Radiotechnique was a major manufacturer of electronics equipment, radio receivers and television sets under the "Radiola" and "Philips" brands. The Radiotechnique group had about 15,000 employees in France.[17]

 
Radiola MFB-587 active loudspeaker with Motional Feedback.

Radiotechnique began commercial production of semiconductors around 1954.[20] In 1965 all electronic component research, development and production, previously distributed between Coprim and the Radiotechnique "Tubes and Semiconductors" division was grouped into the new subsidiary Radiotechnique-Coprim (RTC).[2] Radiotechnique became the parent company for RTC and LEP.[17] In June 1967 Philips, Radiotechnique and the Compagnie Générale d'Electricité formed a joint venture named RTC: Radiotechnique-Compelec. This took over all the industrial establishments in Caen, Chartres, Dreux, Évreux, Suresnes, Tours and Joué-lès-Tours. It made ferrite cores, printed circuits, ceramic dielectric capacitors, memory matrices and wirewound resistors.[2] In the late 1960s Radiotechnique produced Sylvania's SUHL-TTL integrated circuits, which were sold to the French computer maker Bull and to the computer division of Philips.[21] In 1968 Radiotechnique Compelec had 22% of the French semiconductor market, ahead of Sescosem and Texas Instruments, who both had 20%.[22]

Radiotechnique was later adversely affected when Sylvania lost market share to Texas Instruments.[23] As of 1 January 1986 RTC la Radiotechnique-Compelec, Hyperelec and Cima became RTC-Compelec.[2] Philips had a majority position in the new RTC. In 1988 it was renamed RTC-Philips Composants, and in 1990 Philips Composants. In 1992 this was split into Philips Composants and Philips Circuits Imprimes. In June 1998 Philips Composants, which specialized in manufacture of ceramics products, was sold to the Carbone Lorraine group and took the name Ferroxdure.[24] In November 1998 the Aspocomp group of Finland purchased Philips circuits imprimés, which employed 550 people at the Évreux plant. The Évreux operation became Aspocomp, a 99% subsidiary of the Aspocomp group.[25] Due to financial troubles the company first announced a severe layoff plan, then went bankrupt.[26] On 20 June 2002 the judicial liquidation of the company Actions Simplifiées Aspocomp was announced by the Évreux District Court and all staff were dismissed.[2]

Brands edit

At first the trademark was an R with the outline of a transmitting tube as background. When the thoriated filament was introduced in 1923 the R was replaced by RT. In 1924 the company launched Super-Micro and Radio-Watt tubes.[5] For a short period Radiotechnique used the "Doria" brand for American-style tubes. In 1927 the Dario trademark was adopted, but some tubes were marked as both RT and Dario.[5] The Radiola brand appeared in 1922 for a receptor made by SFR. Later it was transferred to Radiotechnique and then to Philips in 1931. It gradually became a sub-brand of the Philips group before disappearing in 2002.[27]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Chambost 2012, p. 11–12.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Société Ascopomp (Radiotechnique) ... Eure.
  3. ^ a b c d e Chambost 2012, p. 13.
  4. ^ a b Parry 1963, p. 148.
  5. ^ a b c d La Radiotechnique (RT) – Radiomuseum.
  6. ^ a b c d e Chambost 2012b.
  7. ^ Histoire de Radiola 1922.
  8. ^ a b Caron, Erker & Fischer 1995, p. 53.
  9. ^ a b Gaspard 1995, p. 35.
  10. ^ Parry 1963, p. 149.
  11. ^ a b Parry 1963, p. 150.
  12. ^ a b Gaspard 1995, p. 36.
  13. ^ Gaspard 1995, p. 37.
  14. ^ Gaspard 1995, p. 77.
  15. ^ Malerba 1985, p. 45.
  16. ^ Birks 2013, p. 144.
  17. ^ a b c d Science Applications, Inc. 1979, p. 3-5.
  18. ^ Porter 1983, p. 521.
  19. ^ Science Applications, Inc. 1979, p. 3-2.
  20. ^ Malerba 1985, p. 62.
  21. ^ Malerba 1985, p. 113.
