Phlegm

For the humor in ancient medicine, see Humorism. For the British artist, see Phlegm (artist).

Phlegm (/ˈflɛm/; Ancient Greek: φλέγμα, phlégma, "inflammation", "humour caused by heat") is mucus produced by the respiratory system, excluding that produced by the throat nasal passages. It often refers to respiratory mucus expelled by coughing, otherwise known as sputum. Phlegm, and mucus as a whole, is in essence a water-based gel consisting of glycoproteins, immunoglobulins, lipids and other substances. Its composition varies depending on climate, genetics, and state of the immune system. Its color can vary from transparent to pale or dark yellow and green, from light to dark brown, and even to dark grey depending on the constituents. The body naturally produces about 1 quart (about 1 litre) of phlegm every day to capture and clear substances in the air and bacteria from the nose and throat.^[1]

A substance of phlegm

Distinction between mucus and phlegm

Contrary to popular misconception and misuse, mucus and phlegm are not always the same.

Mucus

Mucus is a normal protective layering around the airway, eye, nasal turbinate, and urogenital tract. Mucus is an adhesive viscoelastic gel produced in the airway by submucosal glands and goblet cells and is principally water. It also contains high-molecular weight mucous glycoproteins that form linear polymers.

Phlegm

Phlegm is more related to disease than mucus, and can be troublesome for the individual to excrete from the body. Phlegm is a thick secretion in the airway during disease and inflammation. Phlegm usually contains mucus with virus, bacteria, other debris, and sloughed-off inflammatory cells. Once phlegm has been expectorated by a cough, it becomes sputum.^[2]

Excessive phlegm creation

There are multiple factors that can contribute to an excess of phlegm in the throat or larynx.

• Vocal abuse: Vocal abuse is the misuse or overuse of the voice in an unhealthy fashion such as clearing the throat, yelling, screaming, talking loudly, or singing incorrectly.
  • Clearing the throat: Clearing the throat removes or loosens phlegm but the vocal cords hit together causing inflammation and therefore more phlegm.^[3]
  • Yelling/screaming: Yelling and screaming both cause the vocal cords to hit against each other causing inflammation and phlegm.^{[4][5][6][7][8]}
  • Nodules: Excessive yelling, screaming, and incorrect singing as well as other vocal abusive habits can cause vocal fold nodules.
• Smoking: Smoke is hot, dry, polluted air which dries out the vocal cords. With each breath in of smoke, the larynx is polluted with toxins that inhibit it from rehydrating for about 3 hours.^[9] The vocal cords need a fair amount of lubrication and swell from inflammation when they do not have enough of it. When the vocal folds swell and are inflamed, phlegm is often created to attempt to ease the dryness.^[10][11]
  • Experiment on smoking correlations: In 2002, an experiment was done and published by the American College of Chest Physicians to find if there was a correlation of smokers with coughing and phlegm. In the study, 117 participants were studied, a mix of current smokers, ex-smokers, non-smokers, and a positive control of participants with a disease, COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). At the end of the experiment, experimenters found that there was a high correlation between phlegm and cough with smoking of 0.49 (p < 0.001.)^{[citation needed]}
• Illness: During illness like the flu, cold, and pneumonia, phlegm becomes more excessive as an attempt to get rid of the bacteria or viral particles within the body. A major illness associated with excess phlegm is acute bronchitis. A major symptom of acute bronchitis is an excess amount of phlegm and is usually caused by a viral infection, and only bacterial infections, which are rare, are to be treated with an antibiotic.^[12]
• Hay fever, asthma: In hay fever and asthma, inner lining in bronchioles become inflamed and create an excess amount of phlegm that can clog up air pathways.^[13]
• Air pollution: In studies of children, air pollutants have been found to increase phlegm by drying out and irritating parts of the throat.^{[citation needed]}

Removing phlegm

Excessive phlegm creation can be troublesome. There are basically two ways to get rid of excess phlegm: swallowing or spitting.

