Quillaja saponaria, the soap bark tree or soapbark, is an evergreen tree in the family Quillajaceae, native to warm temperate central Chile. In Chile it occurs from 32 to 40° South Latitude approximately and at up to 2000 m (6500 ft) above sea level. It can grow to 15–20 m (50–65 ft) in height. The tree has thick, dark bark; smooth, leathery, shiny, oval evergreenleaves 3–5 cm long; white star-shaped flowers 15 mm diameter borne in dense corymbs; and a dry fruit with five follicles each containing 10–20 seeds.
The inner bark of Quillaja saponaria can be reduced to powder and employed as a substitute for soap, since it forms a lather with water, owing to the presence of a glycosidesaponin, sometimes distinguished as quillaia saponin. It's also applied as an agricultural spray adjuvant. The same, or a closely similar substance, is found in soapwort (Saponaria officinalis), in senega root (Polygala senega) and in sarsaparilla; it appears to be chemically related to digitonin, which occurs in digitalis. The wood is used in cabinetry, and scents derived from the tree are used in perfumes and cosmetics.
Quillaja saponaria in bloom, University of California, Berkeley, USA, July 2019 (by Amber Kerr).
Soap bark tree has a long history of medicinal use with the Andean people who used it as a treatment for various chest problems.[1] It is the source of quillaia, the extract of which is used as a food additive and as an ingredient in pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and fire-fighting foam. It is used as an additive in photographic films and as a foaming agent for drinks. The saponin content of the bark helps to stimulate the production of a more watery mucus in the airways, thus facilitating the removal of phlegm through coughing.[2] The saponins of this tree are also considered to have adjuvant properties for vaccine solutions.[3]QS21 adjuvant is a saponin obtainable from Quillaja saponaria extract.[4][5][6] The Novavax vaccine for COVID-19 uses this adjuvant,[7] the zoster vaccineShingrix also contains QS21.
^Chevallier, A., The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants, 1996
^Chevallier, A., The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants, 1996
^Singh, Manmohan, 2007. Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems, page 193
^Singh, Manmohan, 2007. Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems, page 193
^Ralla, Theo; Salminen, Hanna; Edelmann, Matthias; Dawid, Corinna; Hofmann, Thomas; Weiss, Jochen (2017). "Stability of Emulsions Using a New Natural Emulsifier: Sugar Beet Extract (Beta vulgaris L.)". Food Biophysics. 12 (3): 269–278. doi:10.1007/s11483-017-9482-7. S2CID 195071144.
^Magnusson, Sofia E et al. “Matrix-M™ adjuvant enhances immunogenicity of both protein- and modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based influenza vaccines in mice.” Immunologic research vol. 66,2 (2018): 224-233. doi:10.1007/s12026-018-8991-x
^Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine Demonstrates 89.3% Efficacy in UK Phase 3 Trial. Novavax Press Release, Jan 28, 2021.
^ abGledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ISBN9780521866453 (hardback), ISBN9780521685535 (paperback). pp 324, 340
Sources
C. Donoso. 2005. Árboles nativos de Chile. Guía de reconocimiento. Edición 4. Marisa Cuneo Ediciones, Valdivia, Chile. 136p.
Encyclopedia of the Chilean Flora. 2009. Quillaja saponaria
Adriana Hoffmann. 1998. Flora Silvestre de Chile, Zona Central. Edición 4. Fundación Claudio Gay, Santiago. 254p.
C. Michael Hogan. 2008.
J. Taylor. 1990. The Milder Garden. Dent
Chevallier, Andrew, 1996. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants, Dorling Kindersley, 336p.
Singh, Manmohan, 2007. Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, 457 pp.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quillaja saponaria.