  22. ^ Malerba 1985, p. 117.
  23. ^ Gill & Swann 2002, PT150.
  24. ^ Base de données BASOL ...
  25. ^ N° de pourvoi: 05-42551.
  26. ^ Muller 2014.
  27. ^ History of the manufacturer Radiola – Radiomuseum.

Sources edit

  • Base de données BASOL sur les sites et sols pollués (in French), Ministere de la Transition ecologique et solidaire, retrieved 11 February 2018
  • Birks, J. B. (22 October 2013), The Theory and Practice of Scintillation Counting: International Series of Monographs in Electronics and Instrumentation, Elsevier Science, ISBN 978-1-4831-5606-4, retrieved 11 February 2018
  • Caron, Francois; Erker, Paul; Fischer, Wolfram (1 January 1995), Innovations in the European Economy between the Wars, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-088141-7, retrieved 11 February 2018
  • Chambost, Emmanuel de (2012), La radioélectricité en France sous l'Occupation, Historiques (in French), l'Harmattan, retrieved 22 August 2017
  • Chambost, Emmanuel (11 November 2012b), La Radiotechnique de Suresnes sous l'Occupation (in French), retrieved 11 February 2018
  • Gaspard, Françoise (1995), A Small City in France, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-81097-6, retrieved 11 February 2018
  • Gill, Jas; Swann, Peter (11 March 2002), Corporate Vision and Rapid Technological Change: The Evolution of Market Structure, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-87475-0, retrieved 11 February 2018
  • "Histoire de Radiola 1922", 100 ans de radio (in French), retrieved 4 October 2017
  • "History of the manufacturer Radiola", Radiomuseum (in French), retrieved 11 February 2018
  • "La Radiotechnique (RT)", Radiomuseum (in French), retrieved 10 February 2018
  • Malerba, Franco (1985), The Semiconductor Business: The Economics of Rapid Growth and Decline, Univ of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 978-0-299-10460-3, retrieved 10 February 2018
  • Muller, Franc (14 September 2014), Co-emploi et licenciement (in French), retrieved 11 February 2018
  • N° de pourvoi: 05-42551 (in French), Cour de cassation, retrieved 11 February 2018
  • Parry, Claude (March–April 1963), "Un exemple de décentralisation industrielle : la dispersion des usines de " La Radiotechnique " à l'Ouest de Paris" (PDF), Annales de Géographie (in French), 72e Année (390), Armand Colin: 148–161, doi:10.3406/geo.1963.16372, JSTOR 23445391
  • Porter, Michael E. (1983), Cases in Competitive Strategy, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 978-0-02-925410-3, retrieved 10 February 2018
  • Science Applications, Inc. (October 1979), Characterization and Assessment of Potential European and Japanese Competition in Photovoltaics, US Department of Energy, retrieved 10 February 2018
  • Société Ascopomp (Radiotechnique) (in French), Archives départementales de l'Eure, retrieved 11 February 2018

January 01, 1970
radiotechnique, french, electronics, company, that, made, radio, transmitting, receiving, vacuum, tubes, later, more, advanced, components, such, integrated, circuits, solar, panels, first, subsidiary, french, compagnie, générale, télégraphie, sans, later, bec. Radiotechnique RT was a French electronics company that made radio transmitting and receiving vacuum tubes and later more advanced components such as integrated circuits and solar panels At first it was a subsidiary of the French Compagnie generale de la telegraphie sans fil CSF Later it became a subsidiary of Philips of the Netherlands The company expanded after World War II moving into television and electronics including photovoltaics and printed circuits and in 1979 had about 15 000 employees Later it lost market share went through various restructurings was sold in 1998 and went bankrupt in 2002 RadiotechniqueVacuum tube 1T4 manufactured by La RadiotechniqueIndustryElectronicsFounded1919Defunct2002FateAcquiredHeadquartersSuresnes Paris FranceParentCompagnie generale de la telegraphie sans fil Contents 1 CSF subsidiary 1919 31 2 Philips CSF joint venture 1931 39 3 World War II 1939 45 4 Post war 1945 2002 5 Brands 6 Notes 7 SourcesCSF subsidiary 1919 31 editThe Compagnie generale de la telegraphie sans fil CSF was formed in 1919 as a holding company for the Societe francaise radio electrique and other subsidiaries in fields related to radio electricity 1 Radiotechnique was initially based in Lyon in 1919 2 The Radiotechnique