Phlegm naturally drains down into the back of the throat and can be swallowed without imposing health risks.^[14] Once in the stomach, the acids and digestive system will remove the phlegm and get rid of the germs in it.^[1] In some cultures, swallowing phlegm is considered a social taboo, being described as disgusting or unhygienic.^[15] One Igbo adage, for example, uses the swallowing of phlegm as a metaphor for wrongdoing.^[16] Also, due to the social image of spitting (the alternative of swallowing) in some communities, females were shown to be more likely to swallow phlegm and less likely to report experiencing it.^[17][18]

The alternative to swallowing would be throat-clearing. To do this, the mouth should be closed and air should be inhaled hard into the nose. Inhaling forcefully through the nose will pull excess phlegm and nasal mucus down into the throat, where muscles in the throat and tongue can prepare to eject it. Once this is done, a U-shape should be formed with the tongue, while simultaneously forcing air and saliva forward with the muscles at the back of the throat. At this point, the phlegm will be in the mouth and is now ready to be spat out as sputum.^[1]

Colors of phlegm

Phlegm can exist in different colors. The color could provide important clues about a person's health.^[1]

• Yellow or green: Indicates an infection often by a virus or bacteria. The color is caused by an enzyme produced by the white blood cells combating the infection.
• Clear: Indicates allergies. Mucus membranes produce histamines and make more phlegm.
• Red: Indicates dry air. A nasal spray can be used to alleviate symptoms of a dry nose and throat. It can also occur due to blood (such as if the person had or has a bleeding nose, or a lung malignancy).

Illnesses related to phlegm

Phlegm may be a carrier of larvae of intestinal parasites (see hookworm). Bloody sputum can be a symptom of serious disease (such as tuberculosis), but can also be a relatively benign symptom of a minor disease (such as bronchitis). In the latter case, the sputum is normally lightly streaked with blood. Coughing up any significant quantity of blood is always a serious medical condition, and any person who experiences this should seek medical attention.

Apophlegmatisms, in pre-modern medicine, were medications chewed in order to draw away phlegm and humours.

History

Phlegm and humourism

Main article: Humourism

Humourism is an ancient theory that the human body is filled with four basic substances, called the four humours, which are held in balance when a person is healthy. It is closely related to the ancient theory of the four elements and states that all diseases and disabilities result from an excess or deficit in black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. Hippocrates, an ancient Greek medical doctor, is credited for this theory, about 400 BC. It influenced medical thinking for more than 2,000 years, until finally discredited in the 1800s.

Phlegm was thought to be associated with apathetic behaviour; this old belief is preserved in the word "phlegmatic". This adjective always refers to behaviour, and is pronounced differently, giving full weight to the "g": not /ˈflɛmatɪk/ but /flɛgˈmatɪk/.^[19] To have "phlegm" traditionally meant to have stamina and to be unswayed by emotion. Sir William Osler’s 1889 Aequanimitas 2016-02-11 at the Wayback Machine discusses the imperturbability or calmness in a storm required of physicians. "'Imperturbability means coolness and presence of mind under all circumstances, calmness amid storm, clearness of judgment in moments of grave peril, immobility, impassiveness, or, to use an old and expressive word, phlegm." This was his farewell speech at the University of Pennsylvania in 1889 before becoming Physician-in-Chief at the recently founded Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. This is from "Celebrating the Contributions of William Osler" 2008-03-13 at the Wayback Machine in the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions."