"Quillaja saponaria". Encyclopedia of Chilean Flora. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
"Quillaja Extracts". Quillaja Extract products and more info. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
quillaja, saponaria, soap, bark, tree, soapbark, evergreen, tree, family, quillajaceae, native, warm, temperate, central, chile, chile, occurs, from, south, latitude, approximately, 2000, 6500, above, level, grow, height, tree, thick, dark, bark, smooth, leath. Quillaja saponaria the soap bark tree or soapbark is an evergreen tree in the family Quillajaceae native to warm temperate central Chile In Chile it occurs from 32 to 40 South Latitude approximately and at up to 2000 m 6500 ft above sea level It can grow to 15 20 m 50 65 ft in height The tree has thick dark bark smooth leathery shiny oval evergreen leaves 3 5 cm long white star shaped flowers 15 mm diameter borne in dense corymbs and a dry fruit with five follicles each containing 10 20 seeds Soap bark treeScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder FabalesFamily QuillajaceaeGenus QuillajaSpecies Q saponariaBinomial nameQuillaja saponariaMolina Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Uses 3 Habitat 4 Etymology 5 References 6 Sources 7 External linksCharacteristics EditThe inner bark of Quillaja saponaria can be reduced to powder and employed as a substitute for soap since it forms a lather with water owing to the presence of a glycoside saponin sometimes distinguished as quillaia saponin It s also applied as an agricultural spray adjuvant The same or a closely similar substance is found in soapwort Saponaria officinalis in senega root Polygala senega and in sarsaparilla it appears to be chemically related to digitonin which occurs in digitalis The wood is used in cabinetry and scents derived from the tree are used in perfumes and cosmetics Quillaja saponaria in bloom University of California Berkeley USA July 2019 by Amber Kerr Uses EditMain article quillaia Soap bark tree has a long history of medicinal use with the Andean people who used it as a treatment for various chest problems 1 It is the source of quillaia the extract of which is used as a food additive and as an ingredient in pharmaceuticals personal care products and fire fighting foam It is used as an additive in photographic films and as a foaming agent for drinks The saponin content of the bark helps to stimulate the production of a more watery mucus in the airways thus facilitating the removal of phlegm through coughing 2 The saponins of this tree are also considered to have adjuvant properties for vaccine solutions 3 QS21 adjuvant is a saponin obtainable from Quillaja saponaria extract 4 5 6 The Novavax vaccine for COVID 19 uses this adjuvant 7 the zoster vaccine Shingrix also contains QS21 Habitat Edit Sclerophyll forests in the Santiago Metropolitan Region in Chile This tree occurs at elevations up to 2000 metres 8 The species is drought resistant and tolerates about 12 C 10 F in its natural habitat 9 Examples of specific occurrences are in central Chile in the forests of La Campana National Park and Cerro La Campana in which locales it is associated with the Chilean Wine Palm Jubaea chilensis 10 It is often used for reforestation on arid soils It has been introduced as an ornamental in California Trees have been acclimatized in Spain but are rarely cultivated there Etymology EditQuillaja is derived from the Chilean vernacular name for this species culay 11 Saponaria means soap like 11 References Edit Chevallier A The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants 1996 Chevallier A The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants 1996 Singh Manmohan 2007 Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems page 193 Singh Manmohan 2007 Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems page 193 Ralla Theo Salminen Hanna Edelmann Matthias Dawid Corinna Hofmann Thomas Weiss Jochen 2017 Stability of Emulsions Using a New Natural Emulsifier Sugar Beet Extract Beta vulgaris L Food Biophysics 12 3 269 278 doi 10 1007 s11483 017 9482 7 S2CID 195071144 Magnusson Sofia E et al Matrix M adjuvant enhances immunogenicity of both protein and modified vaccinia virus Ankara based influenza vaccines in mice Immunologic research vol 66 2 2018 224 233 doi 10 1007 s12026 018 8991 x Novavax COVID 19 Vaccine Demonstrates 89 3 Efficacy in UK Phase 3 Trial Novavax Press Release Jan 28 2021 Encyclopedia of the Chilean Flora 2009 J Taylor 1990 C Michael Hogan 2008 a b Gledhill David 2008 The Names of Plants Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521866453 hardback ISBN 9780521685535 paperback pp 324 340Sources EditC Donoso 2005 Arboles nativos de Chile Guia de reconocimiento Edicion 4 Marisa Cuneo Ediciones Valdivia Chile 136p Encyclopedia of the Chilean Flora 2009 Quillaja saponaria Adriana Hoffmann 1998 Flora Silvestre de Chile Zona Central Edicion 4 Fundacion Claudio Gay Santiago 254p C Michael Hogan 2008 Chilean Wine Palm Jubaea chilensis GlobalTwitcher com ed Nicklas Stromberg J Taylor 1990 The Milder Garden Dent Chevallier Andrew 1996 The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants Dorling Kindersley 336p Singh Manmohan 2007 Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems John Wiley amp Sons Hoboken New Jersey 457 pp External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quillaja saponaria Quillaja saponaria Encyclopedia of Chilean Flora Retrieved 2009 06 29 Quillaja Extracts Quillaja Extract products and more info Retrieved 2011 01 04 Quillaja saponaria pictures Chilebosque Retrieved 2009 06 29 Quillaja saponaria in Barcelona Catalonya Spain Jardi Botanic de Barcelona Archived from the original on June 7 2009 Retrieved 2009 06 29 Soapbark tree widely cultivated in California and Chemical benefits Drug Information Online Retrieved 2009 06 29 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Soap bark Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Quillaja saponaria amp oldid 1150791344, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