subsidiary of the CSF was formed in 1919 to research and develop electronic transmission and reception tubes 3 In 1921 Radiotechnique began to make radio sets at its Suresnes factory 4 During the 1920s the company made wireless telephony transmitters and receiving sets receiving tubes lampes de reception and amplifiers 5 Yves Rocard a graduate of the Ecole Normale was recruited in 1928 by Roger Julia the director of the company and given the task of producing triodes for the new radio sets Maurice Ponte was hired soon after 6 The Radiola trademark was used for radio receivers as well as for a radio station 7 Although France was not immediately affected by the Great Depression CSF felt the effect in 1929 since radio transmission was mainly the result of global commercial activity 3 In 1929 CSF transferred production of Radiola s consumer radio sets from SFR to Radiotechnique 6 There was a legal dispute in 1929 between CSF and Philips of the Netherlands over patents for the new radio sets connected directed to the mains electricity which CSF won However CSF made an agreement with Philips under which CSF would drop its amateur equipment line and Philips would not compete on professional equipment 3 Philips CSF joint venture 1931 39 editRadiotechnique was purchased by Philips in 1931 5 Philips bought only half the shares of Radiotechnique but in practice fully controlled the subsidiary 3 CSF used the sale of its stake in Radiotechnique to strengthen its position in the professional sector 3 Under the agreement with Philips the CSF scientific center left Radiotechnique and moved to Levallois as part of the SFR Roger Julia was replaced by Henri Damelet an executive who had joined the company in 1924 CSF remained well represented on the board of directors and publicity over the transfer of control was avoided CSF held 70 000 registered shares while Philips held 70 000 bearer shares via the Midland Bank of London which was represented on the board by Guy Thurneyssen 6 The two Radiotechnique factories making tubes and radio sets covered a large area on both sides of the Rue Carnot connected by an underground passage 93 of the tubes were used for consumer radio sets the others being used for the PTT army and other purposes At the end of 1937 sales volumes were well below expectations and the plant was closed to dispose of stocks There were 1 200 employees in 1936 37 which fell to 700 in the years that followed In 1939 CSF still held 49 9 of the capital of Radiotechnique but Philips controlled the company 6 Many of the radio sets sold under CSF s former Radiola trademark were imported from the Netherlands 8 World War II 1939 45 editAt the start of World War II 1939 45 Radiotechnique received important orders for radio equipment from the French Army and increased its workforce to 1 400 The share of tubes for the consumer market fell to 44 Given the large British participation when the Germans occupied Paris they considered Radiotechnique to be spoils of war Beutelager and requisitioned the Suresnes factory on 24 June 1940 Some of the equipment from the tubes factory was removed The factory was allowed to resume production of equipment for the telephone network and cheap radio receivers which were popular with the occupying troops During 1941 and 1942 at least five German directors were installed in the Suresnes factory By 1944 there were 2 300 workers with a large proportion of output going to Germany for civilian or military use 6 Post war 1945 2002 edit nbsp nbsp Caen nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Suresnesclass notpageimage Locations in France After the war Radiotechnique grew fast 9 Philips acquired total control of Radiotechnique in 1947 8 The Suresnes factory in 1951 produced half of France s reception tubes and 30 40 of the wireless telephony receivers By virtue of its association with Philips it had the financial technical and commercial resources to enter the television market when it developed in France and later to enter industrial electronics This phase was marked by financial restructuring recruitment and training of managers and technicians and by geographical expansion of manufacturing facilities 4 New factories were opened to the west of the Suresnes parent factory 10 The factory at Suresnes with 2 500 employees was followed by 11 Yearopened Location Products 1960employees 1953 