The phlegm of Humourism is far from the same thing as phlegm as it is defined today. Nobel laureate Charles Richet MD, when describing humorism's "phlegm or pituitary secretion" in 1910 asked rhetorically, "this strange liquid, which is the cause of tumours, of chlorosis, of rheumatism, and cacochymia - where is it? Who will ever see it? Who has ever seen it? What can we say of this fanciful classification of humours into four groups, of which two are absolutely imaginary?"^[20]

References

1. Heid, Markham (2016-03-11). "How to Clear Phlegm From Your Throat". Men's Health. Retrieved 2019-05-11.
2. Rubin, Bruce K. (23 November 2009). "The Role of Mucus in Cough Research". Lung. 188 (Suppl 1): S69–72. doi:10.1007/s00408-009-9198-7. PMID 19936981. S2CID 33857446.
3. [1]^{[dead link]}
4. Ferreira, Leslie Piccolotto; de Oliveira Latorre, Maria do Rosario Dias; Pinto Giannini, Susana Pimentel; et al. (January 2010). "Influence of Abusive Vocal Habits, Hydration, Mastication, and Sleep in the Occurrence of Vocal Symptoms in Teachers". Journal of Voice. 24 (1): 86–92. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2008.06.001. PMID 19135852.
5. . medscape.com. Archived from the original on October 9, 2010.
6. "Singers, Let's Prevent Vocal Problems!". Voiceteacher.com. 1987-08-01. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
7. "Vocal Survival Techniques For Singers Who Abuse And Overuse Their Voices". Ent-consult.com. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
8. . Entandallergy.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-15. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
9. Davies, Shela. . shelaghdavies.com. Archived from the original on 2018-03-31.
10. Seely, J. E.; Zuskin, E.; Bouhuys, A. (14 May 1971). "Cigarette Smoking: Objective Evidence for Lung Damage in Teen-Agers". Science. 172 (3984): 741–743. Bibcode:1971Sci...172..741S. doi:10.1126/science.172.3984.741. PMID 5572902. S2CID 41529962.
11. An, L. C.; Berg, C. J.; Klatt, C. M.; et al. (5 March 2009). "Symptoms of cough and shortness of breath among occasional young adult smokers". Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 11 (2): 126–133. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp015. PMC 2658904. PMID 19264863.
12. "Bronchitis". umm.edu. University of Maryland Medical Center. 2012-12-03. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
13. "Asthma". Netdoctor.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
14. Siwek, Jay (1995-08-15). "Phlegm Facts". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-12-12.
15. Rowell, V. R.; Rack, Philip H. (2014). "Health Education Needs of a Minority Ethnic Group". Journal of the Institute of Health Education. 17 (4): 3–19. doi:10.1080/03073289.1979.10805461. ISSN 0307-3289.
16. Uzokwe, Alfred Obiora (2 May 2005). "In desperate need of a national airline (part 1)". Nigeriaworld. Retrieved 12 Dec 2020. After ruminating the issue for a while, he decided not to swallow phlegm in the name of decorum and so he called some of his friends.
17. Watson, L.; Vonk, J.M.; Löfdahl, C.G.; Pride, N.B.; Pauwels, R.A.; Laitinen, L.A.; Schouten, J.P.; Postma, D.S. (2006). "Predictors of lung function and its decline in mild to moderate COPD in association with gender: Results from the Euroscop study". Respiratory Medicine. 100 (4): 746–753. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2005.08.004. ISSN 0954-6111. PMID 16199147.
18. Ohar, Jill; Fromer, Leonard; Donohue, James F (2011). "Reconsidering sex-based stereotypes of COPD". Primary Care Respiratory Journal. 20 (4): 370–378. doi:10.4104/pcrj.2011.00070. ISSN 1471-4418. PMC 6549880. PMID 21922124.
19. "phlegmatic". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) accessed 27 May 2012
20. Charles Richet, MD, Professor of Physiology, University of Paris. Ancient Humorism and Modern Humorism. Delivered at the International Congress of Physiology held in Vienna, September 27th to 30th 1910, as reported on page 921 of the British Medical Journal of October 1, 1910: Richet C (1910). "An Address ON ANCIENT HUMORISM AND MODERN HUMORISM: Delivered at the International Congress of Physiology held in Vienna, September 27th to 30th". Br Med J. 2 (2596): 921–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2596.921. PMC 2336103. PMID 20765282.

 

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