Chartres Electronic tubes 1 147 1954 Rambouillet Radio and television receivers 842 1955 Evreux Electronic Components 951 1956 Dreux Television and cathode tubes 1 242 1956 Nogent le Rotrou Spare parts 592 1957 Caen Semi conductors 1 480 The Evreux industrial center was located on Rue Pierre Brossolette from 1955 operated by a subsidiary Coprim Compagnie des Produits elementaires pour Industries Modernes which mass produced basic electronic components for mass market devices 2 By 1959 Radiotechnique had acquired 20 of COGECO whose factories in Tours and Joue les Tours manufactured capacitors 11 Dreux gives an example of the problems encountered Officials there heard that the company was looking for a site for a new plant and offered cheap land help in improving infrastructure and plentiful local labour 9 In 1956 Radiotechnique opened a television assembly plant and a factory for electronic components and cathode ray tubes in Dreux More than 1 000 workers were to be employed in the new facilities 12 The workers promised by Dreux displaced from closed facilities of Grosdemouge Potez the foundry and Firmin Didot were too highly skilled for routine production line assembly jobs They were unionized and demanded higher wages than the company could afford The new plants were short of several hundred workers when they opened 12 Radiotechnique brought in workers from Italy Hungary and Spain to open the factory but there was high turnover In the following years recruiters continued to hire semiskilled workers in Italy Spain and Morocco By 1970 about 39 of the workers were foreign born 13 Often they lived in primitive conditions in all male dormitories built by the company 14 In the early 1950s RT was one of three major vertically integrated tube producers in France the others being Thomson CSF and the Compagnie Generale d Electricite CGE 15 In the late 1950s Radiotechnique Philips and Mullard sold Dario commercial photomultipliers for detection of nuclear radiation developed by the research arm Laboratoires d electronique et de physique appliquee fr LEP 16 RTC further explanation needed was a major manufacturer of photovoltaics and pioneered terrestrial applications as early as 1961 17 In 1968 Radiotechnique had 30 of the French market for television sets and 50 of the market for picture tubes 18 As of 1979 RTC was the French components division of Philips Elcoma and the manufacturer of their solar panels 19 In 1979 RTC manufactured the Philips BPx47 range solar panel while LEP undertook research into applied photovoltaics 17 As of 1979 La Radiotechnique was a major manufacturer of electronics equipment radio receivers and television sets under the Radiola and Philips brands The Radiotechnique group had about 15 000 employees in France 17 nbsp Radiola MFB 587 active loudspeaker with Motional Feedback Radiotechnique began commercial production of semiconductors around 1954 20 In 1965 all electronic component research development and production previously distributed between Coprim and the Radiotechnique Tubes and Semiconductors division was grouped into the new subsidiary Radiotechnique Coprim RTC 2 Radiotechnique became the parent company for RTC and LEP 17 In June 1967 Philips Radiotechnique and the Compagnie Generale d Electricite formed a joint venture named RTC Radiotechnique Compelec This took over all the industrial establishments in Caen Chartres Dreux Evreux Suresnes Tours and Joue les Tours It made ferrite cores printed circuits ceramic dielectric capacitors memory matrices and wirewound resistors 2 In the late 1960s Radiotechnique produced Sylvania s SUHL TTL integrated circuits which were sold to the French computer maker Bull and to the computer division of Philips 21 In 1968 Radiotechnique Compelec had 22 of the French semiconductor market ahead of Sescosem and Texas Instruments who both had 20 22 Radiotechnique was later adversely affected when Sylvania lost market share to Texas Instruments 23 As of 1 January 1986 RTC la Radiotechnique Compelec Hyperelec and Cima became RTC Compelec 2 Philips had a majority position in the new RTC In 1988 it was renamed RTC Philips Composants and in 1990 Philips Composants In 1992 this was split into Philips Composants and Philips Circuits Imprimes In June 1998 Philips Composants which specialized in manufacture of ceramics products was sold to the Carbone Lorraine group and took the name Ferroxdure 24 In November 1998 the Aspocomp group of Finland purchased Philips circuits imprimes which employed 550 people at the Evreux plant The Evreux operation became Aspocomp a 99 subsidiary of the Aspocomp group 25 Due to financial troubles the company first announced a severe layoff plan then went bankrupt 26 On 20 June 2002 the judicial liquidation of the company Actions Simplifiees Aspocomp was announced by the Evreux District Court and all staff were dismissed 2 Brands editAt first the trademark was an R with the outline of a transmitting tube as background When the thoriated filament was introduced in 1923 the R was replaced by RT In 1924 the company launched Super Micro and Radio Watt tubes 5 For a short period Radiotechnique used the Doria brand for American style tubes In 1927 the Dario trademark was adopted but some tubes were marked as both RT and Dario 5 The Radiola brand appeared in 1922 for a receptor made by SFR Later it was transferred to Radiotechnique and then to Philips in 1931 It gradually became a sub brand of the Philips group before disappearing in 2002 27 Notes edit Chambost 2012 p 11 12 a b c d e f Societe Ascopomp Radiotechnique Eure a b c d e Chambost 2012 p 13 a b Parry 1963 p 148 a b c d La Radiotechnique RT Radiomuseum a b c d e Chambost 2012b Histoire de Radiola 1922 a b Caron Erker amp Fischer 1995 p 53 a b Gaspard 1995 p 35 Parry 1963 p 149 a b Parry 1963 p 150 a b Gaspard 1995 p 36 Gaspard 1995 p 37 Gaspard 1995 p 77 Malerba 1985 p 45 Birks 2013 p 144 a b c d Science Applications Inc 1979 p 3 5 Porter 1983 p 521 Science Applications Inc 1979 p 3 2 Malerba 1985 p 62 Malerba 1985 p 113 Malerba 1985 p 117 Gill amp Swann 2002 PT150 Base de donnees BASOL N de pourvoi 05 42551 Muller 2014 History of the manufacturer Radiola Radiomuseum Sources editBase de donnees BASOL sur les sites et sols pollues in French Ministere de la Transition ecologique et solidaire retrieved 11 February 2018 Birks J B 22 October 2013 The Theory and Practice of Scintillation Counting International Series of Monographs in Electronics and Instrumentation Elsevier Science ISBN 978 1 4831 5606 4 retrieved 11 February 2018 Caron Francois Erker Paul Fischer Wolfram 1 January 1995 Innovations in the European Economy between the Wars Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 088141 7 retrieved 11 February 2018 Chambost Emmanuel de 2012 La radioelectricite en France sous l Occupation Historiques in French l Harmattan retrieved 22 August 2017 Chambost Emmanuel 11 November 2012b La Radiotechnique de Suresnes sous l Occupation in French retrieved 11 February 2018 Gaspard Francoise 1995 A Small City in France Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 81097 6 retrieved 11 February 2018 Gill Jas Swann Peter 11 March 2002 Corporate Vision and Rapid Technological Change The Evolution of Market Structure Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 87475 0 retrieved 11 February 2018 Histoire de Radiola 1922 100 ans de radio in French retrieved 4 October 2017 History of the manufacturer Radiola Radiomuseum in French retrieved 11 February 2018 La Radiotechnique RT Radiomuseum in French retrieved 10 February 2018 Malerba Franco 1985 The Semiconductor Business The Economics of Rapid Growth and Decline Univ of Wisconsin Press ISBN 978 0 299 10460 3 retrieved 10 February 2018 Muller Franc 14 September 2014 Co emploi et licenciement in French retrieved 11 February 2018 N de pourvoi 05 42551 in French Cour de cassation retrieved 11 February 2018 Parry Claude March April 1963 Un exemple de decentralisation industrielle la dispersion des usines de La Radiotechnique a l Ouest de Paris PDF Annales de Geographie in French 72e Annee 390 Armand Colin 148 161 doi 10 3406 geo 1963 16372 JSTOR 23445391 Porter Michael E 1983 Cases in Competitive Strategy Simon and Schuster ISBN 978 0 02 925410 3 retrieved 10 February 2018 Science Applications Inc October 1979 Characterization and Assessment of Potential European and Japanese Competition in Photovoltaics US Department of Energy retrieved 10 February 2018 Societe Ascopomp Radiotechnique in French Archives departementales de l Eure retrieved 11 February 2018 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Radiotechnique amp oldid 1211628243, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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